Echtzeitplanung Die Fortentwicklung Der Simulations- Und Visualisierungsmethoden Für Die Städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung

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Echtzeitplanung Die Fortentwicklung Der Simulations- Und Visualisierungsmethoden Für Die Städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung Echtzeitplanung Die Fortentwicklung der Simulations- und Visualisierungsmethoden für die städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung Vom Fachbereich Architektur / Raum- und Umweltplanung / Bauingenieurwesen der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern zur Verleihung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von Diplom-Ingenieur Peter Zeile Mündliche Prüfung: 1.6.2010 Dekan: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Gabi Troeger-Weiß Vorsitzender der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Steinebach Betreuer und Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Streich Prof. Markus Neppl Technische Universität Kaiserslautern 2010 D 386 Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema der Fortentwicklung von Visualisierungs- und Simulationsmethoden in der städtebaulichen Gestaltungs- planung. Für einen Einstieg in die Materie ist eine tief gehende Auseinandersetzung mit dem Begriff der Planung und deren Prozesse im Allgemeinen und der Versuch der Abgrenzung von städtebaulicher Struktur – und Gestaltungsplanung im Besonderen unerlässlich, auch um das bisher zu Verfügung stehende Methodenrepertoire einer kritischen Untersuchung zu kommen zu lassen. Es wird deutlich, dass die Methoden in der städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung in den letzten fünf Jahren einem radikalen Wechsel unterzogen worden: Neben der schnelleren Erstellung von virtuellen Umgebungsmodellen sind vor allem die Einflüsse aus der sogenannten Web 2.0 Bewegung und dem veränderten Nutzungsverhalten im Internet die treibenden Motoren, die die Arbeit und die damit verbundenen Methoden in der Gestaltungsplanung verändert haben. Für den Planer hat dies den Vorteil, dass zum Einen Planungsinhalte frühzeitig schneller und transparenter für eine erfolgreiche Plankommunikation aufbereitet werden können, und zum Anderen, dass der Planer diese ehemals sehr anspruchsvollen Arbeit bis zu einem gewissen Umfang auch selbstständig erledigen kann und nicht mehr auf die Hilfe von Spezialisten angewiesen ist. Die dafür benötigten Methoden sind in allen ihren Facetten in dieser Arbeit beleuchtet und zugleich in einem in sich konsistenten Workflow untereinander vernetzt, so dass alle vorgestellten Arbeitsweisen keine eindimensionale Lösungen darstellen, sondern immer wieder untereinander, ähnlich dem Mashup-Gedanken der Web2.0 Community, neu kombinierbar sind. Der Einsatz der Arbeitstechniken inklusiver des Workflows ist dann die Methode der Echtzeitplanung urban vis & sim, die auf die städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung abgestimmt ist. Zur besseren Verständlichkeit wird die Methode im Laufe der Arbeit nur „Echtzeitplanung“ genannt. Anhand von verschiedenen Einsatzbereichen ist die Methode der Echtzeitplanung in der Praxis auf ihre Umsetzung hin überprüft worden, wobei Bereiche unterschieden werden, die entweder mit einer kurzen Einarbeitungszeit auch von „Visualisierungsneulingen“ bewältigt werden können oder in weiterführende Arbeitstechniken, die das hohe Maß der Flexibilität der Methode durch die Kombination von verschiedenen Techniken auslotet. Die Methode der Echtzeitplanung eignet sich beim Einsatz in der Planung für eine allseits transparente Kommunikation, sofern die in der Arbeit erläuterten Rahmenparameter eingehalten werden. Echtzeitplanungsmethoden sollten frühzeitig und in Abstimmung aller am Prozess beteiligten Akteure dazu verwendet werden, um die Kommunikation und das Verständnis zu stärken. Sie sollten nicht durch ihre beeindruckenden Grafikpräsentation dazu verwendet werden - bewusst oder unbewusst - bestimmte Elemente einer Planung zu überhöhen oder andere dadurch zu negieren. 1 Echtzeitplanung - Die Fortentwicklung der Simulations- und Visualisierungsmethoden für die städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung ........................... 1 1.1 Einleitung ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problemstellung ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Stand der Forschung ......................................................................... 6 1.4 Forschungsbedarf ............................................................................ 12 1.5 Ablauf ............................................................................................... 14 2 Städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung | Status quo ..... 15 2.1 Abgrenzung der Begrifflichkeiten ................................................... 16 2.2 Methoden der Stadtplanung ........................................................... 19 2.3 Computereinsatz in der Planung .................................................... 23 2.4 Qualitative Planungsmethoden ...................................................... 30 2.5 Quantitative Methoden ................................................................... 34 2.6 Städtebauliche Strukturplanung .................................................... 38 2.7 Städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung ............................................... 63 3 Erkenntnisse aus der Methodenbetrachtung ........... 85 4 Phänomen Web 2.0 ................................................. 89 4.1 Communities | Social Networks ......................................................94 4.2 Web 3.0 – Beispiel für einen neuen Umgang von computergestützten Methoden in der Planung..............................96 4.3 Webmapping allgemein .................................................................. 98 4.3.1 Klassisches Webmapping ............................................................... 98 4.3.2 Google Maps .....................................................................................99 4.3.3 Bing Maps ...................................................................................... 101 4.3.4 Phototourism / Photosynth ................................................................. 102 5 Computergestützte Simulations- und Visualisierungsmethoden ..................................... 106 5.1 Echtzeitplanung – Interaktive und virtuelle Methoden und Modelle für die Planung ................................................................ 106 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.2 Digital Globe Systeme ................................................................... 107 5.3 PDF3D ............................................................................................. 115 5.4 Autorensysteme .............................................................................. 117 6 Erkenntnisse aus den Simulationsmethoden und Web 2.0 ......................................................................... 118 7 Datenerfassung und der „richtige Umgang“ mit Daten im dreidimensionalen Kontext ............................. 120 7.1 Aufnahme| Datenerhebung | Level of Detail ............................... 124 7.1.1 Geländemodell ................................................................................ 131 7.1.2 Katastergrundlage | Gebäudegrundrisse ...................................... 137 7.1.3 Texturen ......................................................................................... 139 7.2 Modellierung der Gebäudegeometrien ........................................ 143 7.3 Texturierung .................................................................................. 148 7.4 Visualisierungs- und Simulationsmöglichkeiten ..........................152 8 Überprüfung der Methode der Echtzeitplanung urban viz & sim ................................................................ 155 8.1 Simulationsmethoden für die Bauleitplanung ............................ 156 8.1.1 Landstuhl „Alter Markt“ – in 4 Wochen zum fertigen Modell .... 157 8.1.2 Das Projekt “Lebensräume Maikammer“ .................................... 169 8.1.3 Sichtachsenüberprüfung „Ortsmitte Trippstadt“ ........................ 178 8.2 Wettbewerbe ................................................................................... 181 8.2.1 Der Architekturwettbewerb „Bamberg Untere Mühlen“ ............ 183 8.3 Lichtplanung .................................................................................. 189 8.4 Hochwasserschutz ......................................................................... 205 8.5 Einsatz in der Lehre ...................................................................... 208 8.6 Dreidimensionale Standortsysteme ............................................. 212 9 Emomap – Emotional Cartography ........................ 216 10 Fazit .......................................................................227 11 Literatur und Internetquellen ............................... 230 12 Abbildungsverzeichnis & Tabellen ......................... 260 13 Kooperationspartner der einzelnen Projekte ........ 272 14 Stichwortverzeichnis ............................................. 275 15 Lebenslauf............................................................. 283 1 Echtzeitplanung - Die Fortentwicklung der Simulations- und Visualisierungsmethoden für die städtebauliche Gestaltungsplanung 1.1 Einleitung Die Fortentwicklung der Simulations- und Visualisierungsmethoden für die städtebauliche Gestaltung: Bei diesem Titel könnten Fachleute im momentanen wissenschaftlichen Kontext automatisch den Umgang mit virtuellen 3D- Stadtmodellen sowie die Diskussion über die Verwendung und die Bearbeitung von dreidimensionalen Geodaten assoziieren. Festzustellen ist, dass virtuelle 3D-Stadt- und Architekturmodelle, Virtual Globe Systeme wie NASA World Wind und Google Earth sowie neue Ansätze von immersiven Techniken nicht nur im Kreis der räumlichen Planung, sondern zunehmend auch im allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen und im
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