DECISIONI DI FINE VITA ED AUSILIO AL SUICIDIO. Aggiornamento

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DECISIONI DI FINE VITA ED AUSILIO AL SUICIDIO. Aggiornamento CORTE COSTITUZIONALE SERVIZIO STUDI Area di diritto comparato DECISIONI DI FINE VITA ED AUSILIO AL SUICIDIO AGGIORNAMENTO a cura di P. Passaglia con contributi di C. Guerrero Picó S. Pasetto M.T. Rörig C. Torrisi settembre 2019 Comp. 259 Avvertenza La Corte costituzionale ha la titolarità, in via esclusiva, dei contenuti del presente documento. La Corte costituzionale fa divieto, in assenza di espressa autorizzazione, di riprodurre, estrarre copia ovvero distribuire il documento o parti di esso per finalità commerciali. Il riutilizzo per finalità diverse è soggetto alle condizioni ed alle restrizioni previste nel contratto di licenza Creative Commons (CC by SA 3.0). Per informazioni e richieste, si invita a contattare il Servizio Studi, scrivendo al seguente indirizzo email: [email protected]. DECISIONI DI FINE VITA ED AUSILIO AL SUICIDIO AGGIORNAMENTO INDICE Introduzione ..................................................................................... 13 AUSTRALIA 1. Premessa .................................................................................................... 19 2. La disciplina della morte assistita ........................................................... 19 2.1. La prassi ................................................................................................... 20 2.2. La giurisprudenza sull’assistenza al suicidio: le sentenze più significative ........................................................................................... 21 2.3. Il caso R v Justins ..................................................................................... 22 3. La legislazione ........................................................................................... 23 3.1. La legge (abrogata) del Northern Territory ............................................. 24 3.2. Il Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Victoria) ..................................... 24 BELGIO 1. Introduzione .............................................................................................. 27 2. La disciplina del fine-vita ......................................................................... 29 2.1. La disciplina dell’eutanasia ...................................................................... 29 2.2. La disciplina del suicidio assistito ............................................................. 31 3. Il parere del Conseil d’État del 20 giugno 2001 sulla legge relativa all’eutanasia ................................................................................ 33 4. La sentenza della Cour constitutionnelle n. 153/2015 del 29 ottobre 2015 .................................................................................... 36 5. La disciplina belga sull’eutanasia davanti alla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo .................................................................................. 39 CANADA 1. Introduzione .............................................................................................. 43 2. La sentenza della Corte suprema n. 2015 CSC 5 del 6 febbraio 2015, Carter c. Canada ..................................................... 44 2.1. Il precedente giurisprudenziale: la sentenza Rodriguez c. Columbia-Britannica del 30 settembre 1993 ........................................... 45 2.2. Il processo a quo ....................................................................................... 46 2.3. La decisione della Corte suprema ............................................................. 49 3. Il seguito alla decisione Carter c. Canada: l’adozione della legge del 16 luglio 2017, sulla c.d. aide médicale à mourir ........... 51 3.1. La disciplina del fine-vita ......................................................................... 52 3.2. La rilevanza penale della disciplina sul fine-vita ..................................... 53 3.3. Altre disposizioni ...................................................................................... 55 4. I recenti dibattiti in materia di aiuto medico a morire ......................... 55 4.1. La questione dell’accesso all’aiuto medico a morire per le persone affette da malattie gravi e incurabili ........................................... 55 4.2. La questione dell’accesso all’aiuto medico a morire per le persone incapaci di prestare il proprio consenso alle cure ...................... 56 COLOMBIA 1. Introduzione .............................................................................................. 59 2. La disciplina penale dell’omicidio pietoso e dell’ausilio al suicidio .... 61 3. Il riconoscimento del diritto fondamentale ad una morte dignitosa nella giurisprudenza costituzionale ........................................ 62 3.1. La sentenza C-239/97: il riconoscimento del diritto fondamentale e la depenalizzazione dell’eutanasia attiva del malato terminale consenziente, praticata da un medico .......................................................... 62 3.2. La sentenza T-970/14: precisazioni terminologiche, contenuto e portata del diritto fondamentale ................................................................ 67 4. La risoluzione n. 1216 del 2015 del Ministero della salute ................... 70 5. Le criticità nei procedimenti di morte anticipata affrontate dalla Corte costituzionale ......................................................................... 72 5.1. La sentenza T-423/17: la rimozione delle barriere amministrative e le informazioni agli utenti del sistema sanitario ....................................... 72 5.2. La sentenza T-721/17: il consenso per sostituzione ................................. 73 6. L’estensione dell’eutanasia ai minori di età ........................................... 74 6.1. La sentenza T-544/17 ............................................................................... 74 6.2. La risoluzione n. 825 del 2018 del Ministero della salute ....................... 75 7. Il progetto di legge del 27 agosto 2019 .................................................... 77 FRANCIA 1. Introduzione .............................................................................................. 79 2. La disciplina del fine-vita ......................................................................... 81 2.1. La parità di accesso alle cure palliative .................................................... 82 2.2. Il rispetto della volontà del paziente ........................................................ 82 2.3. Il divieto di accanimento terapeutico e l’interruzione delle cure ............. 83 2.4. Il divieto di eutanasia e la questione dell’assistenza al suicidio ............. 85 3. La disciplina penale relativa al suicidio ................................................. 86 3.1. I reati relativi al suicidio .......................................................................... 86 3.2. Il trattamento giudiziario dei casi di suicidio assistito ............................. 87 3.3. Il caso Mercier (Cass. Crim., decisione n. 16-87054 del 13 dicembre 2017) ................................................................................. 89 GERMANIA 1. Introduzione .............................................................................................. 93 2. Le singole fattispecie e la regolamentazione normativa ........................ 95 2.1. Suicidio .................................................................................................... 95 2.2. Eutanasia pura (reine Sterbehilfe) ............................................................ 95 2.3. Eutanasia attiva (aktive Sterbehilfe) ......................................................... 96 2.4. Eutanasia indiretta (indirekte Sterbehilfe) ................................................ 97 2.5. Eutanasia passiva (passive Sterbehilfe) .................................................... 98 2.6. Il suicidio assistito e l’art. 217 StGB ....................................................... 99 2.6.1. Presupposti oggettivi dell’art. 217 StGB ................................................... 100 2.6.1.1. Le singole condotte di agevolazione ............................................... 101 2.6.1.2. Il carattere commerciale ................................................................. 101 2.6.2. Il presupposto soggettivo ........................................................................... 102 2.6.3. La causa di esclusione della punibilità ...................................................... 103 3. Giurisprudenza in materia di eutanasia e suicidio assistito ............... 104 3.1. Giurisprudenza del BGH ........................................................................ 104 3.2. Giurisprudenza recente (e prossima) del Bundesverfassungsgericht ..... 111 INDIA 1. Introduzione ............................................................................................ 113 2. La morte assistita nella cultura indiana ............................................... 113 3. La disciplina giuridica ............................................................................ 115 3.1. La Costituzione del 1950 ........................................................................ 115 3.2. L’Indian Penal Code del 1860 ............................................................... 115 3.2.1. La normativa sull’omicidio ........................................................................ 115 3.2.2. La normativa sul suicidio ........................................................................... 116 4. La giurisprudenza ..................................................................................
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