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Exploring the X64
Exploring the x64 Junichi Murakami Executive Officer, Director of Research Fourteenforty Research Institute, Inc. Who am I? • Junichi Murakami – @Fourteenforty Research Institute, Inc. – Both Windows and Linux kernel development – Reversing malware and P2P software, etc. – Speaker at: • Black Hat 2008 US and Japan, AVAR 2009, RSA Conference(2009-) – Instructor at Security & Programming Camp(2006-) 2 Environment • Windows 7 x64 Edition • Visual Studio 2008 • Windbg • IDA Pro Advanced – STD doesn’t support x64, an offering is needed! 4 Agenda • Windows x64 • ABI(Application Binary Interface) • API Hooking • Code Injection 5 Windows x64 • Native x64 and WoW64 • Virtual Address Space – 2^64 = 16 Exa Byte ( Exa: 10^18) – but, limited to 16TB by Microsoft • File/Registry reflection • New 64-bit APIs – IsWow64Process, GetNativeSystemInfo, etc. 6 ABI • Binary Format • Register • Calling Convention • Exception Handling • Systemcall(x64, WoW64) 11 Binary Format(Cont.) • Some fields were extended to 64-bits – IMAGE_NT_HEADERS.IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER • ImageBase • SizeOfStackReserve • SizeOfStackCommit • SizeOfHeapReserve • SizeOfHeapCommit 13 Calling Convention • first 4 parameters are passed by RCX, RDX, R8, R9 – 5th and later are passed on the stack • caller allocates register home space on the stack • RAX is used for return values • leaf / non-leaf function – leaf function: never use stack – PE32+ contains non-leaf function’s information in its EXCEPTION DIRECTORY • Register’s volatility – volatile: RAX, RCX, RDX, R8-R11 15 Exception Handling • -
Through the Looking Glass: Webcam Interception and Protection in Kernel
VIRUS BULLETIN www.virusbulletin.com Covering the global threat landscape THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS: and WIA (Windows Image Acquisition), which provides a WEBCAM INTERCEPTION AND still image acquisition API. PROTECTION IN KERNEL MODE ATTACK VECTORS Ronen Slavin & Michael Maltsev Reason Software, USA Let’s pretend for a moment that we’re the bad guys. We have gained control of a victim’s computer and we can run any code on it. We would like to use his camera to get a photo or a video to use for our nefarious purposes. What are our INTRODUCTION options? When we talk about digital privacy, the computer’s webcam The simplest option is just to use one of the user-mode APIs is one of the most relevant components. We all have a tiny mentioned previously. By default, Windows allows every fear that someone might be looking through our computer’s app to access the computer’s camera, with the exception of camera, spying on us and watching our every move [1]. And Store apps on Windows 10. The downside for the attackers is while some of us think this scenario is restricted to the realm that camera access will turn on the indicator LED, giving the of movies, the reality is that malware authors and threat victim an indication that somebody is watching him. actors don’t shy away from incorporating such capabilities A sneakier method is to spy on the victim when he turns on into their malware arsenals [2]. the camera himself. Patrick Wardle described a technique Camera manufacturers protect their customers by incorporating like this for Mac [8], but there’s no reason the principle into their devices an indicator LED that illuminates when can’t be applied to Windows, albeit with a slightly different the camera is in use. -
NTFS • Windows Reinstallation – Bypass ACL • Administrators Privilege – Bypass Ownership
Windows Encrypting File System Motivation • Laptops are very integrated in enterprises… • Stolen/lost computers loaded with confidential/business data • Data Privacy Issues • Offline Access – Bypass NTFS • Windows reinstallation – Bypass ACL • Administrators privilege – Bypass Ownership www.winitor.com 01 March 2010 Windows Encrypting File System Mechanism • Principle • A random - unique - symmetric key encrypts the data • An asymmetric key encrypts the symmetric key used to encrypt the data • Combination of two algorithms • Use their strengths • Minimize their weaknesses • Results • Increased performance • Increased security Asymetric Symetric Data www.winitor.com 01 March 2010 Windows Encrypting File System Characteristics • Confortable • Applying encryption is just a matter of assigning a file attribute www.winitor.com 01 March 2010 Windows Encrypting File System Characteristics • Transparent • Integrated into the operating system • Transparent to (valid) users/applications Application Win32 Crypto Engine NTFS EFS &.[ßl}d.,*.c§4 $5%2=h#<.. www.winitor.com 01 March 2010 Windows Encrypting File System Characteristics • Flexible • Supported at different scopes • File, Directory, Drive (Vista?) • Files can be shared between any number of users • Files can be stored anywhere • local, remote, WebDav • Files can be offline • Secure • Encryption and Decryption occur in kernel mode • Keys are never paged • Usage of standardized cryptography services www.winitor.com 01 March 2010 Windows Encrypting File System Availibility • At the GUI, the availibility -
Mobility for the Masses Unleashing a World of Possibilities
Mobility for the Masses Unleashing a World of Possibilities Uday Marty Director of Product Marketing Mobile Platforms Group Risk Factors Today’s presentations contain forward-looking statements. All statements made that are not historical facts are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially. Please refer to our most recent Earnings Release and our most recent Form 10-Q or 10-K filing available on our website for more information on the risk factors that could cause actual results to differ. Copyright © 2009 Intel Corporation Agenda • Today’s news • Current environment • The latest on Intel’s mobile platforms • Ultra-thin laptops come to the mainstream • Expanded wireless capability • Summary Copyright © 2009 Intel Corporation This presentation and materials related to it are under embargo until June 1, 2009, 9 p.m. PDT Copyright © 2009 Intel Corporation Today’s News What’s launching today: – Three new Intel® Core®2 Duo processors (T9900, P9700, and P8800) – New ULV Intel® Pentium® processor (SU2700) – New Mobile Intel® GS40 Express Chipset Enabling significant improvements in the four vectors of mobility – Extended performance leadership – Enabling Ultra-thin systems at mainstream price points – Enhancing battery life – Expanded wireless capabilities For more information, go to – http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/computex2009 Copyright © 2009 Intel Corporation Worldwide Mobile Growth Continues Mobile Shift Strong Across Mature and Emerging Markets Source: IDC Worldwide Quarterly PC -
Programming Model Intel Itanium 64
11/11/2003 64-bit computing AMD Opteron 64 Application of Win32 Executable File Legacy 64 bit platforms Inbuilt 128-bit bus DDR memory controller with memory bandwidth speed up to 5.3GB/s. Infectors on Intel Itanium and AMD Benefits of 64-bit processors Opteron Based Win64 Systems Use of hyper transport protocol, “glueless” architecture. Oleg Petrovsky and Shali Hsieh Increased integer dynamic range Computer Associates International Inc. Available in up to 8 way configuration with the clock speeds 1 Computer Associates Plaza, Islandia, NY 11749, Much larger addressable memory space of 1.4 GHz, 1.6 GHz and 1.8 GHz . USA Benefits to database, scientific and cryptography Reuses already familiar 32-bit x86 instruction set and applications extends it to support 64-bit operands, registers and memory pointers. AMD64 Programming Model AMD64: Programming model Intel Itanium 64 X86 32-64 64 bit Itanium line of processors is being developed by Intel XMM8 X86 80-Bit Extends general use registers to 64-bit, adds additional eight 64-Bit X87 general purpose 64-bit registers. Itanium - 800 MHz, no on die L3 cache, Itanium 2 - 1GHz, RAX EAX AX 3MB L3 on die, Itanium 2003 (Madison) - 1.5 GHz, 6MB L3 on die cache, 410M transistors, largest integration on a RBX Reuses x86 instruction set. single silicon crystal today. XMM15 RCX Runs 32-bit code without emulation or translation to a native Itanium line of processors utilizes more efficient and robust XMM0 than legacy x86 instruction set architecture F instruction set. R8 L A Itanium has to use x86-to-IA-64 decoder a specifically Minimizes learning curve. -
Refs: Is It a Game Changer? Presented By: Rick Vanover, Director, Technical Product Marketing & Evangelism, Veeam
Technical Brief ReFS: Is It a Game Changer? Presented by: Rick Vanover, Director, Technical Product Marketing & Evangelism, Veeam Sponsored by ReFS: Is It a Game Changer? OVERVIEW Backing up data is more important than ever, as data centers store larger volumes of information and organizations face various threats such as ransomware and other digital risks. Microsoft’s Resilient File System or ReFS offers a more robust solution than the old NT File System. In fact, Microsoft has stated that ReFS is the preferred data volume for Windows Server 2016. ReFS is an ideal solution for backup storage. By utilizing the ReFS BlockClone API, Veeam has developed Fast Clone, a fast, efficient storage backup solution. This solution offers organizations peace of mind through a more advanced approach to synthetic full backups. CONTEXT Rick Vanover discussed Microsoft’s Resilient File System (ReFS) and described how Veeam leverages this technology for its Fast Clone backup functionality. KEY TAKEAWAYS Resilient File System is a Microsoft storage technology that can transform the data center. Resilient File System or ReFS is a valuable Microsoft storage technology for data centers. Some of the key differences between ReFS and the NT File System (NTFS) are: ReFS provides many of the same limits as NTFS, but supports a larger maximum volume size. ReFS and NTFS support the same maximum file name length, maximum path name length, and maximum file size. However, ReFS can handle a maximum volume size of 4.7 zettabytes, compared to NTFS which can only support 256 terabytes. The most common functions are available on both ReFS and NTFS. -
Module 12: Using Advanced Windows Powershell Techniques
Module 12: Using advanced Windows PowerShell techniques Lab: Practicing advanced techniques Exercise 1: Creating a profile script Task 1: Create a profile script • A script that performs these tasks is located at: E:\Mod12\Labfiles\10961C_Mod12_LabA_Ex1_LAK.txt Results: After completing this exercise, you should have created a profile script. Exercise 2: Verifying the validity of an IP address Task 1: Verify the validity of an IP address • A script that performs these tasks is located at: E:\Mod12\labfiles\10961C_Mod12_LabA_Ex2_LAK.txt. Results: After completing this exercise, you should have created a script that verifies the validity of an IP address. Exercise 3: Reporting disk information Task 1: Report disk information • A script that performs these tasks is located at: E:\Mod12\labfiles\10961C_Mod12_LabA_Ex3_LAK.txt. Results: After completing this exercise, you should have created a script that reports disk space on a server. Exercise 4: Querying NTFS permissions Task 1: Query NTFS permissions • A script that performs these tasks is located at: E:\Mod12\labfiles\10961C_Mod12_LabA_Ex4_LAK.txt. Results: After completing this exercise, you will have created a module that you can use to query NTFS permissions. Exercise 5: Creating user accounts with passwords from a CSV file Task 1: Create user accounts with a password from a CSV file • A script that performs these tasks is located at: E:\Mod12\labfiles\10961C_Mod12_LabA_Ex5_LAK.txt. Results: After completing this exercise, you will have created a script that will create new user accounts from a CSV file. Task 2: Prepare for the end of the course When you have finished the lab, revert the virtual machines to their initial state. -
Sample2.Js Malware Summary
Threat Analysis Report Summary Threat Malicious Level File Name sample2.js MD5 Hash 580E637B97B16698CC750B445223D5C0 Identifier SHA-1 Hash 07E507426F72522DABFECF91181D7F64DC3B8D23 Identifier SHA-256 Hash 790999F47B2FA4396FF6B0A6916E295D832A12B3495A87590C859A1FE9D73245 Identifier File Size 3586 bytes File Type ASCII text File 2015-11-06 09:26:23 Submitted Duration 38 seconds Sandbox 27 seconds Replication Engine Analysis Engine Threat Name Severity GTI File Reputation --- Unverified Gateway Anti-Malware JS/Downloader.gen.f Very High Anti-Malware JS/Downloader.gen.f Very High YARA Custom Rules Sandbox Malware.Dynamic Very High Final Very High Sample is malicious: f inal severit y level 5 Behavior Classif icat ion Networking Very High Exploiting, Shellcode High Security Solution / Mechanism bypass, termination and removal, Anti Unverified Debugging, VM Detection Spreading Unverified Persistence, Installation Boot Survival Unverified Hiding, Camouflage, Stealthiness, Detection and Removal Protection Unverified Data spying, Sniffing, Keylogging, Ebanking Fraud Unverified Dynamic Analysis Action Severity Malware behavior: networking activities from non-executable file Very High ATTENTION: connection made to a malicious website (see Web/URL Very High reputation for details) Detected suspicious Java Script content High Downloaded data from a webserver Low Modified INTERNET_OPTION_CONNECT_RETRIES: number of times that Low WinInet attempts to resolve and connect to a host Connected to a specific service provider Low Cracks a URL into its component -
Paragon NTFS for Linux
PARAGON Technologie GmbH, Systemprogrammierung Heinrich-von-Stephan-Str. 5c 79100 Freiburg, Germany Tel. +49 (0) 761 59018201 Fax +49 (0) 761 59018130 Internet www.paragon-software.com E-mail [email protected] Paragon NTFS for Linux #1 High-Performance Cross-platform Solution for PC, Key Features and Benefits NAS, Router, and HD Media Player OEMs/ODMs Full read/write access to Windows Network devices which can accommodate external storage are based upon (NTFS-formatted) HDDs under Linux kernels that do not support the file systems such external storage is normally formatted to. For example, Linux-based PCs, NAS devices, routers, and HD A pure kernel module –like native media players are incompatible with external HDDs formatted for NTFS Linux modules (*.o or *.ko) (Windows). To be competitive, OEMs/ODMs must find an effective bridge between the operating system or kernel their products are running and the Does not require additional libraries file systems that external storage is formatted to… High performance –better than FAT Over 10 years ago, Paragon Software Group recognized this need and developed a unique Universal File System Driver or UFSD™ technology which Low system requirements –16MB or provides full high-performance read/write access to file systems under less operating systems and kernels that do not support them, such as NTFS for Linux, Ext2/3FS for Mac OS X, HFS+ for Windows, etc. Small footprint <500KB Our most popular UFSD solution is Paragon NTFS for Linux, which enables Linux-based PCs and network devices to have full read/write access to NTFS- Short mount time formatted drives attached to them, with high performance as though they are native for Linux. -
USB External Device Encryption Instructions Acceptable Use: HSC Security Practices Regarding the Encryption of External USB Devices
USB External Device Encryption Instructions Acceptable Use: HSC Security Practices regarding the encryption of external USB devices • The Encrypted USB Storage Device may only be used for temporary storage and/or data transport of duplicate data. • A complex password must be used upon encryption, loss of the password will render the data on the USB unrecoverable. Further recovery safeguards are NOT APPLICABLE. Some things to note before getting started: • It is recommended that the USB device (Flash Drive/External HDD) be formatted to “NTFS” before saving data to the device and/or encrypting the device. Make sure that you have saved desired data from the USB Device before formatting the drive! There is no mechanism to restore the data from the USB Storage Device once it has been formatted. • The following steps must be performed on a Windows 10 [Ver. 1511] device or above that is connected to the Health domain for BitLocker encryption to work in our environment. Format the Device • Connect the USB device to the computer and locate the device in the File Explorer. • Right-click the external USB device, select “Format…”, and select the following options: o File system: NTFS o Volume label: *Something easily identifiable* o Format options: [Select] “Quick Format” Activate BitLocker • Locate the device in the File Explorer • Right-click the external USB device, select “Turn on BitLocker”, and select the following options: o Use a password to unlock the drive (This should be automatically selected if you are connected to the Health domain) o Enter a unique PIN, ensure that your new PIN meets the following requirements: . -
Refs V2 Cloning, Projecting, and Moving Data
ReFS v2 Cloning, projecting, and moving data J.R. Tipton [email protected] What are we talking about? • Two technical things we should talk about • Block cloning in ReFS • ReFS data movement & transformation • What I would love to talk about • Super fast storage (non-volatile memory) & file systems • What is hard about adding value in the file system • Technically • Socially/organizationally • Things we actually have to talk about • Context Agenda • ReFS v1 primer • ReFS v2 at a glance • Motivations for v2 • Cloning • Translation • Transformation ReFS v1 primer • Windows allocate-on-write file system • A lot of Windows compatibility • Merkel trees verify metadata integrity • Data integrity verification optional • Online data correction from alternate copies • Online chkdsk (AKA salvage AKA fsck) • Gets corruptions out of the namespace quickly ReFS v2 intro • Available in Windows Server Technical Preview 4 • Efficient, reliable storage for VMs: fast provisioning, fast diff merging, & tiering • Efficient erasure encoding / parity in mainline storage • Write tiering in the data path • Automatically redirect data to fastest tier • Data spills efficiently to slower tiers • Read caching • Block cloning • End-to-end optimizations for virtualization & more • File system-y optimizations • Redo log (for durable AKA O_SYNC/O_DSYNC/FUA/write-through) • B+ tree layout optimizations • Substantially more parallel • “Sparse VDL” – efficient uninitialized data tracking • Efficient handling of 4KB IO Why v2: motivations • Cheaper storage, but not -
Bitlocker Management
BitLocker Management Vista Full Volume Encryption Feature Overview BitLocker - Full Volume Encryption Vista Enterprise and Ultimate AD management & Key backup options Save recovery password to USB, Printer, or File Share TPM 1.2 – Enables Drive Tampering Protection WMI Interface Vista Tool compatibility MS Boot Loader, System Restore, Disk Management BitLocker Tools Manage-bde.wsf - RTM Add / Remove key protectors Tools from MS Premier Support Site: BitLocker Drive Preparation BitLocker Recovery Password Viewer BitLocker Repair Tool Searches HD for unlinked FVEKs BitLocker Group Policy Computer Config\Admin Templates\Windows Components\BitLocker Drive Encryption AD Key Backup Options Backup Recovery Password to AD Backup Key Package to AD Require Backup to AD before encryption is enabled Backup Recovery Password to Share Recovery Options Require Creation of Recovery Password - Default Require Creation of Recovery Key Package - Default BitLocker Group Policy Advanced Options Allow BitLocker without TPM Startup Key or Pin with TPM Encryption Method AES 128 Diffuser – Default Prevent Memory Overwrite on Restart – Disabled TPM Platform Validation –7 Default Metrics Rom Code MBR Code – not partition table Boot Manager TPM Group Policy Computer Config\Admin Templates\System\ Trusted Platform Module Backup TPM Owner information to AD Require backup 3 settings related to TPM blocked commands BDE Security and Compatibility BitLocker Tips AD Backup only occurs when BDE is enabled Or when TPM is initialized