a -newsletter on rural

- X water and sanitatiop in India C Public Disclosure Authorized

Every household counts Ensuring community participation in Orissa

t is not difficult to understand operational through the collective Gram Vikas initiated its program by why the 67 villages covered by efforts of the villagers. There are providing proper waste disposal, the Rural Health and Education no conflicts over water and no effective drainage systems and Program (RHEP) in Orissa have significant problems operating and safe drinking water. Success become favored destinations maintaining the schemes. in the field of health and The approach of Gram Vikas is sanitation soon led to demands Public Disclosure Authorized for prospective brides. The initroduction of water and sanitation based on the participation of for other changes and eventually facilities by a local NGO, every member of the community to people's involvement in a Gram Vikas, in collaboration with and the creation of local multitude of development the community, has enhanced the institutional mechanisms to activities, such as housing, quality of life, improved health ensure sustainability of the project. community infrastructure, conditions and reduced the Ownership and stakes are built education and livelihood programs. cdrudgery of collecting water. The by ensuring that all households The water and sanitation success of the scheme is contribute financially to the program is based on the principle Evidlent - Gram Vikas no longer development of infrastructure of total coverage. Sanitation provides support to many of these and operation and maintenance infrastructure (a separate toilet and villages, yet the schemes are fully oi the scheme. bathing room for each family) is The RHEP established and piped water

Public Disclosure Authorized a ~~~~~~initiative began in supplied to every household in the | 1992 covering 337 village. All families must prepare a

vlages in Ganjam toilet/bathing room before t;- ." __2 ~~~~~~~andBargarh Gram Vikas begins intervention. ~< districts of Orissa. Construction is on a cost sharing EveryToday Gram basis. A typical household g c p coversi 67 sVikas sanitation facility (latrine and villages in the most bathroom) costs approximately why the 67 villages covered by effortsofthevillbackward districts Rs 4,000 depending on the type of theRural Health and Education no conflicts overof the state. When material used. Gram Vikas for prospective bndes. TheTheapproacthe program began, contributes around Rs 2,500 and Itouto othere was a the household contributes the rest. fac-lits by a local NGO, every member complete absence Similarly, the community Gramtof Iclot wt ahygiene and contributes about 30 percent of the sanitation, and no capital cost of setting up a piped Public Disclosure Authorized source of clean and water supply system.' Poorer safe drinking water. families can offer material or labor sce oUsing health and as their contribution. h - kriene as an entry To ensure the commitment of The community participates inlaying pipelines point to improve the the community to the project, (r underthe RHEP lives of the people, clear-cut financial responsibilities 'A project supplying water to60 families with a30,000-liter water tankand 120ftborewellcosts approximatelytRs 150000 Jalvaani

and contributions from the community for the maintenance

fund are agreed to before ___ intervention can start. Each village X.4 decides its own method for 1 0 collection to cover the repair and maintenance of pumps and the

salary of the pump operator .' '- (Rs 300 - 500 per month). The current m'aintenance cost of RHEP- facilities is an average of Rs 500 per family per year. Again, the - poorer families contribute labor t and materials as their share. Communities evolve penalties for families violating the norms. The program generates c employment opportunities and ensures sustainability by training local youth in masonry and plumbing, and to operate the pumps and maintain the pipelines. demand-responsive, village manage and maintain their Minor repairs are attended to executive committees with equal facilities and ensure sustainability locally. To optimize the use of local representation of men and women of the project even after external resources and ensure total are elected by the community. assistance is withdrawn coverage, the technology package These are registered legal entities. For further information, contact has been demystified and Women's participation in village Gram Vikas a standardized design for the committees has enhanced their Mohuda Village Via Behrampur toilet and bathroom is promoted. role in decision-making and given Orissa 760 002 A critical factor for project them a greater standing in the Fax: 91-0680-209754 e-mail: info@~gramvikas.org sustainability is the institution of a community. Women have also been Web site: www.gramvikas.org corpus fund. All families contribute encouraged to set up savings an average of Rs 1,000 to the fund, groups, which have, in many cases, SANISAT which is used for water and become credit delivery mechanisms. _/ sanitation activities. Since Today, the successful r To meet the 2015 contribution to the fund is completion of projects has Ij 1 development target of mandatory, the richer families generated a demand from ' halving the fraction of subsidize poorer families or part neighboring villages for the the population without support is extended from the introduction of similar schemes. access to services community fund Gram Vikas is now poised to in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Setting up the corpus fund has extend the program to a critical Caribbean, the number of people led to enhanced village unity as all 1 percent of the poorest families in served by water supply must increase families are shareholders in the Orissa over the next ten years by by sanitation must Increase by fund and have an equal stake in replicating the model and 2.2 billion (59%). decision-making. Communities influencing government and For water, this means providing now work together, negotiate with non-government agencies to services for an additional 107 million each other and other players, and implement the program. Links with people each year, or 292,000 every build independent institutions. local government could also be day, until 2015 Success in constructing and explored to upscale this initiative. For sanitation, services must be managing their own sanitation and Although the program has been provided for an additional 145 million water supply systems has fostered initiated by an NGO, this 397,000 every day, until 2015. a strong community spirit and experience has shown that once Source Global Water Supply and greater self-confidence. systems are in place and local Sanitatlon Assessment, 2002 Report, To ensure that local voices institutions developed, WHO/UNICEF are heard and the scheme is communities can successfully 0diwh Jalvaani editorial NIEWS BRIEFS Shri Meenakshi- With the growing scarcity of water In the country sundaram was earlier there is an urgent need to implement sustainable water NEW MINISTER FOR Additional Secretary, and sanitation schemes. In this issue of Jalvaani we share RIJRAL DEVELOPMENT Department of Space. experiences of Implementation of projects from across Shri Shanta Kumar has WATER the country which could be of value to stakeholders in the joined as Minister of Rural MEDIA NETWORK sector Community-managed piped water schemes were Development, Government established in as far back as the 1960s. Of India. Prior to this Shri The Water Media This issue reviews the key factors that led to the partial ofanda Por ths r Network is designed to success and eventual failure of these schemes. Lessons Shanta Kumar was help journalists examine from these experiences could inform the current Minister of Consumer the social, environmental, demand-responsive projects that are being implemented. Distribution, Government regulatory and financial In Orissa, Gram Vikas has achieved notable success by oiIndia U an d Chioef Minter issues relating to water, and supporting the establishment of water and sanitation ol India and Chief Minister understand the difference schemes in every household in 67 villages in 15 backward oi . that water can make to the districts of the state Their experience has shown that Shri Shanta Kumar economy in their region. community participation and involvement are essential for takes over from Shi The programn features long-term sustainability Although Gram Vikas has M. . workshops, field visits and withdrawn support after Initial handholding, most NEW SECRETARY, distance learning courses. schemes have continued to operate successfully due to DEPARTMENT This initiative is a the sense of ownership which is developed at the OF DRINKING program of the World inception of the project WATER SUPPLY Water Council's 3rd World While there have been pockets of success In Shri S.S. Meenakshi- Water Forum, and is Implementing demand-responsive schemes, progress of sundaram has taken over funded by the governments the sector reforms program has been patchy. A national from Shri A K. Goswami of the Netherlands and conference was organized recently, under the as Secretary, Department Japan, and the World Bank chairmanship of the former Minister for Rural of Drinking Water Supply, Institute. These activities Development, Shn M Venkalah Naidu, to assess Ministry of Rural will lead up to the coverage and identify bottlenecks Through deliberations Development. Shri 3rd World Water Forum at the conference, and a rapid review that was conducted Cioswami is now in Kyoto in 2003. earlier this year, a roadmap has now been evolved to speed up effective implementation of the program. Secretary, Ministry of www.worldbank.org/wbk/ Nandigram 1IBlock in East Medinipur district, West Bengal Is a model where 100 percent household

___...______=_.__.__...__sanitation coverage has recently been achieved. We share NOTICE BOARD the comments of block and district representatives on the key features that were instrumental in achieving total coverage, A crucial element for success was bringing 2nd South Asia Water Forum together different political groups to work collectively to Organized by Pakistan Water Partnership achieve a common goal. Given the low coverage of sanitation, particularly In Main themes: Groundwater Management in water-scarce areas, appropnate technologles will have to South Asia; Water, Food and Environment; be explored. Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latnnes do not Water Institutions and Governance; need water for flushing and could provide an effective Dams and Development; and Water and Youth sanitation solution. A pilot has been launched In to promote the use of these latrines. Based on the December 14-16, 2002 response of the users, VIP latrines could be an alternative Islamabad, Pakistan technology option in water-scarce areas. http://www gwpforum org/servlet/PSP?iNodelD=204&itemId=2622 As always, we look forward to feedback and e-mail. s pwp@cgiar rg comments from our readers.

28th WEDC Conference Sustainability: Today's Priorities for Basic Services November 18-22, 2002 India R.C. Panda Kolkata, Joint Secretary and Mission Director www.wedc conf@lboro ac uk Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission I _ Department of Drinking Water Supply Jalvaari STATES-

Lessons from the past The experience of older community-managed schemes in Uttar Pradesh

The concept of community- maintenance of a new system of increased. By 1971 the entire managed piped water water supply. Beneficiary project population was serviced schemes is not new to participation was considered by private house connections and Uttar Pradesh. As far back as 1962, essential for project sustainability public standposts. The excellent community-driven schemes were and the community was involved in performance of the Banki set up in the state to meet users' each phase of the project Users scheme in the initial years can needs for safe and assured were motivated to donate land for be linked to the activities of PRAI drinking water supply, and were the pumphouse and overhead tank, field workers in terms of building based on their willingness to pay and contribute cash and labor for the skills and capacity of the for services. The objectives, construction. Joint Action community, monitoring the strategies and methodologies Committees were set up in each scheme and developing local adopted for these schemes were project area with elected management institutions. similar to those of the schemes representatives from the Problems began when electricity currently being implemented under panchayats and the government to supply dropped and providing the sector reform program. help develop institutions that were consistent and reliable service However, these schemes fell accountable locally. became difficult. The viability of the into disuse for various reasons. During the first decade of its scheme was further undermined Water and Sanitation Program- operation, the Banki scheme by a conflict between the two South Asia conducted a study to became a well recognized panchayats managing the scheme, see what lessons could be learnt demonstration model for innovative which led to non-payment of water from this experience approaches to rural development. tariffs by both groups. Although At the time, many rural The health awareness program external institutional support was communities in Uttar Pradesh did changed the initially negative crucial for the initial success of the not have a safe source of drinking attitude of the residents and the scheme, this support was not water. In an attempt to find number of household connections available when the scheme sustainable solutions, community- based experimental schemes were __ set up in three districts. These schemes were implemented by f P the Planning Research and Action Zone B, 6daries Institute (PRAI), Lucknow and E 9n _StudyDiWtricts the Local Self Government Meerut Gorakhpur Engineering Department with Barabanki * State Capital assistance from WHO and UNICEF. The Banki scheme in Barabanki district covered seven villages, the Gorakhpur scheme in Pharenda Block serviced eleven villages and the Mokhampur project in Meerut district was a N single-village scheme PRAI played an active role in convincing users of the health benefits of piped water and motivating them to accept and contribute towards the -- JALVAANI Vol 5 No 1 March - June 2002

_ = ,.- , - - ---, ; ~ , - ,- ; ~ iz s

1. Is the format of this publication easy to read? D Yes O No

2. Isthe publication a comfortable length to read? O Yes 0 No

3. If no, would you prefer 0 more details/data 0 less details/data

4. Do you find the information contained in this publicotion relevant to your work? D Yes O No

If yes, how would you use this information in your work? (Use extra sheets of paper if required) If no, give reasons why (Use extra sheets of paper if required)

What impact, if any, does this information have on: -You:. . . .

,Your organization:

-Your colleagues:

What are the main lesson(s) you have learnt from the information contained in this publication?

Would you like to share any study/research similar to the information in this publication? . . .

~~~~~~~~~~~~...... 5. Give up to three subjects/issues in the Water Supply and Sanitation sector that interest you and you would like to know more about: i)

ii)

iii)

6. Do you know anyone else who might benefit from receiving our publication? If yes, provide the following details (optionol)

Name: Designation: Organization: Address:

Phone Numbers: E-mail: Area of work Government / NGO / Private Sector / Academia / Consultant / Bilateral Agency / Dev Bank / any other

7. Provide your particulars (if different from address on envelope) Name: Designation: Organization: Address:

Phone Numbers: E-mail: Area of work: Government / NGO / Private Sector / Academia / Consultant / Bilateral Agency / Dev Bank / any other

8. Indicate your area of interest: 0 Water 0 Sanitation 01 Rural E Urban

Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia 55 Lodi Estate, New 110 003 * Tel: 91-11-4690488/89 *Fax: 91-11-4628250 * E-mail: [email protected] - Website: www.wsp.org STATES Jalvaani

Features/Scheme Banki Pharenda Mohkampur Estimate Prepared 1962 1962 1962 Scheme Commissioned 1965 1964 1966 Transfer of O&M to Village Committee 1965 1966 1968 System Abandoned 1994 Ongoing 1976 # Villages Involved 7 10 1 # Panchayats Involved 2 - 1 1962 Population 4,320 8,757 687 1962 Number of Families 800 1,500 125 30-year Design Population 5,425 11,000 1,000 Design Water Consumption (gpcd) 10 10 15 rn Size of Overhead Tank (gallons) 5,000 20,000 5,000 ,n Disinfection Method Chlorination Chlorination Chlorination 5; 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Design Capital Cost (1962 Rs) 159,300 463,500 70,000 rL Design Annual Maintenance Cost (Rs) 4,400 8,000 2,470 10 Design Per Capita Capital Cost (Rs) 32 42 70 Design Per Capita Ann. Maint. Cost (Rs) 1 1 3.5 n # Families Willing to Pay at First Survey 270 280 12 Community Capital Contribution (Rs) 500 427 ocr Community Labor Contribution (Rs Value) 2,700 -

encountered problems. The Banki personnel probably facilitated the basic infrastructure to ensure scheme was not able to sustain takeover of the scheme. proper service delivery. itself financially and was eventually The Mokhampur scheme was Institutions play a crucial role in discontinued in 1994 when power initiated at the request of the gram sustaining the operation of SLIPPIY was disconnected for pradhan. Due to a lack of genuine schemes. The absence of formal non-payment of dues. need and involvement of the institutional options to provide The Pharenda scheme also benieficiary population, and the support to community-managed e)(perienced success in its early absence of health education, the services after the completion years. Demand overshot scheme was unable to develop a and transfer of management to expectations and the number of crilical mass of subscribers. The panchayats, as well as the absence private household connections single-village coverage meant of an inbuilt monitoring, feedback almost doubled in four years. hgeprcaiaaitlndand evaluation system, contribute In the first five years of operation, oprtn ot h ceeto the failure of small community- revenues exceeded expenditure. sopdoperating wothen acnewe managed schemes. However, persistent yield stpe prtn hnanwThe Uttar Pradesh experience problems from the tubewell led to pradhan took over, as he did not ilsrtsta oesr poor service, and deteriorating ensure regular tariff collection or ilustratesbthaty tofeasnsurems power availability exacerbated the maintenance of the project. it is important to determine the pr-oblem. Being a large multi-village The experience of thesetyeoiniuinsadheaur scheme, it was difficult and schiemes illustrates that with the tyeof inspotituatisonslad the natroied expensive tprvdaeqte creation of awareness, rural Such support could come from service to such a wide comnte nesadadaccountable, responsive local geographical area. As the number appreciate the health and other governments that now have the of connections increased, service benefits of improved water supply constitutional responsibility for quality declined, particularly in the Rural communities are able to water supply and sanitation peripheral areas. Poor service led efiiciently evaluate alternative through the 73rd Amendment. tcothe nonpayment of tariffs and sources of water supply and are disconnection. Due to the resultant willing to pay higher prices for Details of the study are available ina financial crisis, the Pharenda assured and reliable services. fedntaddicsonper scheme has been handed over to However, once the reliability of Watr nd antactdion PrormSouhAsi the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam. The service delivery is undermined, 55 Lodi Estate largnuberof subscribers and people seek alternative sources. New Delhi 110 003 largenumber ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fax:91-11-4628250 strong connections to block It is also important to invest in e-mail: [email protected] Jalvaani SCHE-MES The sector reforms program A performance review

NATIONAL REVIEW encourage OF 26 STATES communities to v4 A national conference on Rural own, operate and Drinking Water Supply Sector manage' water Reforms was held in New Delhi on and sanitation June 28, 2002 under the schemes . _ chairmanship of Shri M. Venkaiah according to Naidu, the former Minister for sector reform Rural Development, Government pr inciples.He< of India. The objective of the also cautioned Conference was to assess and representatives of _- , evaluate the performance of non-performing if l -. 67 sector reform pilots in 67districts sector reformthat pilots in Community involvement is crucial for the 26 states. Ministers of State for tyimpleentation of the sectorreformsprogram. Rural Development, Shri Anna show progress i Saheb MK Patil and Shri Subhash within three Maharia, Shri A.K. Goswami months, their projects would be offering communities a choice former Secretary, Department of terminated and funds withdrawn. of technology or developing Drinking Water, State Government The Conference deliberated community-managed systems for De arinkinWand district and block on strategies to build the skills of operation and maintenance. Secretaries, from andthe key stakeholders involved in Moreover, there was no clear focus representatives from all the implementation. The need for on sustainability, in particular of sector reform project districts capacity development and sources and systems. participated. Members of the sustainable development models It was recommended that on capacity- Scheme SanctioningScheme CommitteeSanctioning was emphasized. ~~~~~buildingdetailed measuresguidelines and participatory and support agencies also RAPID REVIEW OF FIVE STATES techniques are developed at the attended. The Conference was A rapid assessment of the rural national level; the role of support organized by the Rajiv Gandhi water supply sector reforms organizations and local government National Drinking Water Mission, program was conducted in October institutions clarified; approaches In his inaugural address 2001 to evaluate progress, identify for integrating drinking water ShiNaidu stated that the slow key constraints and issues and supply, household sanitation and phrogressio implemnthationofsmakethe recommendations. Five pilot environmental sanitation developed; setorgreformsofimplmenationo the ru districts were randomly selected the monitoring mechanism for sector reforms project in the rural from five states. The findings of future review and evaluation water supply sector is due to the the review were disseminated at a improved; and field support and agencies to fully own the reform workshop on February 26, 2002 in supervision missions organized initiatives and their lack of guidance Delhi where representatives from to monitor implementation at the five states participating in the the state level and monitoring of projectsand mnitoing TheeThere f proectsrevew, nd sx othr sttes,As a result of the review and the is a need for a clear understanding review, and six other states, workshop, there have been some of the concept, philosophy and external support agencies and positive changes in program principles to be adopted by district- NGOs attended. implementation in a few of the level implementing agencies and It was found that implementation states that were reviewed. to create awareness among the across the five districts was patchy. people. He also highlighted the The state public agency (PHED) Details of the rapid review are available in need for coordination among still dominated the program and Jal Manthan 6. the key players at the state and the approach continued to be For further information contact district levels. supply-driven. Many key demand 55 Lodi Estate He urged the states tourged make responsive issues were not ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fax:New 91.11-4628250Delhi 110 003 midcourse corrections and included in the design, for instance, e-mail: [email protected]

0 TECHNOLOGY Jalvaani Hygiene without water VIP latrines in water-scarce areas \ Ientilatedimproved pit (VIP) T-o ensure adequate ventilation, pilot is coordinated by the latrines are low-cost hygienic the ventpipe should be higher than panchayat. Matashree Gomti Devi, V latrines that do not require the roof of the shelter. The drop a local NGO, is motivating water for flushing. These latrines hole should not be closed with a lid communities and facilitating are a simple and effective sanitation as this stops the ventilation. Care the implementation of the option in areas of extreme water should be taken to ensure that the project. UNICEF is supporting a scarcity. They have low capital and leach pit does not pollute the training program for village masons operating costs, and are easy to groundwater table. In areas where and the setting up of local build with locally available the soil is unstable, the pit walls production centers/marts. The materials Depending on the functioning and use of size of the pit and the number A VIP latrine toilets IS being monitored of users, a VIP latrine can be . by Matashree Gomti Devi, used for 5-7 years. ( with the involvement of KEY FEATURES 9 screen the community. Air The cost of building a The basic components and movement VIP latrine without the functioning of a VIP latrine are _ similar to a traditional pit superstructure ranges latrine. Both have a pit, a pit between Rs 1,000 - 2,200 cover slab and a drop hole. i \ _ depending on the materials Solids or sludge accumulate Vent usdAlarnwiha54f in the latrine pit which ipipe platform and a 10 ft ventpipe decompose over time. Liquids costs approximately flushed into the pit, such as Rs 2,150 to construct. urine and water, soak into the Communities are surrounding area through the encouraged to construct pit walls. Once the pit is filled the superstructure of their another pit must be dug and choice. In order to include used. Other options are to poorer families and ensure have a partially off-set pit with total sanitation coverage, a a removable cover slab which I subsidy of Rs 500 is paid allows easier decomposition, to BPL families. or to construct twin-pits which 3, With increasing awareness are used alternately. co of the health benefits of fixed A ventpipe is an important ° sanitation, communities in feature that is installed in VIP X rural Rajasthan are willing to latrines to deal with odor and B pay the cost of constructing flies. Wind blowing across the toilets. So far communities top of the ventpipe sucks foul air may need to be lined with brick have responded positively and out of the pit. On still days, or concrete. there is a demand for VIP toilets in ventilation takes place when the VIP latrines require very little other districts of Rajasthan like sun heats the air in the ventpipe, maintenance. Regular cleaning is Tonk, Dungarpur and Rajsamand. If causing it to rise. The ventpipe also essential to reduce flies and this model proves effective in serves as an insect trap. A fly smells. The fly screen also needs Rajasthan, it could be adopted in screen is attached at the top of the to be checked regularly. other water scarce states as well. ventpipe which traps flies and For further information contact ither insects travelingother outinsects of the travelingVIP TOILETS IN RAJASTHAN ~~~~~~UNICEFj8 9 Bhawani Singh Lane clark pit up the ventpipe towards The Rajasthan Government, in CScheme, Opposite Nehru Sahkar Bhavan the light. The fly screen also collaboration with UNICEF, recently Jaipur 302 001, Rajasthan prevents insects from entering the piloted a demonstration project of Tel: 91-141-382694/383154/383165 pit through the ventpipe. VIP toilets in Alwar district. The e-mail: jaipur@uniceforg

fX Jalvaani INTERVIEW The initiative of local leaders is crucial for total sanitation coverage Nandigram II Block in East Medinipur district, West Bengal has recently achieved 100 percent sanitation coverage. The program ivas implemented by panchayati raj institutions and facilitated by Ramkrishna Mission Lok Shiksha Parishad, a local NGO. We share the viewvs of the key players in this initiative, Shri Madhusudan Roy, BDO, Smt Smritikana Acharya, Sabbapati, and Shri Durga Shankar Giri, Sahakari Sabbapati.

Nandigram has recently been declaredatotal sanitary units are being promoted and options for sanitation bloclk What were the strategies adopted upgradation provided. to achieve 100 percent coverage? How did you convince every household In 1990 the State Government, in collaboration with to adopt sanitation? UNICEF, launched a pilot with the nodal NGO to Some families could not afford to build toilets and a few motivate communities to adopt household sanitation were not convinced of the need for household and construct their own toilets. From the outset, every sanitation. As far as possible, poorer households were member of the community was co-opted to work given assistance. In some cases, the community made towards the shared goal of total sanitation coverage. a donation or youth clubs motivated their members to Obstacles to sanitation coverage were also identified contribute. The panchayat also created employment and addressed. A key feature was the involvement of opportunities locally so that members of these all political parties and the mobilization of political will. households could earn and pay for toilet construction The program is demand-driven and based on the House-to-house visits reinforced the sanitation willingness of communities to meet the cost of message. Social pressure was also created by constructing toilets. A subsidy, covering part of the representatives from political parties, the police and cost, is provided only for BPL families. The focus of schools to ensure compliance Innovative methods the program is to motivate households to change were used to influence the community, such as asking behavior patterns and to adopt hygienic sanitation private medical practitioners to 'prescribe' toilets as a practices. Initially a team of government officials, preventive measure for diarrhea. motivators, teachers and panchayat members visited individual families to motivate households to install What are the key features that have led toilets and pay for their construction. Social pressure to the success of this initiative? and mobilization were built up through an extensive The joint initiative of the panchayat and the NGO was awareness program. A strong IEC component was crucial for achieving total sanitation coverage. The developed and messages on health and hygiene were strong delivery mechanism set up at the district level, reinforced through a variety of media. and implemented at the panchayat level, ensured The extensive network of youth clubs was used to sustainability. Motivators played a crucial role in reach out to villages and families. Child-to-parent generating demand at the grassroots level. Another key messages were disseminated through the school factor was the commitment and dynamic leadership of sanitation initiative Motivators also played a key role in the pradhans. As a result, owning a toilet is now a promoting sanitation coverage. status symbol and households are willing to pay for To ensure a dependable delivery system, rural construction. Our model has now been adopted in all sanitary marts have been set up. Basic low-cost TSC districts in the state.

Contnbutions, comments, suggestions and requests for sub.scription A newsletter jointly produced by: may be sent to.

1ib 1 Raliv Gandhi National i__ INSDOC Drinking Water Mtssion Water and Sanitation c/o RGNDWM, Block 11, 6th Floor, CGO, New Delhi 110 003 h10l Program-South Asia Tel. 436 1656, 1950 & 2106; Fax: 436 4113/4427; RGNDWM WSP-SA e-mail istm@water in nic.in; ddarwsp@water in nic In INDIA COUNTRY TEAM WSP-SA, 55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003 Jalvaani Tel: 469 0488-9, Fax 462 8250, e-mail wspsa@worldbank org Jal means water and vaani, voice This newsletter aims at communicating key themes and messages on Earlier issues of Jaivaan, are available at www wsp org water and sanitation to different stakeholders in India This newsletter is supponed by the UK Department for International Development IDFIDI

Created by Write Media * Printed at Thomson Press