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The Impact of Pot Lids on Household Energy Use Olamide Elizabeth Opadokun Iowa State University

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The Impact of Pot Lids on Household Energy Use Olamide Elizabeth Opadokun Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 The impact of pot lids on household energy use Olamide Elizabeth Opadokun Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Opadokun, Olamide Elizabeth, "The impact of pot lids on household energy use" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17070. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17070 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The impact of pot lids on household energy use by Olamide Elizabeth Opadokun A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Mechanical Engineering Program of Study Committee: Kenneth Mark Bryden, Major Professor Mark Mba-Wright Richard LeSar The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © Olamide Elizabeth Opadokun, 2019. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Household Cooking Tasks ................................................................................... 5 2.2 Cooking Efficiency ............................................................................................... 7 2.3 Cookpot Efficiency............................................................................................. 10 2.4 The Role of Pot Lids in Cooking Effectiveness ................................................... 13 2.5 Cooking with Biomass Cookstoves .................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3. THE EFFECT OF POT LIDS ON BOILING .......................................................... 19 3.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Experimental Setup ........................................................................................... 19 3.3 Experimental Procedure ................................................................................... 21 3.5 Results ............................................................................................................... 23 3.5.1 Time to Heat ........................................................................................ 23 3.5.2 Mass ..................................................................................................... 24 3.5.3 Power Consumption ............................................................................ 29 3.5.2 Efficiency .............................................................................................. 32 3.6 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 35 3.7 Sources of Error ................................................................................................. 41 3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 4. THE EFFECT OF POT LIDS ON SIMMERING .................................................... 43 4.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Experimental Setup ........................................................................................... 43 4.3 Experimental Procedure ................................................................................... 44 4.4 Results ............................................................................................................... 45 4.4.1 Mass Loss ............................................................................................. 46 4.4.2 Specific Energy Consumption .............................................................. 46 4.5 Conclusions / Further Work .............................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 51 iii NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................... 53 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 54 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 55 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Modified pot (on the left) with increased surface area (Source: Khrishnan et al., 2012) .................................................................................. 13 Figure 2.2: Energy consumption and mass loss in a large thick aluminum pan (Data from Brundrett and Poultney 1979) ................................................... 15 Figure 2.3: Specific energy consumption when heating different amounts of water (Data from Oberascher et al. 2011).............................................................. 15 Figure 2.4: Three-stone fire ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 3.1: Schematic of experimental set-up ............................................................... 20 Figure 3.2: Experimental set-up ..................................................................................... 20 Figure 3.3: Time required to heat water from 20°C to 90°C at low power (966 W) ...... 26 Figure 3.4: Time required to heat water from 20°C to 90°C at high power (1504 W) ................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 3.5: Time required to heat water from 20°C to 90°C with pot lid off ................. 27 Figure 3.6: Time required to heat water from 20°C to 90°C with pot lid on .................. 27 Figure 3.7: Effect of lid use on percentage reduction of heating time of different water volumes .............................................................................................. 28 Figure 3.8: Effect of increase in power input on percentage reduction of heating time of different water volumes .................................................................. 28 Figure 3.9: Mass loss when heating different volumes of water from 20°C to 90°C ..... 30 Figure 3.10: Power required to heat different volumes of water from 20°C to 90°C ...... 33 Figure 3.11: Specific energy consumption (Wh / 100 ml) of different volumes of water heated from 20°C to 90°C at different power levels with and without a pot lid ........................................................................................... 33 Figure 3.12: Efficiency of different volumes of water from 20°C to 90°C at different power levels with and without a pot lid ....................................................... 38 v Figure 3.13: JMP t-test comparing the difference between the mean water boiling efficiency with the lid off (μ1) and the mean water boiling efficiency with the lid on (μ2) at 25% water level and low power ................................ 40 Figure 3.14: JMP t-test comparing the difference between the mean water boiling efficiency with the lid off (μ1) and the mean water boiling efficiency with the lid on (μ2) at 75% water level and low power ................................ 40 Figure 4.1: Experimental set-up ..................................................................................... 44 Figure 4.2: Mass loss with and without pot lid in simmering experiments at different water levels in a large pot ............................................................. 47 Figure 4.3: Percentage reductions in evaporative mass loss with pot lid use in simmering experiments at different water levels in a large pot .................. 48 Figure 4.4: Factors of reduction in evaporative mass loss with pot lid use in simmering experiments at different water levels in a large pot .................. 48 Figure 4.5: Specific energy consumption with and without pot lid in simmering experiments at different water levels in a large pot .................................... 49 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1: Time required to heat different volumes of water from 20°C to 90°C ........ 25 Table 3.2: Mass loss when heating different volumes of water from 20°C
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