White and Colored Grapefruit Juice Produce Similar Pharmacokinetic Interactions
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES Clinical Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan White and colored grapefruit juice produce similar pharmacokinetic interactions Y. Uesawa, M. Abe, K. Mohri Received March 4, 2008, accepted March 28, 2008 Dr. Yoshihiro Uesawa, Clinical Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan [email protected] Pharmazie 63: 598–600 (2008) doi: 10.1691/ph.2008.8550 Colored (pink and red) grapefruit pulp contains lower amounts of the furanocoumarin derivatives that cause pharmacokinetic interactions than white grapefruit pulp. However, few studies have ex- amined interactions with colored juice products. Therefore, we examined the potential interactions of both white and colored grapefruit products by measuring the concentrations of furanocoumarin derivatives and inhibition of the metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, the target of the furanocoumarins. We measured concentrations of three major furanocoumarin derivatives, ber- gaptol, bergamottin, and 60,70-dihydroxybergamottin, with high-performance liquid chromatography in 21 brands of grapefruit juice sold in Japan, including 14 white and 7 colored brands. The mean difference in bergaptol, bergamottin, and 60,70-dihydroxybergamottin concentrations in white grape- fruit juice samples was 1.59, 0.902, and 1.03 times, respectively, the amounts in colored samples. White samples inhibited CYP3A-mediated testosterone-6b oxidation in human liver microsomes by 1.04 and 0.922 times (whole juice and furanocoumarin, respectively) the inhibition by colored juice. Thus, colored grapefruit juice may produce drug interactions at the same rate as white grapefruit juice. 1. Introduction 2. Investigations, results and discussion 2.1. Comparison of furanocoumarin levels between Grapefruit juice (GFJ) increases plasma concentrations white and colored GFJ of drugs such as calcium channel inhibitors, immuno- suppressants, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which We measured levels of furanocoumarin derivatives in var- are all metabolized by intestinal cytochrome P450 ious brands of GFJ. Bergaptol concentrations in white and (CYP) 3A (Fuhr 1998; Kane and Lipsky 2000; Garcı´a colored GFJ ranged from 11.0 to 96.0 mM (mean: 48.2, 2003; Dahan and Altman 2004). Furanocoumarin deriva- SE: 7.26, n: 14) and from 9.24 to 65.5mM (mean: 30.3, tives in GFJ such as bergamottin, 60,70-dihydroxyberga- SE: 9.13, n: 7), respectively (Fig. 1a). 60,70-Dihydroberga- mottin, and paradisins inhibit intestinal oxidation of mottin concentrations in white and colored GFJ ranged these drugs by CYP3A (Bailey 1991; Schmiedlin-Ren from 0.351 to 13.3 mM (mean: 6.08, SE: 1.27, n: 14) and 1997; He 1998; Mohri and Uesawa 2001; Row 2006; from 0.667 to 20.5 mM (mean: 6.74, SE: 2.67, n: 7), Uesawa and Mohri 2006a, b). We previously demon- respectively (Fig. 1b). Bergamottin concentrations in white strated that furanocoumarin-dependent CYP3A inhibition and colored GFJ ranged from 1.92 to 29.1 mM (mean: (FCI) disappeared after heat treatment of GFJ at 95 C 13.3, SE: 1.77, n: 14) and from 4.21 to 23.7 mM (mean: for 60 min (Uesawa and Mohri 2006b). We also found 12.9, SE: 2.87, n: 7), respectively (Fig. 1c). These differ- considerable variation in FCI among GFJ brands (Uesa- ences were not significant. wa and Mohri 2008). Bergamottin and 60,70-dihydroxybergamottin are critical for Fukuda et al. showed that bergamottin, paradisin A, and the pharmacokinetic interactions of GFJ at intestinal paradisin B levels in pink GFJ from ruby red grapefruits CYP3A (Uesawa and Mohri 2006a, b). These furanocou- were 66.3%, 57.5% and 70.5% of white GFJ, and that marin derivatives were present at the same levels in white ruby red grapefruit flesh contained one-third the furano- and colored GFJ, and therefore might have similar interac- coumarin content of white flesh (Fukuda 2000). De Castro tions with CYP3A. Other studies showed that levels of et al. also reported that colored (pink/red) GFJ products furanocoumarin derivatives in fruit meat and juice products contained 41.0% and 35.3% of bergamottin and 60,70-dihy- made from colored grapefruits were lower than in white drobergamottin compared to white GFJ, and red grapefruit grapefruits (Fukuda et al. 2000; De Castro et al. 2006). For pulp contained little bergamottin (De Castro 2006). Here, example, white grapefruit pulp contained 13 mg/g tissue of we measured the furanocoumarin content and CYP3A in- bergamottin, and red grapefruits contained only a small hibition in different GFJ brands. percent of this concentration (De Castro et al. 2006). Our 598 Pharmazie 63 (2008) 8 ORIGINAL ARTICLES a b c 60 10 18 9 16 50 8 14 40 7 12 M) 6 M) M) m 10 m m 30 5 8 BG ( BT ( 4 Fig. 1: DHB ( 20 3 6 Concentrations of bergaptol (BT, a), 60,70-dihy- 2 4 drobergamottin (DHB, b), and bergamottin 10 (BG, c) in white and colored GFJ samples. 1 2 Each point and vertical bar represents the 0 0 0 mean and SE. (n ¼ 14 and 7 in white and co- White Colored White Colored White Colored lored GFJ, respectively). terone was obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). 6b-Hydroxy- a b testosterone and corticosterone [internal standard (IS2)] were purchased 100 100 from Daiichi Pure Chemicals and Wako Pure Chemical Industries, respec- 90 90 tively. Pooled human hepatic microsomes were obtained from BD Bio- 80 80 sciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Methanol, acetonitrile, and phosphoric acid of HPLC grade were used (Wako). All other chemicals were of reagent 70 70 grade (Wako). Different GFJ brands, including 14 white and 7 colored 60 60 GFJ, were purchased from 15 local markets in Japan. 50 50 40 40 3.2. Detection of furanocoumarin derivatives in GFJ 30 30 FCI (% of Control) The detection of furanocoumarin derivatives in GFJ was performed as pre- 20 20 viously described (Mohri and Uesawa 2001). Briefly, juice samples were 10 10 analyzed using HPLC equipped with a reverse-phase analytical Capcell CYP3A Inhibition (% of Control) 0 0 Pak SG-Phenyl column [4.6 mm (inside diameter) Â 25 cm; particle size White Colored White Colored 5 mm; Shiseido Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan]. A photodiode array detector (MD- 910, JASCO Corp. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used because it reveals the characteristic UV-absorption spectrum of furanocoumarin derivatives, com- Fig. 2: Inhibitory effects (a) and FCI values (b) on the 6b-oxidation rates monly with 311 nm as the maximum wavelength (Uesawa and Mohri of testosterone with human liver microsomes with white and co- 2005). A mobile phase consisting of 0.1% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile lored GFJ samples. The control mixture included no GFJ. Each was pumped through the column at 1.0 mL/min with a gradient of 0 to point and vertical bar represents the mean and SE. (n ¼ 14 and 7 5 min, 40% acetonitrile, and subsequently from 40% to 100% acetonitrile in white and colored GFJ, respectively). in 30 min. Then, 400 mL of IS solution (10 mg/mL anthracene in acetoni- trile) were added to 100 mL of the GFJ in a 2 mL plastic tube. After being findings of similar levels in both white and colored GFJ shaken vigorously, the sample was centrifuged at 16,000 Â g and 4 C for 10 min; 50 mL of the supernatant were injected directly into the HPLC may be due to variability in GFJ brands, which result from system. Calibration curves (1 to 50 mg/mL of bergamottin, 60,70-dihydroxy- differences in the production process. GFJ brands made bergamottin, and bergaptol) were drawn by linear least-squares regression from colored cultivars may also include furanocoumarin analysis. The detection limits for bergamottin, 60,70-dihydroxybergamottin, derivatives from the non-pulp tissues. and bergaptol were 0.1, 0.1, and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. 3.3. Heat treatment of GFJ 2.2. Inhibition of CYP3A oxidation and FCI in white One mL samples of each GFJ brand in 1.5-mL microtubes were treated and colored GFJ at 95 C for 60 min to remove furanocoumarin derivatives, such as berga- mottin and 60,70-dihydroxybergamottin, related to CYP3A inhibition. A We measured CYP3A-dependent testosterone 6b oxidation TAITEC Dry-Thermo Unit TAH-1G (Taitec Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan) was in human liver microsomes after addition of GFJ. Oxida- used in setting the temperatures. The heated GFJ samples (HGJs) were tion levels with white GFJ were 58.8% to 85.9% (mean: used to measure the inhibition of microsomal oxidation in vitro after 73.4%, SE: 2.83%, n: 14) and with colored GFJ, from neutralizing with sodium hydroxide (Uesawa and Mohri 2006b, 2008). 54.2% to 83.9% (mean: 70.4%, SE: 4.95%, n: 7) of con- 3.4. Assay of testosterone 6b-oxidation activities and furanocoumarin-in- trol (Fig. 2a), and were not significantly different. Oxida- duced CYP3A inhibition (FCIs) tion levels with white juice FCI were 4.04% to 35.9% An assay of testosterone 6b-oxidation activity with human liver microsomes (mean: 18.5%, SE: 2.53%, n: 14) and with colored juice was performed according to the manual of the NADPH Regenerating Sys- FCI, from 13.4% to 29.1% (mean: 20.1%, SE: 2.59%, n: 7) tem (BD Biosciences, Inc., CA, USA). Briefly, microsomes (150 mg) were (Fig. 2b), again were not significantly different. incubated in 10% of neutralized GFJ or HGJ samples in 50 mM sodium These results are consistent with the similar levels of fura- phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with 1.3 mM NADP, 3.3 mM glucose-6-phos- phate, 0.4 U/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3.3 mM magnesium nocoumarin derivatives seen in white and colored GFJ.