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825646079070.Pdf LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 1770–1827 Violin Concerto in D major, Op.61 1 I Allegro ma non troppo 24.20 (Cadenza: Kreisler) 2 II Larghetto 9.01 3 III Rondo: Allegro 10.05 (Cadenza: Kreisler) 43.53 ITZHAK PERLMAN violin Philharmonia Orchestra/Carlo Maria Giulini 2 Itzhak Perlman Photo: © Christian Steiner 3 Beethoven: violin ConCerto A cornerstone of the repertoire, Beethoven’s Violin Concerto in D major, Op.61 is, as far as performers are concerned, the most perfect work of its genre. Neither showy nor demonstrative, it seeks instead to express the noblest aspirations of the human soul. It’s the ideal blueprint, a model of majesty, serenity and grandeur, its beauty never-ending. It’s also the most tranquil and poetic of all violin concertos. The slightest lapse in taste would disfigure it, the slightest hint of ostentation would be an insult. There’s nowhere for a soloist to hide: this is a work that reveals your true nature. If you manage to convey its full nobility, you join the gods on Mount Olympus; if you succeed in making a memorable recording of it, your immortality is more or less guaranteed. Itzhak Perlman is among the very select number to have achieved both. He didn’t rush into recording the noblest works in the repertoire — this concerto and Bach’s Solo Sonatas and Partitas (see volume 41) — being wise enough to wait until he had reached full maturity, in terms of both his intellect and his technical mastery of the instrument. He has recorded the Beethoven twice, and both versions are among the greatest ever set down on disc. This first recording, made with Carlo Maria Giulini, with whom he had already recorded the Brahms Concerto (volume 15), achieved legendary status as soon as it was released. Six years later, Perlman repeated the feat with his second version — a live recording with Daniel Barenboim (volume 42). The Violin Concerto, Op.61 was the crowning achievement of the hard work and creative thought that Beethoven had devoted to the violin for many years, primarily through his sonatas and his two Romances, but also through his string quartets. Never before had the instrument been given such a glorious solo role in a concertante work. Contemporary accounts suggest that when the concerto first appeared, it required both performers and audiences to develop a new way of listening. Rather than obeying the familiar, indeed compulsory format of the eighteenth century, it envisaged soloist and orchestra as equal partners, together creating symphonic harmony, with the violinist as primus inter pares . Beethoven wrote the concerto in late 1806 in response to a commission from his friend Franz Clement, a young virtuoso and leader of the orchestra at the Theater an der Wien. True to form, he only finished it just in time for the premiere, on 23 December, making it something of a sight-reading challenge for Clement. The critics found it long and rambling, one review warning that listeners might be “overwhelmed by a cluttered pile of incoherent ideas, or by the continual tumult made by the instruments”. It’s worth noting that at the premiere, the work was not played straight through from beginning to end. As was customary at the time, Clement played one of his own compositions between its first and second movements! Before the work was published, Beethoven made various modifications to the score, principally to the violin part, but although such eminent violinists as Henri Vieuxtemps and Pierre Baillot performed it on several occasions, it had to wait until 1844 and the legendary performance given by a thirteen-year-old prodigy named Joseph Joachim, under the baton of Felix Mendelssohn, to be recognised as the masterpiece it is. With the advent of recording in the twentieth century, Kreisler, Szigeti, Huberman and Busch were among the first to set down their versions of the concerto. Later came the particularly memorable renderings of Menuhin, Oistrakh, Kogan and Milstein — and then, of course, Perlman! 4 While it is common practice to retrace the history of the concerto, it is less common to spend much time discussing its cadenzas, particularly the large-scale example that takes pride of place at the end of the first movement, just before the concluding coda. Proof of the fascination this work exerts on violinists and composers can be seen in the dozens of different cadenzas that have been produced over the years, by everyone from Ferdinand David, Vieuxtemps, Joachim, Laub and Wieniawski, to Saint-Saëns, Auer, Ysaÿe, Busoni, Kreisler, Milstein and Schnittke, not forgetting the version Beethoven himself wrote for his piano transcription of the concerto. Some of today’s star performers, including Joshua Bell, Christian Tetzlaff and Maxim Vengerov, have gone back to the neglected eighteenth- century tradition of writing their own cadenzas. As a true keeper of the flame, however, Itzhak Perlman chose the most “classical” version, that of Fritz Kreisler, so perfectly conceived that it becomes a seamless part of the concerto itself. Jean-Michel Molkhou Translation: Susannah Howe 5 Beethoven : Concerto pour violon Monument du répertoire pour violon, le Concerto en ré majeur op. 61 de Beethoven est, de l’avis de tous les violonistes, le plus parfait jamais écrit pour l’instrument. Ni brillant, ni démonstratif, il tend vers les plus nobles aspirations de l’âme. Il est une épure, un modèle de majesté, de sérénité et de grandeur, inépuisable de beauté. C’est le plus paisible et le plus poétique des concertos pour violon. La moindre faute de goût le dévisage, la moindre ostentation le bafoue. L’interprète ne peut rien y cacher, il y dévoile sa vraie nature. En livrer toute la noblesse, c’est atteindre le sommet de l’Olympe et rejoindre les dieux ; en graver une vision mémorable, c’est tendre vers l’immortalité. Itzhak Perlman est de ceux-là. Ce n’est qu’à l’âge de la maturité que le violoniste a enregistré les œuvres les plus nobles du répertoire, que ce soit le concerto de Beethoven ou les six Sonates et Partitas de Bach (volume 41). Fort d’une immense sagesse, il a su attendre d’avoir atteint un sommet dans la maîtrise des doigts comme dans celle de la pensée. Par deux fois, ses interprétations du concerto de Beethoven ont pris place au rang des plus vénérables. Ce fut ici la première, sous la baguette de Carlo Maria Giulini — chef avec lequel il avait déjà enregistré le concerto de Brahms (volume 15) — qui entra dans la légende dès sa parution. Six ans plus tard il renouvellera l’exploit, cette fois-ci en concert aux côtés de Daniel Barenboim (volume 42). Dans l’évolution du maître de Bonn, son Concerto op. 61 représente le sommet de ses efforts et des réflexions créatrices qu’il avait consacrés depuis de nombreuses années au violon, principalement au travers de ses sonates et de ses deux Romances, mais aussi de ses quatuors à cordes. Jamais encore cet instrument n’avait connu plus belle gloire dans son rôle concertant. Les échos qui nous sont parvenus de cette époque, c’est-à-dire des premières années du XIX e siècle, ont montré qu’à sa parution ce concerto exigea du public comme des interprètes une faculté auditive tout à fait nouvelle. En effet, l’œuvre n’obéissait plus à l’idéal musical familier et obligé du XVIII e siècle, mais elle envisageait soliste et orchestre comme des partenaires d’égale valeur dans un concert symphonique, le violoniste étant le primus inter pares . Écrit à la fin de l’année 1806 à la demande de son ami Franz Clement, premier violon solo du Theater an der Wien, le jeune virtuose en donna la première le 23 décembre, en déchiffrant la majeure partie de l’œuvre à vue, car le compositeur, fidèle à lui-même, n’avait achevé le concerto qu’à la toute dernière minute. Les critiques de l’époque le trouvèrent discoureur et interminable, y voyant « un manque de cohérence, un amoncellement touffu et décousu d’idées ou encore un vacarme continuel entretenu par quelques instruments ». Il faut dire que lors de la création, l’œuvre ne fut pas jouée d’un seul tenant. Selon une coutume de l’époque, Franz Clement interpréta en effet l’une de ses propres compositions entre le premier et le second mouvement du concerto ! Avant sa publication, Beethoven effectua plusieurs modifications du manuscrit, principalement sur la partie de violon, mais bien que d’éminents violonistes tels Henri Vieuxtemps ou Pierre Baillot l’aient fait entendre à plusieurs reprises, ce n’est qu’en 1844, après l’exécution mémorable qu’en donna à Londres un jeune prodige de treize ans, nommé Joseph Joachim, sous la direction de Felix Mendelssohn, qu’il fut enfin reconnu à sa juste valeur, s’imposant dès lors comme un pilier du répertoire. Au XX e siècle, avec l’avènement de l’enregistrement, Kreisler, Szigeti, Huberman, Adolf Busch allaient y laisser leurs empreintes, suivies de celles particulièrement mémorables de Menuhin, d’Oïstrakh, de Kogan ou de Milstein. Et puis Perlman ! 6 S’il est d’usage de retracer l’histoire du concerto, il est plus rare de s’attarder sur ses cadences, et notamment sur la plus vaste qui trône à la fin du premier mouvement, juste avant la coda conclusive. Leur nombre considérable témoigne de la fascination que l’œuvre a provoquée chez de nombreux violonistes et compositeurs. Depuis celle de Ferdinand David, on peut en dénombrer plus d’une vingtaine signées Vieuxtemps, Joachim, Laub, Wieniawski, Saint-Saëns, Auer, Ysaÿe, Busoni, Kreisler, Milstein ou Schnittke, sans oublier celle de Beethoven lui-même, composée pour sa propre transcription pour piano du concerto.
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