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Inter-Process Communication, Analysis, Guidelines and Its Impact on Computer Security
The 7th International Conference for Informatics and Information Technology (CIIT 2010) INTER-PROCESS COMMUNICATION, ANALYSIS, GUIDELINES AND ITS IMPACT ON COMPUTER SECURITY Zoran Spasov Ph.D. Ana Madevska Bogdanova T-Mobile Macedonia Institute of Informatics, FNSM Skopje, Macedonia Skopje, Macedonia ABSTRACT Finally the conclusion will offer a summary of the available programming techniques and implementations for the In this paper we look at the inter-process communication Windows platforms. We will note the security risks and the (IPC) also known as inter-thread or inter-application best practices to avoid them. communication from other knowledge sources. We will look and analyze the different types of IPC in the Microsoft II. INTER -PROCESS COMMUNICATION (IPC) Windows operating system, their implementation and the usefulness of this kind of approach in the terms of Inter-Process Communication (IPC) stands for many communication between processes. Only local techniques for the exchange of data among threads in one or implementation of the IPC will be addressed in this paper. more processes - one-directional or two-directional. Processes Special emphasis will be given to the system mechanisms that may be running locally or on many different computers are involved with the creation, management, and use of connected by a network. We can divide the IPC techniques named pipes and sockets. into groups of methods, grouped by their way of This paper will discuss some of the IPC options and communication: message passing, synchronization, shared techniques that are available to Microsoft Windows memory and remote procedure calls (RPC). We should programmers. We will make a comparison between Microsoft carefully choose the IPC method depending on data load that remoting and Microsoft message queues (pros and cons). -
An Introduction to Linux IPC
An introduction to Linux IPC Michael Kerrisk © 2013 linux.conf.au 2013 http://man7.org/ Canberra, Australia [email protected] 2013-01-30 http://lwn.net/ [email protected] man7 .org 1 Goal ● Limited time! ● Get a flavor of main IPC methods man7 .org 2 Me ● Programming on UNIX & Linux since 1987 ● Linux man-pages maintainer ● http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ ● Kernel + glibc API ● Author of: Further info: http://man7.org/tlpi/ man7 .org 3 You ● Can read a bit of C ● Have a passing familiarity with common syscalls ● fork(), open(), read(), write() man7 .org 4 There’s a lot of IPC ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 5 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 6 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memoryn attach ● Pseudoterminals tio a ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ic n ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs uSeq. -
Softnas Deployment Guide for High- Performance SQL Storage
SoftNAS Deployment Guide for High- Performance SQL Storage Introduction SoftNAS cloud NAS systems are based on an innovative, memory-centric storage architecture that delivers unparalleled NAS performance, efficiency, and value. They incorporate a hybrid disk storage technology that tailors the usage of data disks, log solid- state cache drives (SSDs), and read cache SSDs to the data share's specific needs. Additional features include variable storage record size, data compression, and multiple connectivity options. As a Cloud NAS solution, SoftNAS cloud NAS systems provide an excellent base for Microsoft Windows Server deployments by providing iSCSI or Fibre Channel block storage for Microsoft SQL Server, and network file system (NFS) or server message block (SMB) file storage for Microsoft Windows client access. This document covers the best practices to follow when deploying Microsoft SQL Server on a SoftNAS cloud NAS system. The intended audience is storage administrators and Microsoft SQL Server database administrators. Maintaining High Availability As with any business-critical application, high availability is a crucial design criterion to be considered when deploying a Microsoft SQL Server installation. Microsoft SQL Server 2016 can be installed on local and/or shared file systems, and SoftNAS cloud NAS systems can satisfy both of these options. Local file systems (from the Microsoft Windows Server perspective) are hosted as block volumes—iSCSI and/or Fibre-Channel-connected LUNs and file systems as SMB and/or NFS volumes. High availability starts with the network connectivity supporting the storage and server interconnectivity. Any design for the storage infrastructure should avoid single points of failure. Because many white papers and publications cover storage-area networking and network-attached storage resilience, those topics are not covered in detail in this paper. -
CIFS/NFS) Administrator's Guide
Hitachi Data Ingestor File System Protocols (CIFS/NFS) Administrator's Guide Product Version Getting Help Contents MK-90HDI035-13 © 2013- 2015 Hitachi, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or stored in a database or retrieval system for any purpose without the express written permission of Hitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd., reserves the right to make changes to this document at any time without notice and assume no responsibility for its use. This document contains the most current information available at the time of publication. When new or revised information becomes available, this entire document will be updated and distributed to all registered users. Some of the features described in this document might not be currently available. Refer to the most recent product announcement for information about feature and product availability, or contact Hitachi Data Systems Corporation at https://portal.hds.com. Notice: Hitachi, Ltd., products and services can be ordered only under the terms and conditions of the applicable Hitachi Data Systems Corporation agreements. he use of Hitachi, Ltd., products is governed by the terms of your agreements with Hitachi Data Systems Corporation. Hitachi is a registered trademark of Hitachi, Ltd., in the United States and other countries. Hitachi Data Systems is a registered trademark and service mark of Hitachi, Ltd., in the United States and other countries. Archivas, Essential NAS Platform, HiCommand, Hi-Track, ShadowImage, Tagmaserve, Tagmasoft, Tagmasolve, Tagmastore, TrueCopy, Universal Star Network, and Universal Storage Platform are registered trademarks of Hitachi Data Systems Corporation. -
Comptia A+ Acronym List Core 1 (220-1001) and Core 2 (220-1002)
CompTIA A+ Acronym List Core 1 (220-1001) and Core 2 (220-1002) AC: Alternating Current ACL: Access Control List ACPI: Advanced Configuration Power Interface ADF: Automatic Document Feeder ADSL: Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line AES: Advanced Encryption Standard AHCI: Advanced Host Controller Interface AP: Access Point APIPA: Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing APM: Advanced Power Management ARP: Address Resolution Protocol ASR: Automated System Recovery ATA: Advanced Technology Attachment ATAPI: Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATX: Advanced Technology Extended AUP: Acceptable Use Policy A/V: Audio Video BD-R: Blu-ray Disc Recordable BIOS: Basic Input/Output System BD-RE: Blu-ray Disc Rewritable BNC: Bayonet-Neill-Concelman BSOD: Blue Screen of Death 1 BYOD: Bring Your Own Device CAD: Computer-Aided Design CAPTCHA: Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart CD: Compact Disc CD-ROM: Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory CD-RW: Compact Disc-Rewritable CDFS: Compact Disc File System CERT: Computer Emergency Response Team CFS: Central File System, Common File System, or Command File System CGA: Computer Graphics and Applications CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIFS: Common Internet File System CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor CNR: Communications and Networking Riser COMx: Communication port (x = port number) CPU: Central Processing Unit CRT: Cathode-Ray Tube DaaS: Data as a Service DAC: Discretionary Access Control DB-25: Serial Communications -
OSI Model and Network Protocols
CHAPTER4 FOUR OSI Model and Network Protocols Objectives 1.1 Explain the function of common networking protocols . TCP . FTP . UDP . TCP/IP suite . DHCP . TFTP . DNS . HTTP(S) . ARP . SIP (VoIP) . RTP (VoIP) . SSH . POP3 . NTP . IMAP4 . Telnet . SMTP . SNMP2/3 . ICMP . IGMP . TLS 134 Chapter 4: OSI Model and Network Protocols 4.1 Explain the function of each layer of the OSI model . Layer 1 – physical . Layer 2 – data link . Layer 3 – network . Layer 4 – transport . Layer 5 – session . Layer 6 – presentation . Layer 7 – application What You Need To Know . Identify the seven layers of the OSI model. Identify the function of each layer of the OSI model. Identify the layer at which networking devices function. Identify the function of various networking protocols. Introduction One of the most important networking concepts to understand is the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) reference model. This conceptual model, created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1978 and revised in 1984, describes a network architecture that allows data to be passed between computer systems. This chapter looks at the OSI model and describes how it relates to real-world networking. It also examines how common network devices relate to the OSI model. Even though the OSI model is conceptual, an appreciation of its purpose and function can help you better understand how protocol suites and network architectures work in practical applications. The OSI Seven-Layer Model As shown in Figure 4.1, the OSI reference model is built, bottom to top, in the following order: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. -
Samba-3 by Example
Samba-3 by Example Practical Exercises in Successful Samba Deployment John H. Terpstra May 27, 2009 ABOUT THE COVER ARTWORK The cover artwork of this book continues the freedom theme of the first edition of \Samba-3 by Example". The history of civilization demonstrates the fragile nature of freedom. It can be lost in a moment, and once lost, the cost of recovering liberty can be incredible. The last edition cover featured Alfred the Great who liberated England from the constant assault of Vikings and Norsemen. Events in England that finally liberated the common people came about in small steps, but the result should not be under-estimated. Today, as always, freedom and liberty are seldom appreciated until they are lost. If we can not quantify what is the value of freedom, we shall be little motivated to protect it. Samba-3 by Example Cover Artwork: The British houses of parliament are a symbol of the Westminster system of government. This form of government permits the people to govern themselves at the lowest level, yet it provides for courts of appeal that are designed to protect freedom and to hold back all forces of tyranny. The clock is a pertinent symbol of the importance of time and place. The information technology industry is being challenged by the imposition of new laws, hostile litigation, and the imposition of significant constraint of practice that threatens to remove the freedom to develop and deploy open source software solutions. Samba is a software solution that epitomizes freedom of choice in network interoperability for Microsoft Windows clients. -
Importance of DNS Suffixes and Netbios
Importance of DNS Suffixes and NetBIOS Priasoft DNS Suffixes? What are DNS Suffixes, and why are they important? DNS Suffixes are text that are appended to a host name in order to query DNS for an IP address. DNS works by use of “Domains”, equitable to namespaces and usually are a textual value that may or may not be “dotted” with other domains. “Support.microsoft.com” could be considers a domain or namespace for which there are likely many web servers that can respond to requests to that domain. There could be a server named SUPREDWA.support.microsoft.com, for example. The DNS suffix in this case is the domain “support.microsoft.com”. When an IP address is needed for a host name, DNS can only respond based on hosts that it knows about based on domains. DNS does not currently employ a “null” domain that can contain just server names. As such, if the IP address of a server named “Server1” is needed, more detail must be added to that name before querying DNS. A suffix can be appended to that name so that the DNS sever can look at the records of the domain, looking for “Server1”. A client host can be configured with multiple DNS suffixes so that there is a “best chance” of discovery for a host name. NetBIOS? NetBIOS is an older Microsoft technology from a time before popularity of DNS. WINS, for those who remember, was the Microsoft service that kept a table of names (NetBIOS names) for which IP address info could be returned. -
File Systems
File Systems Profs. Bracy and Van Renesse based on slides by Prof. Sirer Storing Information • Applications could store information in the process address space • Why is this a bad idea? – Size is limited to size of virtual address space – The data is lost when the application terminates • Even when computer doesn’t crash! – Multiple process might want to access the same data File Systems • 3 criteria for long-term information storage: 1. Able to store very large amount of information 2. Information must survive the processes using it 3. Provide concurrent access to multiple processes • Solution: – Store information on disks in units called files – Files are persistent, only owner can delete it – Files are managed by the OS File Systems: How the OS manages files! File Naming • Motivation: Files abstract information stored on disk – You do not need to remember block, sector, … – We have human readable names • How does it work? – Process creates a file, and gives it a name • Other processes can access the file by that name – Naming conventions are OS dependent • Usually names as long as 255 characters is allowed • Windows names not case sensitive, UNIX family is File Extensions • Name divided into 2 parts: Name+Extension • On UNIX, extensions are not enforced by OS – Some applications might insist upon them • Think: .c, .h, .o, .s, etc. for C compiler • Windows attaches meaning to extensions – Tries to associate applications to file extensions File Access • Sequential access – read all bytes/records from the beginning – particularly convenient for magnetic tape • Random access – bytes/records read in any order – essential for database systems File Attributes • File-specific info maintained by the OS – File size, modification date, creation time, etc. -
SMB Remote File Protocol (Including SMB 3.X) Approved SNIA Tutorial © 2015 Storage Networking Industry Association
SMBPRESENTATION remote TITLE file GOES protocol HERE (including SMB 3.x) Tom Talpey Microsoft SNIA Legal Notice The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA unless otherwise noted. Member companies and individual members may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions: Any slide or slides used must be reproduced in their entirety without modification The SNIA must be acknowledged as the source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations. This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. Neither the author nor the presenter is an attorney and nothing in this presentation is intended to be, or should be construed as legal advice or an opinion of counsel. If you need legal advice or a legal opinion please contact your attorney. The information presented herein represents the author's personal opinion and current understanding of the relevant issues involved. The author, the presenter, and the SNIA do not assume any responsibility or liability for damages arising out of any reliance on or use of this information. NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. SMB remote file protocol (including SMB 3.x) Approved SNIA Tutorial © 2015 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. 2 Abstract and Learning Objectives Title: SMB remote file protocol (including SMB 3.x) Abstract The SMB protocol evolved over time from CIFS to SMB1 to SMB2, with implementations by dozens of vendors including most major Operating Systems and NAS solutions. The SMB 3.0 protocol had its first commercial implementations by Microsoft, NetApp and EMC by the end of 2012, and many other implementations exist or are in-progress. -
Server Message Block in the Age of Microsoft Glasnost
Server Message Block in the Age of Microsoft Glasnost CHRISTOPHER R. HERTEL Christopher R. Hertel is a The EU anti-trust case against Microsoft concluded in late 2007 . Related or not, long-haul member of the that’s when things started to change . One pleasant surprise for third-party devel- Samba Team and co-founder opers was the release of hundreds of specifications covering Windows file formats, of the jCIFS project. He is also system internals, and protocols . Microsoft was opening up . Four years later, about the author of Implementing CIFS—The Common 400 specifications have been published . It took a while for some of those docu- Internet File System, the only developer’s guide ments to appear, mostly because Microsoft didn’t actually have them all written to the SMB/CIFS protocol suite. Not too long yet . And now they have surprised us again . Well before the beta release of Windows ago, he had the opportunity to work directly 8, they have provided preview documentation for an overhauled and compelling with Microsoft’s File Server team when the new version of the venerable Server Message Block Protocol: SMB2 .2 . This is going company he founded, ubiqx Consulting, to be epic . Inc., was tapped to write Microsoft’s official SMB/CIFS specifications. Chris has also A Gathering of Storage Geeks been adjunct faculty at the University of Once a year, typically in September and typically somewhere near San Jose, Minnesota College of Continuing Education California, the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) hosts the Stor- (CCE) and is currently a member of the CCE IT age Developer Conference (SDC) . -
IPC: Mmap and Pipes
Interprocess Communication: Memory mapped files and pipes CS 241 April 4, 2014 University of Illinois 1 Shared Memory Private Private address OS address address space space space Shared Process A segment Process B Processes request the segment OS maintains the segment Processes can attach/detach the segment 2 Shared Memory Private Private Private address address space OS address address space space space Shared Process A segment Process B Can mark segment for deletion on last detach 3 Shared Memory example /* make the key: */ if ((key = ftok(”shmdemo.c", 'R')) == -1) { perror("ftok"); exit(1); } /* connect to (and possibly create) the segment: */ if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHM_SIZE, 0644 | IPC_CREAT)) == -1) { perror("shmget"); exit(1); } /* attach to the segment to get a pointer to it: */ data = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0); if (data == (char *)(-1)) { perror("shmat"); exit(1); } 4 Shared Memory example /* read or modify the segment, based on the command line: */ if (argc == 2) { printf("writing to segment: \"%s\"\n", argv[1]); strncpy(data, argv[1], SHM_SIZE); } else printf("segment contains: \"%s\"\n", data); /* detach from the segment: */ if (shmdt(data) == -1) { perror("shmdt"); exit(1); } return 0; } Run demo 5 Memory Mapped Files Memory-mapped file I/O • Map a disk block to a page in memory • Allows file I/O to be treated as routine memory access Use • File is initially read using demand paging ! i.e., loaded from disk to memory only at the moment it’s needed • When needed, a page-sized portion of the file is read from the file system