Davies • Lalvani • Thillai

Davies • Lalvani Thillai Medicine Clinical Tuberculosis: A Practical Handbook is a much- needed portable clinical reference providing practical guidance on key aspects of the disease. This pocket-sized book is a useful “how-to” handbook for the clinician managing patients with tuberculosis in either a well-resourced or poorly resourced setting. Packed with case studies, clinical pearls of wisdom, and practical advice, this clinical manual outlines day-to-day management of patients as well as treatment and control of this important and ever-spreading global disease. A wealth of diagrams and clinical photographs also helps to make information available at a glance. It is intended for respiratory physicians, infectious disease physicians, public health workers, and nurses less familiar with the disease, especially in developing world markets where TB and HIV are endemic. K17828 an informa business ISBN: 978-1-4441-6320-9 90000 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 9 781444 163209 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com Edited by Peter D O Davies, MA, DM, FRCP Professor and Consultant Physician, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, UK Ajit Lalvani , MA, DM, FRCP, FSB, FMedSci Chair of Infectious Diseases, Director, Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK Muhunthan Thillai, BA, MBBS, MRCP, PhD Consultant Chest Physician, Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Papworth and Cambridge University Hospitals, UK Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20151118 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4441-6321-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface v Editors vii Contributors ix 1 Epidemiology 1 Diana Lees 2 Pathophysiology, microbiology and immunopathology 17 William J Kent 3 Pulmonary disease 39 Dilip Nazareth and Andrea M Collins 4 Extra-pulmonary disease 59 Gurinder Tack and Laura Watkins 5 Tuberculosis in children 81 David KK Ho 6 Treatment 99 Rahuldeb Sarkar 7 New drugs for TB 129 Syed Murtaza H Kazmi 8 Latent tuberculosis infection 139 Manish Gautam 9 Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection 157 Daniel Komrower and Muhunthan Thillai 10 Vaccination 171 Gareth H Jones 11 Tuberculosis control 183 Maria Elpida Phitidis iii Preface When The Global Fund, as part of its millennium goals, announced its com- mitment to the eradication of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in 2000, those of us working on tuberculosis looked forward to a time of world com- mitment to the eradication of the disease. We little expected that the central disease in the trio would be relatively overlooked to the benefit of the neigh- bours. It seems that the mass media of the world are unable to hold three things in collective memory. There is still remarkable ignorance of tuberculosis in every part of the world, perhaps because of the stigma it still raises. I never cease to be amazed by the mistakes people of my own country make around tuberculosis, in terms of missed diagnosis, incorrect treatment and errors of disease control. In microbiology and public health, there are good standards for quality control and accepted procedures. It is the area of clinical medicine that gives me most concern. There is a belief that tuberculosis is for a small group of experts, but any and every clinician, from the paediatric abdominal surgeon to the district nurse, may meet tuberculosis in virtually any presentation. No patient group of any age, or body part, is necessarily spared from this dan- gerous, disabling and deadly disease. We still need to educate our doctors, nurses and other health care workers as much as we need to raise awareness among the public. In contrast to the early 1990s when the first edition ofClinical Tuberculosis was published, there now seems to be no shortage of big textbooks on tuberculosis. What is lacking is a small pocket-sized book which can assist the bedside clinician to diagnose and manage cases of tuberculosis. There is a need for a book which can be carried around and referred to at any time to provide practical guidance on most aspects of the disease. The challenge in creating this type of handbook is determining who indeed is the target reader? Should it be for the developed world where every modern test and diagnostic aid is available or for the poorest parts of the world where diagnosis can only be made by smear microscopy? Should we v vi Preface aim for areas of the world where tuberculosis is a rare but fascinating disease or where it is as common as the dust beneath the feet? In this pocket book, we have tried to straddle both worlds. More is being done to help diagnosis in the poorest settings; for example diagnostic tests such as Gene-expert are now being introduced in some of the poorest parts of the world. However, that does not mean that health professionals in developed countries could not benefit from such a concise and portable reference. It is hoped that the pocket book will be of help to all managing tuberculosis in both the richest and poorest settings. This book has been in evolution a long time, and I am grateful to all the authors for their patience and preparedness to write and rewrite as required. I would like to thank Dr. Jayant Banavalaker from New Delhi, Dr. Lovett Lawsen from Abuja and Dr. WWYew from Hong Kong for their advice at an early stage in the book’s development. I thank Taylor & Francis Group for taking on the publication from Hodder Arnold. I also thank the regional editors for their input. Most of all, I thank Dr. Muhunthan Thillai and Professor Ajit Lalvani for taking over the editorship in the final months, enabling me to step down towards retirement. I hope the book proves a success not just because it will be of help to the health professional managing tuberculosis but because it will provide a means for saving lives and eventually eliminating this dreadful disease. Peter DO Davies Liverpool, England Editors Professor Peter DO Davies qualified at Oxford and St Thomas’s Hospital in 1973. He was appointed as a consultant respiratory physician to Aintree Hospital and the Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital in 1988. He is author of more than 120 peer-reviewed papers, more than 50 book chapters and 200 abstracts and 150 other articles. Professor Davies is editor of Clinical Tuberculosis, now in its fifth edition. In 2004, he was appointed honorary professor at Liverpool University.

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