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Steps Towards Greening in the EU Steps towards greening in the EU Monitoring Member States’ achievements in selected environmental policy areas: EU summary report Steps towards greening in the EU Study under DG Environment’s Framework contract for economic analysis ENV.F.1/FRA/2010/0044 Final report – July 2013 Client: DG Environment A project under Framework Contract: ENV.G.1/FRA/2010/0044 Report title: Draft final report Project name: Steps towards greening in the EU – Monitoring Member States’ achievements in selected environmental policy areas Authors: IEEP: Doreen Fedrigo-Fazio and Sirini Withana Ecologic Institute: Martin Hirschnitz-Garbers and Albrecht Gradmann Key contact: Doreen Fedrigo-Fazio, [email protected] Please cite this publication as: Fedrigo-Fazio, D., Withana, S., Hirschnitz-Garbers, M., and Gradmann, A. (2013). Steps towards greening in the EU, Monitoring Member States achievements in selected environmental policy areas - EU summary report, prepared for DG Environment. Brussels. 2013. The authors would like to thank the following for their contributions to the study. For preparation of country reports: IEEP – Doreen Fedrigo-Fazio, Peter Hjerp, Daniela Russi and Emma Watkins; Ecologic Institute – Gerardo Anzaldua, Kristine Berzins, Ana Frelih-Larsen, Martin Hirschnitz-Garbers, Zoritza Kiresiewa, Anne Lambert, Ruta Landgrebe-Trinkunaite, Lucy Smith, Emese Szabo, Johanna von Toggenburg, Joao Vaz and Ruslan Zhechkov; BIO IS – Lorcan Lyons, Andreas Mitsios, and Marion Sarteel; IVM: Raluca Alexandru, Frans Oosterhuis and Elissaios Papyrakis. The authors also thank all the national reviewers from the following organisations: Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Technology; Ministry of Finances (Lithuania); Ministry of Life (Austria); Bulgarian Centre for Environmental Information and Education; Environment Agencies of the following countries – Austria, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Portugal and Slovenia; Ministries of Environment of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain; Environmental Board of Estonia; European Environment Agency; Flemish Environment Agency (Belgium); Government of Flanders, Environment, Nature and Energy Department (Belgium); Government of Wallonie, Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Division (Belgium); Green Budget Germany; Green Liberty (Latvia); Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL); OVAM, Public Waste Agency of Flanders (Belgium); QUERCUS, Centro de Informação de Resíduos (Portugal); Vienna University of Economics, Research Institute of Managing Sustainability; University of the Aegean, Department of Environment (Greece); and University of Science and Technology (Poland). Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) London Office Brussels Office 15 Queen Anne's Gate Quai au Foin, 55 London, SW1H 9BU B- 1000 Brussels Tel: +44 (0) 20 7799 2244 Tel: +32 (0) 2738 7482 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7799 2600 Fax: +32 (0) 2732 4004 The Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) is an independent not-for- profit institute dedicated to advancing an environmentally sustainable Europe through policy analysis, development and dissemination. For further information see our website: http://www.ieep.eu July 2013 I 2 Steps towards greening in the EU Table of Contents 1 Executive summary ................................................... 7 2 Introduction ............................................................ 23 3 Economic, Fiscal and Financial Instruments ............ 24 3.1 Budgetary expenditure .......................................................... 24 3.2 MBIs ...................................................................................... 26 3.3 EHS ........................................................................................ 36 3.4 State aids .............................................................................. 41 3.5 Indicator trend analysis for MBIs .......................................... 45 4 Waste management ................................................. 49 4.1 High performing countries ..................................................... 51 4.2 Medium-performing or transitional countries ........................ 55 4.3 Lower-performing countries .................................................. 61 4.4 Indicator trend analysis for Waste Management ................... 68 5 Support to SMEs ...................................................... 75 5.1 Main national policies/initiatives ........................................... 76 5.2 Financial support ................................................................... 78 5.3 Capacity-building, e.g. information and training .................... 81 5.4 Provision of environmental expertise to SMEs at low or no cost 83 5.5 Project-based support ........................................................... 84 5.6 Assistance on environmental management systems .............. 86 5.7 Structural support such as “one stop shops” ......................... 87 6 Air quality ................................................................ 90 6.1 Overall review of progress at EU level ................................... 90 6.2 Issues needing attention ....................................................... 94 6.3 Instruments, in particular MBIs, used and planned and their effects 102 6.4 Indicator trend analysis for Air quality ................................ 109 7 Additional environmental policy areas ................... 115 7.1 Finland: Sustainable use of natural resources ..................... 115 7.2 Germany: Energy Transition ................................................ 117 7.3 Denmark: Our Future Energy ............................................... 120 8 Advice/recommendations ...................................... 125 9 Endnotes ............................................................... 131 July 2013 I 3 Steps towards greening in the EU List of tables Table 1: State aid on environmental protection including energy saving, 2006-2011 .... 41 Table 2: Environmental taxes by country and type of tax, 2010 ................................ 48 List of figures Figure 1: Energy taxes on energy tax revenue by economic activity in 2010 ............... 26 Figure 2: Environmental taxes on total tax revenue in EU in 2011 ............................. 46 Figure 3: EU comparative performance towards an EU recycling society ..................... 49 Figure 4: Total non-mineral waste generated in 2004, 2008 and 2010 ....................... 69 Figure 5: Municipal waste generated in 2011 .......................................................... 70 Figure 6: OECD Municipal waste generation, kg per capita, 2010 or latest available year ................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 7: Municipal waste generated and treated in EU during 1995-2011 .................. 71 Figure 8: Landfilling rate of municipal waste in 2011 ................................................ 72 Figure 9: Recycling rate of municipal waste in 2011 ................................................. 73 Figure 10: Eurobarometer survey responses, resource-efficiency activities by SMEs ..... 75 Figure 11: Attainment situation for PM10, 2010 ........................................................ 92 Figure 12: Attainment situation for PM2.5, 2010 ....................................................... 93 Figure 13: Freight transport volume (billion tonne kilometres), EU-27, 1995-2010 ...... 95 Figure 14: Passenger transport volume (billion passenger kilometres), EU-27, 1995- 2010 .................................................................................................................. 96 Figure 15: Concentration of PM10 in urban areas in EU in 2011 ............................... 109 Figure 16: Percentage of urban population resident in areas for days per year with PM10 concentration exceeding daily limit value in EU, 1992-2011 ............................ 111 Figure 17: Percentage of urban population resident in areas for days per year with PM10 concentration exceeding daily limit value in EU Member States in 2011 ........... 112 Figure 18: Histogram of PM measurement stations in EU-27 in 2010 ........................ 113 Figure 19: Finland, total material requirement by material groups, 1970–2011 ......... 115 Figure 20: Material intensity of Finland's economy 1970-2011 ................................. 116 Figure 21: Gross electricity generation in Germany ................................................ 118 Figure 22: Renewable energy - share of total energy consumption .......................... 122 List of boxes Box 1: Best practice case - Effluent charging in Poland ............................................. 31 Box 2: Best practice case - Water pricing in Denmark .............................................. 34 Box 4: Danish support to small businesses for energy efficiency renovations ............... 86 Box 5: UK policy efforts at air quality improvements – linking air and climate change 100 Box 6: Belgium’s federal and regional policy toolbox on air quality ........................... 106 Disclaimer: The contents and views contained in this report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of the European Commission. This summary report is based on the 27 individual country reports produced for this study. July 2013 I 4 Steps towards greening in the EU Abbreviations AQD Air Quality
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