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Liste Rouge Des Plantes Vasculaires Du Canton De Genève Une Institution Ville De Genève

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Liste Rouge Des Plantes Vasculaires Du Canton De Genève Une Institution Ville De Genève F. Mombrial Liste Rouge M. Chevalier E. Favre des plantes vasculaires A. Lacroix du canton de Genève E. Sandoz F. Sandoz S. Tribot VAUD 1 Lac Léman Versoix HAUTE CHAÎNE DU JURA PAYS DE GEX 2 Data sources: SRTM data V4/CIAT – SITG 2019 DREAL Auvergne Rhône-Alpes Data sources: SRTM data V4/CIAT Hermance 5 Allondon 4 10 11 3 12 Foron 6 VOIRONS CHABLAIS Seymaz 9 Rhône Rhône Arve Drize Arve Aire 7 8 1 Enclave de Céligny Laire 2 Secteur de la Versoix 3 Aéroport et secteur industriel 4 Rive droite du Lac 5 Rive gauche du Lac 6 Mandement VUACHE 7 Champagne GENEVOIS 8 Plaine de l’Aire 9 Centre urbain et périurbain 10 Plaine de la Seymaz SALÈVE 11 Bois de Jussy 0 5 10km 12 Marais de Sionnet VALLÉE DE L’ARVE Liste Rouge des plantes vasculaires du canton de Genève www.cjb-geneve.ch Une institution Ville de Genève Directeur Pierre-André Loizeau Rédacteur Florian Mombrial Graphisme Matthieu Berthod Photographies Pages 20 – 21 Association pour la Sauvegarde du Léman (8) OCAN (2, 6, 11) La Libellule (10) Mombrial F. (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13) Cartographies © SITG, SIPV, CJBG ISBN 978-2-8277-0139-1 Publication Hors-Série n°20 ©CONSERVATOIRE ET JARDIN BOTANIQUES DE LA VILLE DE GENÈVE Liste Rouge des plantes vasculaires du canton de Genève Florian Mombrial Matthieu Chevalier Emmanuelle Favre Alison Lacroix Emilie Sandoz Frédéric Sandoz Sandra Tribot Avec la collaboration de Catherine Lambelet Pascal Martin Raoul Palese Sophie Vallée Nicolas Wyler En hommage à notre cher ami Lionel SAGER, botaniste et humaniste. Remerciements Ce projet de révision de la Liste Rouge des plantes vasculaires du canton de Genève a débuté en 2016. Un tel travail ne peut se faire sans la mise à jour des données de terrain. Nombreuses sont les personnes qui y ont contribué et nous tenons ici à leur faire part de notre intense reconnaissance. Les auteurs remercient: • les experts locaux qui ont répondu favo- rablement et avec enthousiasme à notre appel pour collaborer à l’évaluation des statuts de menace. Il s’agit de Laurent Burgisser, Patrick Charlier, Alain Demierre, Simon Lézat, Helder Santiago, Christian Schneider et Michel Vauthey; • l’ensemble des collaborateurs d’Info Flora et plus particulièrement Christophe Bornand et Lionel Sager () pour leurs conseils avisés sur les aspects méthodologiques; • la Société Botanique de Genève pour son étroite collaboration dans la mise à jour des données de terrain des plantes communes du canton de Genève. Ce travail n’aurait pu voir le jour sans le sou- tien de l’Office Fédéral de l’Environnement (OFEV), l’Office Cantonal de l’Agriculture et de la Nature (OCAN) et des Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève (CJBG). Table des matières Préface 11 Introduction 13 Méthodologie 25 Liste Rouge 37 Résultats 85 Bibliographie 107 Liste des contributeurs 110 Préface car là où des moyens techniques, financiers et humains sont investis pour recréer des Pierre-André Loizeau milieux naturels, adapter leur gestion et, Directeur des CJBG pour quelques espèces, mettre en œuvre un plan d’action, les espèces les plus sensibles Bertrand von Arx bénéficient de cette assistance particulière. Directeur de la biodiversité, OCAN Par contre, environ 10% des espèces non menacées en 2006 (LC) se rapprochent dan- Il y a presque 15 ans, une première Liste gereusement du statut «Probabilité d’être en Rouge du canton était publiée sur la base de danger dans un futur proche» ou le sont déjà. plus de 170 ans d’observations de terrain, Les espèces communes souffrent principale- réunies dans les herbiers des Conservatoire ment du grignotage des petites surfaces natu- et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève relles converties en surfaces imperméables (CJBG), dans des publications ou par le fait minérales. Si les causes principales des pertes d’observations directes récentes. Cette publi- étaient évidentes dans les années cinquante cation faisait le constat de l’état de santé de (drainages agricoles, endiguement et enterre- notre flore et, par extension, de nos milieux ment des cours d’eau, destruction des marais naturels. Elle constituait par ailleurs un point et des prairies sèches), ce rétrécissement des de référence pour toute observation future zones naturelles est aujourd’hui plus insi- de l’évolution de la biodiversité végétale. dieux. À ce propos, la carte des milieux natu- Nous commencions à cette époque à décou- rels du canton nous révèle qu’entre 2015 et vrir le terme de biodiversité, la complexité 2019, 144 hectares ont été imperméabilisés, de son analyse et la difficulté à obtenir des soit la disparition de l’équivalent de quatre valeurs absolues permettant le suivi de sa terrains de football chaque mois... qualité. Nous tenons à saluer l’énorme travail d’obser- Alors où en sommes-nous dans notre canton vations sur le terrain et d’analyse des données depuis cette première édition? réalisés par les botanistes experts et amateurs éclairés. Leur engagement a permis de confir- Malheureusement, nous devons constater mer scientifiquement que si l’on se donne que, malgré de gros efforts de protection les moyens de conserver notre patrimoine et de gestion de la nature, des espèces dis- d’une manière ciblée, les résultats sont là. De paraissent aussi dans notre canton, comme même, le tandem collaboratif et complémen- dans le reste du monde. Ce ne sont pas moins taire, en place depuis bientôt deux décennies, de 31 taxons qui ont disparu depuis la der- que forment une institution scientifique (les nière Liste Rouge (soit en moyenne plus de CJBG) et l’autorité gestionnaire (l’OCAN), deux par an…)! reste une valeur sûre pour œuvrer en faveur de la biodiversité. Nous n’arrivons donc pas à endiguer l’érosion de la biodiversité végétale. Un petit réconfort En conclusion, rappelons-nous qu’au-delà des néanmoins: 19 taxons qui étaient considérés espèces qui diminuent ou disparaissent, ce sont comme éteints au niveau régional (RE) en les milieux naturels qu’elles constituent qui 2006 ont été à nouveau observés. sont également en diminution. Et s’il est certes dommage de ne plus pouvoir observer telle Au-delà de ce constat, deux autres tendances orchidée ou telle autre fleur spectaculaire, ce se dégagent. Premièrement, il est réjouis- sont aussi les services (écosystémiques) rendus sant d’observer que les espèces menacées par ces espèces et ces milieux naturels qui vont se portent globalement un peu mieux. Les nous manquer. La chlorophylle portée par les mesures mises en place se montrent utiles, feuilles ne produit-elle pas l’air que nous respi- 11 rons? Le son du vent dans les feuilles en forêt verons à éviter les affrontements stériles (la ne calme-t-il pas notre esprit en nous incitant flore ou les panneaux solaires, la nature ou à la rêverie? L’«herbe» n’est-elle pas simple- la construction, etc.). ment la base de la pyramide alimentaire des espèces, de même que beaucoup de plantes Les solutions ne sont finalement pas si com- qui font partie de notre propre alimentation? pliquées à trouver: laissons un espace à la Alors soyons inquiets et réagissons! Les Nature sauvage. S’il faut parfois lui donner indices contenus dans cette Liste Rouge un coup de pouce pour réparer les impacts ne sont que l’arbre qui cache la forêt. Le anthropiques, c’est très généralement en la «réflexe biodiversité» doit s’instaurer au sein laissant s’occuper d’elle-même qu’elle nous de toutes les activités et corps de métier qui rendra les plus grands services. interviennent sur les milieux naturels et le sol. Chaque politique publique est concer- À l’heure où nous comptons sur les espèces et née, comme le souligne la Stratégie Biodi- surtout leur résilience pour nous accompagner versité Genève et son Plan d’action. Et c’est, dans les changements climatiques, il est impor- notamment, par le biais du développement tant de promouvoir la plus grande diversité intégratif de notre infrastructure écologique possible de taxons aux populations généti- cantonale et transfrontalière que nous arri- quement riches partout sur notre territoire. 12 Introduction Présentation du canton gny, le Salève, au sud-est, atteint 1379 m (Grand Piton) et le massif des Voirons, à l’est, Situé à l’extrême ouest de la Suisse, le canton culmine à 1480 m au niveau du Signal des de Genève occupe une superficie de 282,5 Voirons. Le canton est donc entouré de mas- kilomètres carrés dont 36,8 entièrement sifs montagneux mais demeure néanmoins lacustres. Bien que de faible superficie, le ter- largement ouvert en direction du Léman situé ritoire est densément peuplé avec 2032 habi- au nord-est de son territoire. Le bassin gene- tants par km2 en 2018 (OCSTAT, 2019) faisant vois possède en outre une petite ouverture de Genève le deuxième canton suisse, après sur le sud via le Défilé de l’Écluse. Bâle-Ville, en terme de densité de population. Malgré le fait qu’il représente un peu moins Le climat qui prédomine sur le territoire est de 1% du territoire helvétique et en dépit de de type subocéanique dégradé (Theurillat & la forte pression anthropique à laquelle il est al., 2011) caractérisé par des hivers relative- soumis, le canton héberge plus d’un tiers de ment humides et doux et des étés relative- la flore vasculaire indigène du pays, soit 1126 ment secs et chauds. Avec une pluviométrie taxons sur les 2712 recensés en Suisse (Bor- annuelle de 945 mm, selon une moyenne nand & al., 2016). Cette richesse s’explique établie entre 1961 et 2018 (OCSTAT, 2019), entre autres par la localisation géographique il s’agit de l’un des cantons les plus secs de du territoire, ses conditions climatiques mais Suisse.
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