ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING ASSESSMENT STUDY
TIMBILA ECO-TOURISM LODGE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
Farm Ozandjisse No. 55 & Farm Osera Omewa No. 54 & Farm Heidehof No. 52 (ERONGO REGION)
OCTOBER 2020
PROJECT INFORMATION STUDY PHASE Final Scoping Phase PROJECT TITLE Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge DEVELOPMENT Farm Ozandjisse No. 55 & Farm Osera LOCATION Omewa No. 54 & Farm Heidehof No. 52 (ERONGO REGION) COMPETENT Directorate Tourism & Gaming AUTHORITY (Ministry of Environment and Tourism) APPROVING Department of Environmental Affairs AUTHORITY (Ministry of Environment and Tourism) PROPONENT Otjikoko (PTY) Ltd. ENVIRONMENTAL Urban Green cc ASSESSMENT P O Box 11929 PRACTITIONER Klein Windhoek Telephone: +264-61-300 820 Fax: +264-61-401 294 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.urbangreenafrica.net
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is the intention of the owner, Otjikoko (PTY) Ltd. of the Farm Ozandjisse No. 55 & Farm Osera Omewa No. 54 & Farm Heidehof No. 52 to utilise the mentioned farms for purpose of eco-tourism, conservation and research, which would include the development of an up-market lodge and up-market tented camp.
Otjikoko (PTY) Ltd partnered with the Naankuse Ecotourism Collection, which will be responsible for the management of the tourism activities, as well as research and conservation.
The farms as mentioned are located ±35km north-west of the town of Omaruru within the Erongo Region, as indicated by the attached Locality Map. The Timbila Eco- Tourism Lodge will be located on Farm Osera Omewa No. 54, while the tented camp will be located somewhere along the banks of the Omaruru River, the exact localities still to be finalised.
The up-market lodge will comprise 8 chalets with other hospitality facilities, including a swimming pool, office and administrative facilities and an activity centre. The up-market tented camp will provide for 16 self-catering tree-top tented units, with a swimming pool and bar. It is expected that 6 management staff and 25 other staff will be accommodated at the existing infrastructure on farm Osera Omewa and farm Ozondjisse.
The farms have been used for commercial agricultural purpose, like the surrounding farms. The Erindi Private Game Reserve is located south-east almost adjacent to the proposed Timbila development.
The lodge development includes certain activities that are listed as ‘Listed Activities’ according to Government Notice No. 29 of 6 February 2012, which requires that an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) be obtained from the office of the Environmental Commissioner, thus requiring that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be conducted.
The proponent commissioned this EIA and appointed Urban Green cc to undertake the necessary study (i.e. Scoping Assessment), as prescribed by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Government Notice No. 30 of 2012), to enable an application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate with the Environmental Commissioner as required by Section 27(3) of the Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007).
Given the nature of the development and associated activities during both the construction and operational phases, evaluated against the sensitivity of the receiving environment, it is inevitable that the development would not have an impact on its
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receiving socio-economic and biophysical environment, some of greater potential significance and others of less.
During the construction phase, these would include impacts associated with vegetation clearance (e.g. loss of biodiversity, dust generation, surface runoff, and erosion), construction noises, surface and groundwater pollution, and increased traffic movement (e.g. safety and increased load on existing district road network). Mitigation measures have been provided capable of controlling the extent, intensity, and frequency of some of these impacts, while the impact on habitat destruction due to vegetation clearance is not able to be totally mitigated. A direct positive impact of the development is the creation of employment during the construction phase.
Impacts expected during the operational phase are a change in sense of place (very site specific), potential pollution (i.e. wastewater leakages, waste, spillage of hazardous liquids), increased traffic movement and increased demand on resources. Mitigation measures have been provided that can control the extent, intensity, and frequency of these impacts not to have any substantial negative results. The development and associated activities would contribute to the tourism sector and provide for the opportunity to contribute to nature conservation.
The development is also subject to certain approvals, permits and licences, as reflected under Chapter 4, to which the development must adhere to.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES...... vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... viii
APPENDICES ...... ix
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT NEED AND DESIRABILITY ...... 1 1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 1 1.4 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODS ...... 2 1.4.1 REGISTRATION OF APPLICATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE ...... 4 1.4.2 SCOPING STAGE AIMS ...... 5 1.4.3 SCOPING STAGE METHOD ...... 5 1.4.4 SPECIALIST STUDIES ...... 6 1.4.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS IDENTIFIED ...... 6 1.5 PURPOSE OF THE DRAFT SCOPING REPORT ...... 6 1.6 STUDY ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ...... 7
2 PROJECT TEAM AND EXPERTISE ...... 8
2.1 ROLE PLAYERS ...... 8 2.2 EXPERTISE OF THE EAP ...... 8
3 DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION ...... 9
3.1 LOCATION & ACCESS ...... 9 3.2 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW ...... 9 3.3 TOURISM COMPONENT ...... 9 3.4 CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH COMPONENT ...... 10 3.5 MANAGEMENT AND STAFF ...... 10 3.6 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES ...... 10 3.6.1 POTABLE WATER ...... 10 3.6.2 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY ...... 12 3.6.3 WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE & TREATMENT ...... 12 3.6.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 13 3.6.5 ROADS INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 13 3.7 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 13 3.8 OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 14
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3.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION ...... 14
4 LEGAL AND REGULATORY REVIEW ...... 15
4.1 CROSS-SECTORAL LEGISLATION ...... 15 4.2 PERMITS, LICENCES AND/OR APPROVALS REQUIRED ...... 19 4.3 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS ...... 20
5 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ...... 22
5.1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 22 5.1.1 GENERAL ECOLOGY ...... 22 5.1.2 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL ...... 23 5.1.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE ...... 23 5.1.4 GEOLOGY ...... 23 5.1.5 SOILS ...... 25 5.1.6 GEOHYDROLOGY ...... 25 5.1.6.1 Groundwater Environment ...... 25 5.1.6.2 Water Levels ...... 26 5.1.7 FLORA ...... 26 5.1.7.1 Trees and Shrubs ...... 26 5.1.7.2 Grass & Other ...... 26 5.1.8 VERTEBRATE FAUNA ...... 27 5.1.8.1 Avifauna ...... 27 5.1.8.2 Reptiles ...... 27 5.1.8.3 Amphibians ...... 28 5.1.8.4 Mammals ...... 28 5.1.9 REINTRODUCTION OF WILDLIFE ...... 29 5.1.9.1 Ungulates ...... 29 5.1.9.2 Carnivores...... 29 5.1.9.3 Rhino ...... 30 5.1.10 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 30 5.1.10.1 Ecology ...... 30 5.1.10.2 Ungulates ...... 31 5.1.10.3 Carnivores...... 31 5.1.10.4 Rhino ...... 31 5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 32
6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 33
6.1 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT ...... 33 6.1.1 FIRST ROUND OF CONSULTATION ...... 33 6.1.1.1 Activities of Public Engagement ...... 33 6.1.1.2 Comments Received and Responses Provided ...... 34 6.1.2 SECOND ROUND OF CONSULTATION ...... 43 6.1.2.1 Activities of Public Engagement ...... 43 6.1.2.2 Comments Received and Responses Provided ...... 43
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7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS ...... 44
7.1 METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT ...... 44 7.1.1 SCREENING METHODOLOGY ...... 44 7.1.2 SCOPING ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 45 7.1.3 MITIGATION APPLICATION METHODOLOGY ...... 46 7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFIED ...... 47 7.2.1 CONSTRUCTION-RELATED IMPACTS ...... 47 7.2.1.1 Erosion and Sedimentation...... 49 7.2.1.2 Ground and Surface Water Pollution ...... 50 7.2.1.3 Habitat Destruction and Loss of Biodiversity ...... 52 7.2.1.4 Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Place ...... 55 7.2.1.5 Socio-economic Implication ...... 56 7.2.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 65 7.2.2.1 Erosion and Sedimentation...... 66 7.2.2.2 Ground and Surface Water Pollution ...... 67 7.2.2.3 Habitat Destruction and Loss of Biodiversity ...... 69 7.2.2.4 Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Place ...... 72 7.2.2.5 Socio-economic Implication ...... 73 7.2.3 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE...... 77 7.2.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 77 7.2.5 NO-GO OPTION ...... 78
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 80
8.1 CONCLUSION ...... 80 8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 81 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ...... 82
9 REFERENCES ...... 83
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Diagrammatic representation of Namibia's Environmental Assessment process ...... 3 Figure 3.1: Locality of the development area ...... 11 Figure 7.1: Screening process for determining key impacts ...... 43
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Project role players ...... 8 Table 2.2: Qualifications and expertise of the environmental consultants ...... 8 Table 3.1: Estimated water demand of the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge ...... 12 Table 4.1: Cross-sectoral legislation applicable to the EA Process ...... 15 Table 4.2: Cross-sectoral legislation applicable to the development ...... 17 Table 4.3: Permits, licenses and/or approvals that may also be required ...... 20 Table 4.4: International treaties and conventions applicable to the development ...... 21 Table 6.1: Comments received during the first round of public consultation ...... 35 Table 7.1: Criteria for impact evaluation ...... 44 Table 7.2: Key issues and potential impacts expected during the construction phase 47 Table 7.3: Impact assessment pertaining to erosion and sedimentation ...... 48 Table 7.4: Impact assessment pertaining to groundwater and surface water pollution 50 Table 7.5: Impact assessment pertaining to habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity 52 Table 7.6: Impact assessment pertaining to visual aesthetics and sense of place .... 54 Table 7.7: Impact assessment pertaining to income generation & skills transfer ...... 56 Table 7.8: Impact assessment pertaining to economic benefit to the construction industry 56 Table 7.9: Impact assessment pertaining to dust and emissions ...... 57 Table 7.10: Impact assessment pertaining to noise and vibration ...... 58 Table 7.11: Impact assessment pertaining to traffic and safety ...... 60 Table 7.12: Impact assessment pertaining to health, safety and security ...... 62
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Table 7.13: Impact assessment pertaining to heritage/archaeological resources...... 63 Table 7.14: Natural resources ...... 64 Table 7.15: Key potential impacts expected during the operational phase ...... 65 Table 7.16: Impact assessment pertaining to erosion and sedimentation ...... 66 Table 7.17: Impact assessment pertaining to ground and surface water pollution ...... 67 Table 7.18: Impact assessment pertaining to habitat destruction and the loss of biodiversity 69 Table 7.19: Impact assessment pertaining to visual aesthetics and sense of place .... 71 Table 7.20: Impact assessment pertaining to Income generation & skills transfer ...... 73 Table 7.21: Impact assessment pertaining to noise and desturbance ...... 74 Table 7.22: Impact assessment pertaining to traffic and safety ...... 74
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AADD Annual Average Daily Demand
BID Background and Information Document
BMP Best Management Practices
CV Curriculum Vitae
DEA Department of Environmental Affairs
EA Environmental Assessment
EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner
ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMA Environmental Management Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
GG Government Gazette
GN Government notice
IBA Important Breeding Area
I&AP Interested and Affected Party
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism
PPP Public Participation Process
PV Photovoltaic
RA Roads Authority
ToR Terms of Reference
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: Copy of Application for Environmental Clearance Certificate
Appendix B: Environmental Management Plan
Appendix C: CV of EAP responsible for the Environmental Assessment
Appendix D: Public Consultation
Appendix D1: List of I&APs and Authorities
1st Round of Public Consultation Appendix D2: Copy of notification letters sent to all neighbouring owners
Appendix D3: Background Information Document (BID)
Appendix D4: Copy of proof of registered post sent to neighbouring property owners
Appendix D5: Copy of notification email with BID sent to all I&APs
Appendix D6 Copy of notification letters that was hand delivered to all applicable Line Ministries & State-owned Enterprises situated in Windhoek
Appendix D7: Copy of proof of notification letters delivered by hand
Appendix D8: Copy of public notices placed in the ‘New Era’ and ‘Namibian’
Appendix D9: Photo of notice at the Erongo Regional Council
Appendix D10: Photo of notice at Omaruru Constituency Office
Appendix D11: Photo of on-site notice
Appendix D12: Copies of correspondence received and sent during the 1st round of the PPP
Appendix D13: Minutes of the public meeting
2nd Round of Public Consultation Appendix D14: Copy of email sent to I&APs & authorities informing them of the availability of the Final Drafts Scoping Report for Comment
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Appendix D15: Photo of a public notice announcing the availability of the Draft Scoping Report and request for comment were placed at the Customer Care Centre of the Omaruru Rural Constituency Offices Appendix D16: Copy of Comment Sheet and Register that was made available at the Customer Care Centre of the Erongo Regional Council and Omaruru Rural Constituency Offices
Appendix E: Geohydrology Baseline Report
x Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge & Tented Camp Final Draft Scoping Assessment Report
1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter of the report provides a background and motivation to the proposed development; the study’s terms of reference; purpose of this report; the assumptions and limitations of the study; and an outline of the remainder of the report.
1.1 DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND
The owner, Otjikoko (PTY) Ltd. of the Farm Ozandjisse No. 55 & Farm Osera Omewa No. 54 & Farm Heidehof No. 52 is of the intention to utilise the mentioned farms for purpose of eco-tourism, conservation and research, which would include the development of an up-market lodge and up- market tented camp. Otjikoko (PTY) Ltd partnered with the Naankuse Ecotourism Collection, which will be responsible for the management of the tourism activities, as well as research and conservation.
Tourism development activities and associated activities require an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) before being implemented [Section 27(3) of the Environmental Management Act, No. 7 of 2007].
In accordance with the Environmental Management Act, (Act No. 7 of 2007) and within the framework of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (2012), Urban Green cc has been appointed by the Owner to undertake an ESA and apply for an Environmental Clearance Certificate for the intended tourism development and related activities.
1.2 NEED FOR THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
This development will aid in conservation and research, whilst offering the upper market tourist a unique experience through conservation and cultural exposure.
1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE
In light of the need to undertake the development, Urban Green cc (hereafter Urban Green) was appointed by Otjikoko (PTY) (the proponent) to undertake an environmental assessment (EA) for purpose of applying for an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) for the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge (i.e. the development).
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1.4 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODS
This EA process was carried out in accordance with provisions for EA, as prescribed by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (GN. No. 30 of 2012), provided for by Section 56 of the Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007).
The study’s approach and methods were guided by the Terms of Reference (Section 1.3) and the relevant legislation (Chapter 4).
The EA process is a planning, design and decision-making tool used to inform the relevant authorities and proponent what the consequences of their decisions will be in biophysical and social terms. As such, it identifies potential impacts (negative and positive) that the development may have on the environment; as well as identifying potential opportunities and constraints the environment may pose to the development.
The steps followed as part of this EA process are registration of application for an ECC and execution of the Scoping Phase (content of this report). A flowchart indicating the process being followed is presented by Figure 1.1 below.
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Figure 1.1: Diagrammatic representation of Namibia's Environmental Assessment process
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1.4.1 REGISTRATION OF APPLICATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE
The first step followed as part of this EA process was to identify the listed activities, which the proposed project entails, as stipulated in the ‘List of Activities that may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance Certificate’ (GN. No. 29 of 2012) and register the mentioned with the Office of the Environmental Commissioner.
The listed activities identified for which an ECC is required are listed below.
• Activity 1(a) – Energy Generation, Transmission and Storage Activities The construction of facilities for the generation of electricity (solar)
• Activity 1(b) – Energy Generation, Transmission and Storage Activities The construction of facilities for the transmission and supply of electricity
• Activity 2.3 – Waste Management, Treatment, Handling and Disposal Activities Temporary storage of waste
• Activity 4 – Forestry Activities Removal of protected species
• Activity 5.1(d) – Land Use and Development Activities Use for nature conservation
• Activity 5.3 – Land Use and Development Activities Construction of game proof boundary fence
• Activity 6 – Tourism Development Activities The construction of a lodge
• Activity 8.1 – Water Resource Developments The abstraction of ground water
• Activity 8.6 – Water Resource Developments Construction of domestic wastewater treatment plant and related pipeline activities
• Activity 9.4 – Hazardous Substance Treatment, Handling & Storage Storage of hazardous substances (petrol & diesel)
• Activity 10.1 – Infrastructure Construction of road (unproclaimed) for use by tourists (public) visiting tourism facilities.
• Activity 11 – Other Activities Construction of camping sites.
In accordance with Section 32 of the EMA, applications for an ECC should be submitted with the relevant Competent Authority, which for this development was identified to be the Namibia Tourism Board and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Both the mentioned authorities were
4 Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge & Tented Camp Final Draft Scoping Assessment Report informed in writing on 25 March 2020 of the proponent’s intention to apply for an ECC with the Environmental Commissioner (Appendix A).
1.4.2 SCOPING STAGE AIMS
The next step followed as part of this EA process was the scoping stage. The identification of impacts and their significance as well as public consultation (as prescribed by Regulation 21 to 24 of the EIA Regulations (GN. No. 30 of 2012) are important elements of the scoping stage. Hence, during the scoping stage issues/impacts that are likely to be significant are identified and those that are less significant are evaluated and if warranted, eliminated.
This stage, which began during May 2020 and is currently still underway, set out to -
• Collect baseline information and professional/public opinion with regards to the development and the receiving environment (i.e. social and biophysical environments);
• Determine the manner in which and to what extent the development may affect the biophysical and social environment;
• Establish the need and desirability of the development;
• Compare advantages and disadvantages of feasible alternatives;
• Highlight the potential significant effects that are likely to be of most importance and to develop or recommend mitigation measures; and
• Advise on any further studies to be conducted (if any) and provide appropriate Terms of Reference for these.
1.4.3 SCOPING STAGE METHOD
The method followed during the scoping stage was as per requirements set by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (GN. No. 30 of 2012), which included –
• Giving notice to all potential interested and affected parties (I&APs) of the application (ECC application);
• Public consultation as per Regulation 21 which included the -
o Opening and maintaining a register of all I&APs; o Receiving and recording of all comments and representations received from I&APs following the public consultation processes;
• Preparing a scoping report by subjecting the proposed application to scoping by -
o Assessing the potential effects of the proposed listed activities on the environment (specialist studies also formed part of this stage);
o Assessing whether and to what extent the potential effects identified can be mitigated and whether there are any significant issues and effects that require further investigation;
5 Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge & Tented Camp Final Draft Scoping Assessment Report
o Identifying feasible alternatives related to the development; o Setting the Terms of Reference for further investigations (if required); o Informing I&APs of the way forward in the EA process; o Ensuring informed, transparent and accountable decision-making by the relevant authorities; and
o Inviting all registered I&APs to comment on the scoping report. • Informing all registered I&APs of the decision of the office of the Environmental Commissioner.
1.4.4 SPECIALIST STUDIES
Given the nature of the activity and the sensitivity of the receiving environment a hydrogeological assessment was conducted (attached as Appendix E). In addition, specialist input from an ecologist was sourced and limited to a desk study.
1.4.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS IDENTIFIED
The specialist studies revealed the following issues of concern as well as possible mitigation measures –
• Groundwater Pollution;
• Dust generation and potential reduction of the infiltration capacity;
• Reducing groundwater availability due to over abstraction; and
• Reintroduction of wildlife in the newly fenced area.
These issues are discussed in detail in the report. Mitigation measures and recommendations are also provided.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE DRAFT SCOPING REPORT
This EIA report serves the purpose of providing information to the Competent Authorities and the Office of the Environmental Commissioner with the information necessary to make an informed decision with respect to the awarding or refusing of the application for an ECC associated with the proposed project.
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1.6 STUDY ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
In undertaking the EA and compiling of the scoping report, the following assumptions and limitations apply:
• It is assumed that all the information provided by the proponent and authorities consulted is accurate and that those aforementioned have disclosed all necessary information available;
• No alternative site or development layout for assessment was provided;
• It is assumed that all permit or licence requirements, other than the ECC, associated with the development will be addressed as separate investigations and are not included in this EA process; • It is assumed that there will be no significant changes to the development (see Chapter 3) or the affected environment (see Chapter 5) between the compilation of this report and implementation of the development that could substantially influence findings, recommendations with respect to mitigation and management, etc.;
• The EA process involved the assessment of impacts on the current conservation value of affected land and not on either the historic or potential future conservation value.
• The assessment is based on the prevailing environmental (social and biophysical) and legislative context at the time of writing.
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2 PROJECT TEAM AND EXPERTISE
2.1 ROLE PLAYERS
The role players in this project are set out in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Project role players ORGANISATION PROJECT ROLE
Decision-making authority for environmental Department of Environmental Affairs authorisation
Directorate Tourism & Gaming Competent authority
Ministry of Environment and Tourism Approving authority at Central Government Level
Otjikoko (PTY) Ltd Proponent
Urban Green cc Independent Environmental Consultant (EAP)
Urban Green cc Public participation
2.2 EXPERTISE OF THE EAP
The qualifications and expertise of the environmental consultant, as required by section 8(a) of the EIA Regulations, are set out in Table 2.2 below. A detailed CV of the Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) is attached as Appendix C.
Table 2.2: Qualifications and expertise of the environmental consultants
NAME Mr Brand van Zyl
Responsibility on the EAP; project management; public & stakeholder consultation; impact Project assessment and mitigation formulation; reporting and application for Environmental Clearance
Qualifications M. Degree in Environmental Management; M. Degree Town and Regional Planning; Bachelor of Arts Urban Geography
Professional Registration Namibian Council for Town and Regional Planners
Member of the Green Building Council of South Africa
Experience in years 16
Experience Brand van Zyl has been involved in various Environmental Impact Assessment studies throughout Namibia and of different kind.
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3 DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION
This chapter provides a description of the development. The content of this chapter is based on and derived from information as provided by the proponent.
3.1 LOCATION & ACCESS
The farms (i.e. Farm Ozandjisse No. 55 & Farm Osera Omewa No. 54 & Farm Heidehof No. 52) is located ±35km north-west of Omaruru Town within the Erongo Region. The Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge will be located on Farm Osera Omewa No. 54, while the tented camp will be located somewhere along the banks of the Omaruru River, the exact localities still to be finalised.
The farms have been used for commercial agricultural purpose, like the surrounding farms. The Erindi Private Game Reserve is located south-east almost adjacent to the proposed Timbila Development.
Accesses to the tourism facilities will be obtained making use of the existing farm roads (gravel roads), the existing district road (D2329) passing through the farms, which again links with the B1 Main Road to the east. The existing farm roads leading from the D2329 will be upgraded to 5m wide gravel roads capable of accommodating vehicles at a speed of 60km/h.
Access control along the D2329 to the western entrance into Farm Heidehof No. 52 and the Eastern entrance into Farm Osera-Omewa No. 54 will be applied for purpose of conservation and anti-poaching.
3.2 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW
The proposed development will comprise of a tourism component and a conservation & research component, with supporting activities. The mentioned will rely on both existing infrastructure (i.e. services) available, as well as new infrastructure to be added.
3.3 TOURISM COMPONENT
This component entails two separate developments, the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge, and the Tented Camp, with their related amenities and supporting activities.
The Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge will comprise of 8 chalets (sleeping two people) with other hospitality facilities, such as a bar, curio shop, swimming pool, restaurant with kitchen, spa, and laundry. The mentioned will be located central at the main reception area, which also includes the administrative offices and activity centre.
9 Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge & Tented Camp Final Draft Scoping Assessment Report
The tented camp facility will make provision for 16 self-catering tree-top tented units (sleeping two people per tent). A swimming pool with bar is provided at the tented camp.
Activities available to guests are game drives; game tracking; cultural experiences and conservation education.
3.4 CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH COMPONENT
The Naankuse Ecotourism Collection will drive all tourism function while the Naankuse Foundation will drive all conservation functions, like all other facilities throughout Namibia.
All the proceeds generated by the Naankuse Ecotourism Collection go toward the Naankuse Foundation, which is a non-profit organisation dedicated to conserving the landscape, cultures, and wildlife of Namibia.
Existing buildings at Farm Osera Omewa No. 54 will be used for the research centre and accommodation facilities. An estimated total of 16 volunteers will be accommodated at the centre.
3.5 MANAGEMENT AND STAFF
Accommodation for management (6 people) and staff (25 people) will be provided making use of existing buildings located at Farm Osera Omewa No. 54 and Farm Ozandjisse No. 55, with a few added to provide sufficient accommodation.
3.6 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
This section deals with the infrastructure and supply of services of the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge. The information on potable water was mostly obtained from the geohydrology assessment (Appendix E).
3.6.1 POTABLE WATER
Potable water will be supplied from the existing boreholes (two), as well as two new boreholes to be drilled. Water will be pumped and stored in raised water tanks at the two developments from where the potable water will be distributed throughout the tourism facilities.
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Figure 3.1: Locality of the development area
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The water demand (Table 3.1) is calculated for peak demand, assuming full lodging, in litres per bed night (l/b/n), a standard that includes staff in the water demand. This demand can obviously be supplied from surface storage if the peak demand is required for very short periods of time, meaning that the actual borehole yield can be less than the peak demand; meaning that fewer boreholes are required to supply in the demand. However, for purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that the total peak demand will be sourced directly from groundwater.
Table 3.1: Estimated water demand of the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge
Total Demand Demand Demand Facility beds norm (l/b/n) l/d m3/d l/month m3/month
Up-market lodge 16 386 6 176 6.176 185 280 185.28
Up-market tented camp 32 386 12 325 12.325 370 560 370.56
Staff 31 386 11 966 11.966 358 980 358.98
TOTAL 30 467 30.467 914 820 914.82
As mentioned, water will be supplied from two existing boreholes and two boreholes still to be drilled. Based on the existing boreholes’ data it seems that one borehole of average yield (3.4 m3/h) is sufficient to supply in the water demand if operated for 10 hours per day, thus yield 34 m3/d.
Although stated above that one of the existing borehole with average yield is sufficient to supply in the total water demand, considering the cost and potential impact(s) of constructing a pipeline to distribute water from a single point to both facilities, it will be wise (and recommended) to rather use one borehole at each of the lodge, the tented camp and the staff housing areas.
3.6.2 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
Electricity will be supplied by means of solar, augmented by grid electricity supplied by Erongo RED. A backup generator would also be installed to supply electricity in the case of an Erongo RED power failure.
3.6.3 WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE & TREATMENT
Waste water will be collected in in-line septic tanks from where the overflow will go to a biological wastewater treatment plant, which treats the water to a degree suitable for watering of gardens and use to fill the viewing water hole at the lodge. This system would be sufficient to treat all the wastewater generated by the intended activities to a minimum of general standards as prescribed by Namibian legislation.
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3.6.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT
For household waste, an on-site recycling system will be implemented. All recyclable waste will be the transported to Windhoek on a weekly basis and delivered to the company Rent-A- Drum. Organic waste will be treated on-site, and compost be manufactured to be used in the gardens. There will be no on-site dump site.
3.6.5 ROADS INFRASTRUCTURE
As mentioned previously, the existing farm roads would be used. The roads leading from the D2329 will be upgraded to 5m wide gravel roads capable of accommodating vehicles at a speed of 60km/h.
3.7 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Some of the typical activities associated with construction of the Timbila development include:
• Setting-up of a temporary –
o construction yard; o site office and parking area; o workshop and stores; o batching area; o ablution facilities; o solid waste disposal facility; o stockpile area; and • Transportation of construction materials as well as construction labourers;
• Site clearing, excavations and earth moving (i.e. trench digging), with the associated construction machinery, to prepare the site for construction;
• Pouring of concrete and brick work;
• General carpeting work (roof trusses, cupboards, counters, shelves, walkways etc.);
• General steel welding work;
• Installing sewer lines and other utilities (electrical, plumbing etc);
• Generation of construction waste, temporary storage and removal from site;
• Usage of water for daily construction activities and generation of wastewater;
• Post-construction rehabilitation of disturbed area;
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The activities expected to occur during the construction phase are to a certain extent like that of the operational phase, although some activities are exclusive to the construction phase and is short-lived.
3.8 OPERATIONAL PHASE
Activities associated with the operational phase, but not necessarily limited to, are:
• Traffic movement to and from the lodge and tented camp; • Generation of dry and wet waste, the temporary storage thereof and removal; • Noises associated with the lodge and related activities; • Resource consumption (i.e. electricity; water); • Use of pesticides and herbicides; paint, and possible petrol & diesel spillages; • Clearance of vegetation (that might have naturally re-vegetated) around the lodge area to keep general area and parking area clean and clear of excessive plant growth; and • Increase in human activity in the area (by means of game drives, animal tracking etc.).
3.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
The Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge is expected to have a direct and indirect positive socio- economic impact, especially during the current poor economic times. These positive impacts can briefly be summarised as –
• Employment and skill transfer during both the construction phase and the operational phase; • Community and local socio-economic upliftment; • Environmental interpretation, education and awareness opportunities to educate visitors to the reserve and the local community about the importance of conservation; • Increased income generation for local entrepreneurs and service providers providing services/supplies to the construction and operations process; • Economic benefit to the Tourism industry; and • Creation of a destination that appeals to the tastes and preferences of a new or broader tourist market and exposes them to nature and heritage.
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4 LEGAL AND REGULATORY REVIEW
For environmental protection and sustainable renewable resource management to the benefit of all, legislation from different spheres under control of different ministries have been adopted and enacted by parliament. In support to the goal of sustainable renewable resource management, various international treaties and conventions have also been agreed to by Namibia.
There are several sectoral laws that fall under the general rubric of environmental laws. Sectoral laws are generally specific and apply to sectors such as forestry, water, mining and so forth. Any development, such as this, is expected to have certain impacts and would therefore have to comply with some or other legislative requirement/s before commencement.
This chapter provides an overview to the legislation that is applicable to both the assessment process and the various activities making up the Timbila lodge development. It is accordingly divided into: (i) the legal framework for environmental management in Namibia; (ii) national sectoral legislative requirements applicable to the activities of the development; and (iii) other relevant legislation and approvals required for the commencement of the development.
4.1 CROSS-SECTORAL LEGISLATION
Several Namibian legislation and policies have environmental considerations with respect to the development.
The instruments accounting for the legal framework for conducting an environmental assessment is listed in Table 4.1 below, while the sectoral legislation applicable to the development is listed in Table 4.2, below.
Table 4.1 Cross-sectoral legislation applicable to the EA process
DEVELOPMENT STATUTE PROVISIONS IMPLICATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The Namibian Article 95 (1) states that “the State shall The development should Constitution (1990) actively promote and maintain the welfare support the provisions of of the people by adopting, inter alia, the Namibian Constitution policies aimed at… maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and biological diversity of
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DEVELOPMENT STATUTE PROVISIONS IMPLICATIONS
Namibia and utilization of natural resources on a sustainable basis” Article 100 stipulates that all natural resources are vested in the state, unless otherwise legally owned. The use of such resources is only allowed within reasonable limits and beyond such limits, permission should be obtained from a competent authority responsible for the use and governance of the concerned natural resources.
Environmental Section 3(2) of the EMA provides a set of The development should Management Act principles that give effect to the provisions adhere to the principles (No 7 of 2007) of the Namibian Constitution for integrated provided in the EMA. environmental management. An ECC should be obtained Section 27(3) stipulates that no party, for the development. whether private or governmental, can The proponent should conduct a listed activity without an ECC renew the ECC (if granted) obtained from the Environmental every three years. Commissioner. Section 40(1) stipulates that an ECC remains valid for a period not exceeding three years, subject to cancellation or suspension.
EIA Regulations Provides for the process to be followed in The EA process should be 2012 (GG No. 4878 undertaking an environmental assessment, undertaken as prescribed in GN No. 29 and 30) stipulating particular requirements with the EIA Regulations. regards to public consultation, the Transfer of the ECC should identification of impacts and establishing be done as per the the significance thereof, as well as the requirements, at the time content of an environmental scoping report. when so required. Of particular interest is the transfer of an ECC, which is regulated by section 20 of the EIA Regulations.
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Table 4.2 Cross-sectoral legislation applicable to the development
DEVELOPMENT STATUTE PROVISIONS IMPLICATIONS
NATIONAL SECTORAL LEGISLATION
Water Act No. 54 of Makes provision for a number of functions The proponent should 1956, as amended pertaining to the management, control and ensure that water use use of water resources, water supply and during the construction the protection of water resources. phase is as sustainable as possible and that no Of importance is that the Act - pollution of any above • Prohibits the pollution of underground and/or below ground water and surface water bodies. resource takes place.
• Liability of clean-up costs after closure / abandonment of an activity.
Forest Act No. 12 of Provision for the protection of various plant 2001, as amended species.
Section 22(1): It is unlawful for any person to “cut, destroy or remove” any living tree, bush or shrub growing within 100 metres from a river, stream or watercourse on land that is not part of a surveyed erf or a local Protected vegetation should authority area without a licence. be incorporated as part of Prohibits the removal of and transport of the development. various protected plant species. Vegetation in watercourses and 100m on either side is Nature Protects wild animals and indigenous to be protected from Conservation plants. damage. Ordinance No. 4 of Prohibits disturbance or destruction of the Intended removal of such 1975, as amended eggs of huntable game birds or protected vegetation (Acacia erioloba, birds without a permit. Albizia, anthelmintica, Requires a permit for picking (the definition Ziziphus mucronata, Boscia of “picking” includes damage or destroy) albitrunca) would require a protected plants without a permit. permit. Prohibits the removal of and transport of various protected plant species.
Soil Conservation Prevention and combating of soil erosion; Act No. 76 of 1969, conservation, improvement and manner of as amended use of soil and vegetation, and protection of water sources.
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DEVELOPMENT STATUTE PROVISIONS IMPLICATIONS
Hazardous The Ordinance applies to the manufacture, During the construction and Substances sale, use, disposal and dumping of operation phases, any Ordinance No. 14 hazardous substances, and is administered hazardous waste needs to of 1974, as by the Minister of Health and Social be handled, stored, and amended Services. Its primary purpose is to prevent disposed of in a responsible hazardous substances from causing injury, manner and at appropriate ill health or the death of human beings. waste sites.
Atmospheric Provides for the prevention of the pollution Excessive dust emissions Pollution Prevention of the atmosphere. Part IV of this should be avoided as it Ordinance No 11 of ordinance deals with dust control and could be categorised as 1976, as amended provides for the proclamation of dust causing a public nuisance control areas. under common law.
Public Health Act Section 119 states that “no person shall The proponent has a No. 36 of 1919, as cause a nuisance or shall suffer to exist on general obligation not to amended any land or premises owned or occupied cause any nuisance, which by him or of which he is in charge any may have an implication on Health and Safety nuisance or other condition liable to be human health. Regulations GN injurious or dangerous to health.” 156/1997 (GG 1617)
Labour Act No. 11 The Labour Act (No. 6 of 1992), the New The proponent (including of 2007, as Labour Act (no. 11 of 2007) and their appointed contractors) amended Government Notice 156 of 1997: Labour needs to comply with health Act, 1992: Regulations Relating to the and safety regulations Health and Safety of Employees at Work, pertaining to the health and governs working conditions of employees. safety of employees during These regulations are prescribed for construction. among others safety relating to hazardous Operational activities substances, exposure limits and physical should not result in any hazards. Special consideration must be potential negative health given to: implications to the residents • Chapter 3: Welfare and Facilities at and/or larger community. Work-Places • Chapter 4: Safety of Machinery • Chapter 5: Hazardous Substances • Chapter 6: Physical Hazards and general provision
Road Traffic and Provides for the control of traffic on public All personnel and vehicles Transport Act 52 of roads and the regulations pertaining to active during the
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DEVELOPMENT STATUTE PROVISIONS IMPLICATIONS
1999 and its 2001 road transport, including the licensing of construction phase should Regulations, as vehicles and drivers. be appropriately licensed. amended Part 5 of the 2001 Regulations lays out Construction materials detailed provisions pertaining to vehicle transported/delivered to the loads – i.e. types of loads and the construction site should appropriate manner in which loads for adhere to the requirements different vehicle classes should be carried. of the 2001 Regulations – i.e. should note exceed limits stipulated and should be transported in a safe manner.
National Heritage The Act requires the identification of All protected heritage Act (Act 27 of cultural and archaeological sites within the resources (e.g. human 2004), as amended study area, registration and protection remains etc.) discovered, thereof. need to be reported immediately to the National Heritage Council (NHC) and require a permit from the NHC before they may be relocated. Heritage resources need to be considered by a heritage specialist.
Namibia Tourism The Act requires the registration of the This would enable the Board Act (No. 21 Tourism Lodge and application for a development to trade as an of 2000) and registration certificate. official tourism institution.
While it has been set out to list all those laws and regulations, which regulate the healthy functioning of the environment, it is not necessarily complete and the proponent has the responsibility to make themselves aware of all applicable legislation and permit requirements applicable to the development.
4.2 PERMITS, LICENCES AND/OR APPROVALS REQUIRED
The following permits and/or licenses (Table 4.3) should be obtained for the development.
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Table 4.3 – Permits, licenses and/or approvals that may also be required
Type of Permit / Activity Legislation / Institute License
Electricity provision Approval to be Erongo RED obtained
Water provision Approval to be Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry obtained
Access from the Approval Roads Authority D2329 obtained
Access control on Approval to be Infringements and obstructions on and interference District Road D2329 obtained with proclaimed roads.
Roads Ordinance, 1972 (Ordinance 17 of 1972)
Roads Authority
Removal of Permit required Forest Act (No. 12 of 2001) & Nature Conservation protected and if protected trees Ordinance No. 4 of 1975, as amended. indigenous species will be removed Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry; Directorate of Forestry.
Storage of more than Consumer Petroleum Product and Energy Act (Act No. 13 of 600 litres of diesel Installation 1990), as amended. on site (if applicable) Certificate Ministry of Mines and Energy required of the particular volume will be stored on-site
4.3 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS
The international treaties and conventions applicable to the development and worth taking note of are listed below in Table 4.4 below.
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Table 4.4 - International treaties and conventions applicable to the development
STATUTE PROVISIONS DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS
Convention to Combat Focuses on land degradation in the The development should Desertification 1994 dry lands where some of the most adhere to land vulnerable ecosystems and people in management, which the world exist. contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the mitigation of climate change.
Convention on Regulate or manage biological Removal of vegetation cover Biological Diversity resources important for the and destruction of natural 1992 conservation of biological diversity habitats should be avoided whether within or outside protected and where not possible areas, with a view to ensuring their minimised. conservation and sustainable use. Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings.
Stockholm Declaration Recognises the need for: “a common The proponent should strive on the Human outlook and common principles to to adhere to the Environment 1972 inspire and guide the people of the proclamations made under world in the preservation and this declaration. enhancement of the human environment”. The following are among the proclamations made under the declaration:
• Natural resources must be protected • Wildlife must be protected • Pollution must not exceed the environment’s capacity to clean itself • Rational planning must prevent or resolve conflicts between environment and planning
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5 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
This chapter describes the details pertaining to the development’s existing biophysical and socio-economic environments and provides the basis for assessing the likely negative and positive impacts that the development might have on the receiving environment (e.g. natural and social), as well as the significance thereof. This in turn will inform the applicable mitigating measures and need for any further detailed assessments. A great deal of this chapter is derived from specialist input (i.e. Hydrogeological assessment and input from an ecology specialist).
5.1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
5.1.1 GENERAL ECOLOGY
The general area is commonly referred to as the thornbush savannah or thornbush shrubland while the vegetation structure is classified as Acacia shrublands on various soils and landscapes. Ephemeral rivers – e.g. Omaruru River – and the general western escarpment area, especially granite outcrops in the area, are viewed as sites of special ecological importance due to the biotic richness and endemism; large desert dwelling mammals and high value for human subsistence and tourism. This biotic richness is mostly associated with the intersections of the rocky terrain and major ephemeral river courses in the area. The terrestrial species (all species) is regarded as average while the overall terrestrial endemism is high.
Although the vegetation in the thornbush savannah/shrubland varies considerably with large areas dominated by Acacia species, characteristic species include Acacia mellifera, A. reficiens, A. hebeclada, A. erubescens, A. fleckii and in some places A. tortilis. Another tree species usually present is Boscia albitrunca with Philenoptera nelsii and Ziziphus mucronata also occurring in this vegetation type. Grass cover varies depending on soil type with climax grasses such as Anthephora pubescens, Brachiaria nigropedata and Digitaria species and Urochloa bolbodes representative. Stipagrostis uniplumis and Schmidtia pappophoroides also occur in this vegetation type during succession. The average plant production is viewed as very high while the variation in plant production is viewed as medium (e.g. 10-15% depending on the locality). Bush thickening (encroachment) is dominated by Acacia reficiens shrubs in the general area with 4,000-12,000 plants/ha the common densities. The overall plant diversity (all species – higher plants) in the general area is varied throughout the area and estimated at between 300 to 399 species while plant endemism is viewed as low to average with 2 to 15 species expected from the general area depending on the locality.
It is estimated that at least 81 reptile, 12 amphibian, 87 mammal and 217 bird species (mainly breeding residents), 79-110 larger trees and shrubs (>1m in height) and 111 grasses
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are known to or expected to occur in the general area of which a high proportion are endemics (e.g. 44.4% for reptiles being the highest).
5.1.2 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL
The climate in the study area is semi-arid with an average rainfall of 300 - 350 mm per annum (Mendelsohn et al., 2002). Most rain falls during the summer months (December to March) predominantly taking place as thunderstorms. Due to its location, temperatures are moderate during summer (average maximum 30 - 32°C) and cold (average minimum 4 - 6°C) during winter. Frost occurs on average 5 - 10 days per annum. Average annual evaporation range between 1,960 and 2,100mm/year. Radiation levels are between 6.0 – 6.2 kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (Mendelsohn et al., 2002).
Characterised by thunderstorms, a low per annum rainfall and high temperatures during the rainy season results in high run-off and evaporation restricting aquifer recharge and increases erosion.
5.1.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
The Otjihaena mountain is an outcrop of the marble of the Otjongeama Member, and forms a topographic high area along most of the northern boundary of farm Osera Omewa, while the northern point of the Otjikoko mountain (post-Karoo dolerite) forms a topographic high area on the central-southern boundary of farm Ozondjisse. Farm Heidehof shows no significant topographic higher areas.
The major hydrological features in the area are the confluence of the Omaruru South River and the Omaruru North River at the north-eastern boundary of farm Ozondjisse, to form the Omaruru River. The topography is gently sloping southerly on farms Heidehof and Osera Omewa, with a gentle north-westerly slope on farm Ozondjisse. Natural drainage is well developed with numerous tributaries of the Omaruru River draining the three farms.
The Omaruru River is one of Namibia’s more significant west-flowing rivers, being the source of water to many commercial farmers, communal and emerging farmers, as well as for bulk water supply to some local authorities. The Omaruru River also “hosts” the OMDEL Dam near Henties Bay, which is used to artificially recharge the particularly important Omaruru Delta Aquifer, which in turn is extremely important in the water supply to the greater Central Coastal Area of Namibia.
5.1.4 GEOLOGY
This entire section was taken out of the Geohydrological assessment. For more detailed information, please see this assessment attached as Appendix E.
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South of the Omaruru River the predominant geology is Damara granite intrusives, with shale, sandstone and mudstone of the Omingonde Formation, and marble of the Otjongeama Member of the Karibib Formation occurring to the north of the Omaruru River. The Damara intrusives and Omingonde Formation are in turn intruded by post-Karoo dolerite.
North-west and north-east striking faults are present on the north-western and northern parts of farm Osera Omewa. Young alluvial sediments fill the Omaruru riverbed and its limited flood plains.
It must be borne in mind that the characteristics and behaviour of the prevailing geohydrological environment is hugely influenced and dictated by the geology, and that the predominant rock types determine the geological formations’ capacity to host groundwater. It also determines if groundwater can move “easily” through the rock types or not, i.e. it determines the presence and yield of a groundwater resource.
Granite is present over much of farm Ozondjisse. The granite we see today is near surface or exposed, generally as massive outcrops, and thus at some point, it was uplifted, causing overlying sediment to be shed via erosion. This transition from high pressure and temperature to atmospheric temperature and pressure can cause the granite to slightly expand and crack. This, in addition to seasonal variations in temperature, can leave a weakened and weathered granite. Intrinsically, crystalline rocks have low porosity and permeability. For granitic rocks, this is because the crystallization of the magma left no space available (porosity) in the rock. They therefore usually contain aquifers with low to modest water resources. Thus, the flow that can be provided by a borehole capturing a crystalline aquifer is generally low.
Marble is present on the northern part of farm Osera Omewa. It is a metamorphic, carbonate rock and it is susceptible to dissolution by slightly acidic rainwater, tending to develop preferential flow paths for groundwater along bedding planes or joints. Marble often has distinct primary and secondary porosity. Primary porosity is the original porosity of the rock when it formed, and secondary porosity is the pore space created by subsequent processes such as fracturing or dissolution. This dual-porosity (or ‘double-porosity’) results in rocks having regions that contribute to the pore space but not the flow capacity. This true in practice as not all pores are connected.
Shale/mudstone and sandstone are present on the southern part of farm Osera Omewa and on the whole of farm Heidehof. These rocks are all sedimentary and possess a large degree of primary porosity. Primary porosity is porosity associated with the original depositional texture of the sediment. That is, primary porosity is the pore spaces in between the detrital grains and within the depositional matrix. If the cement binding the grains together gets dissolved, secondary porosity results. Studies have however found that none of the dissolution mechanisms is likely to be capable of generating significant secondary
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porosity in the deep subsurface. Secondary porosity is rarely so extensive a depth as to significantly improve reservoir quality.
5.1.5 SOILS
Soils of the larger surrounding area are dominated by Eutric Regosols being a fertile soil with high base saturation (Mendelsohn, et al, 2002). Regosols are medium- or fine-texture soils of actively eroding landscapes. These soils never reach depths of more than 50 cm and are especially susceptible to erosion where there is any degree of slope. Erosion, of limited extent, is evident along the hill slopes situated within and around the study area. Vegetation cover on these thin soils is sparse and the soil is not capable of providing sufficient water or nutrients to plants. Areas of Regosols are regarded as areas suitable for low-density stock or wildlife farming.
5.1.6 GEOHYDROLOGY
This entire section was taken out of the Geohydrological assessment. For more detailed information, please see this assessment attached as Appendix E.
5.1.6.1 Groundwater environment
The groundwater environment comprises two different systems:
• Primary alluvial (water table) aquifer, associated with the Omaruru river.
• Secondary, fractured aquifers associated with the hard rock geology outside of the riverbed.
Within a primary alluvial aquifer, the water table is exposed to the atmosphere by means of pores and openings in the overlying layer. This type of aquifer can be compared with a sponge. As the sponge is wetted, the water moves through the entire sponge, even if the water is added at only one point. Water also drains out of the sponge at more or less the same rate. If one were to press a straw into the sponge and suck water out, the water from the entire sponge will be mobilised until the sponge is emptied. The same principle applies in a water table aquifer.
Within a confined aquifer the water is isolated from the atmosphere by an impermeable or “water-proof” layer, with the groundwater pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure. When a borehole is drilled into a confined aquifer, the water rises in the borehole up to a level where the pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The confined pressure is defined as the vertical difference between the water level in the borehole and the top of the aquifer, which is equal to the hydrostatic pressure head. The level to which the water rises in the borehole is also called the potentiometric level, which forms an imaginary level representative of the hydrostatic pressure head throughout the entire aquifer. This
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imaginary level represents the level where the water table would be if it was a water table aquifer. If the water level in the borehole was to drop to below the top of the aquifer, i.e. to below the confining layer, the physical properties will change, and the aquifer reacts as it would in a water table aquifer.
From available information, it was observed that there are also fountains or springs in the area. A spring is a location at the land surface where groundwater discharges from an aquifer, creating a visible flow. Springs are a direct reflection of the state of groundwater in the aquifers that feed them, and they directly influence streams and other surface-water bodies into which they discharge, including all dependent ecosystems.
5.1.6.2 Water levels
Water level data shows the reaction of aquifers to groundwater recharge and discharge. Groundwater recharge results in rising water levels, while (excessive) groundwater discharge results in lowering (deepening) water levels. When the water levels do not change, it points to equilibrium, i.e. recharge equals discharge.
There are unfortunately no water level data available for the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge area.
5.1.7 FLORA
5.1.7.1 Trees and Shrubs
It is estimated that at least 79-110 species of larger trees and shrubs (>1m) occur in the general area of which 26 species (23.6%) have some kind of protected status (including endemic/near-endemic species). Three species (2.7%) are endemic, 4 species (3.6%) near- endemic, 19 species (17.3%) protected by the Forest Act No. 12 of 2001, 3 species (2.7%) protected by the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 4 of 1975 and 4 species (3.6%) classified as CITES Appendix 2 species. The most important larger trees/shrubs that are expected to occur in the general area are viewed as the various protected species and species of conservation concern and include Cyphostemma currorii, Erythrina decora, Heteromorpha papillosa and Manuleopsis dinteri. Most of these species are associated with rocky substrate.
5.1.7.2 Grass & Other
It is estimated that up to 111 grasses occur in the general area of which 4 species are viewed as endemic (Eragrostis omahekensis, Eragrostis scopelophila, Pennisetum foermeranum and Setaria finite). Aloes (Aloe dinteri, A. hereroensis A. litoralis and A. zebrina) and species with commercial potential – e.g. devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and tsamma melon (Citrullus lanatus) – are also viewed as important. Two endemic ferns and at least 13 indigenous species also occur in the general area.
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None of the important flora species are exclusively associated with the Timbila Lodge area nor expected to be adversely affected (should sound ecological principles during the design & construction phase be followed – e.g. avoid important habitats such as granite outcrops/riparian woodland, favour indigenous gardening, protect important species – i.e. (Cyphostemma spp., etc.) by the proposed developments.
5.1.8 VERTEBRATE FAUNA
5.1.8.1 Avifauna
Bird diversity and endemism in the general area is estimated at 171-230 species and 4-7 species, respectively. Although the area is not classified as an Important Birding Area (IBA) it has a high ranking for southern African endemics. According to the literature study conducted for the area at least 217 species of terrestrial species are expected to occur in the general area which includes 8 of the 13 Namibian endemics. Namibian red data species (24 species) potentially occurring in the general area include maccoa duck, violet wood-hoopoe, European roller, Rüppell’s parrot, kori bustard, African fish-eagle, white-backed vulture, Cape vulture, lappet-faced vulture, white-headed vulture, bateleur, black harrier, tawny eagle, Verreaux’s eagle, booted eagle, martial eagle, secretarybird, red-footed falcon, peregrine falcon, black-necked grebe, rufous-bellied heron, great white pelican, black stork and marabou stork. Cape vulture, listed as critically endangered, and the 9 species listed as endangered under the Namibian legislation (violet wood-hoopoe, white-backed vulture, bateleur, black harrier, tawny/booted/martial eagles, rufous-bellied heron and black stork) as well as the species listed as critically endangered (white-backed vulture, white-headed vulture), endangered (Cape vulture, lappet-faced vulture, black harrier), vulnerable (tawny eagle, martial eagle and secretarybird) and near threatened (kori bustard, bateleur, red- footed falcon) by the IUCN (2020), are viewed as the most important.
None of the important bird species are exclusively associated with the Timbila Lodge area nor expected to be adversely affected (should sound ecological principles during the design & construction phase be implemented – e.g. no development close to raptor breeding sites, prevent domestic cats [i.e. cause massive bird mortality], etc.) by the proposed developments.
5.1.8.2 Reptiles
Reptile diversity and endemism in the general area is estimated at between 71-80 species and 12-20 species, respectively. According to a literature study conducted for the area at least 81 species of reptiles are expected to occur in the general area with 36 species (44.4%) being endemic. Tortoises are viewed as the group of reptiles most under threat in Namibia making the leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) and the Kalahari tent tortoise (Psammobates oculiferus) probably the most important reptiles followed by the endemic
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dwarf python (Python anchietae), Namibian wolf snake (Lycophidion namibianum) and African flat gecko (Afroedura africana).
None of the important reptile species are exclusively associated with the Timbila Lodge area nor expected to be adversely affected (should sound ecological principles during the design & construction phase be followed – e.g. no electric fences, no development on granite outcrops, no killing of perceived dangerous species, prevent domestic cats [i.e. cause massive reptile mortality], etc.) by the proposed developments.
5.1.8.3 Amphibians
Amphibian diversity and endemism in the general area is estimated at between 12-15 species. According to a literature study conducted for the area at least 12 species of amphibians can occur in suitable habitat in the general area with 2 species being endemic (Hoesch’s pygmy toad Poyntonophrynus hoeschi and marled rubber frog Phrynomantis annectens), 1 species classified as near threatened (giant bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus) and 1 species classified as data deficient (Damaraland pygmy toad Poyntonophrynus damaranus).
None of the important amphibian species are exclusively associated with the Timbila Lodge area nor expected to be adversely affected (should sound ecological principles during the design & construction phase be followed – e.g. effluent not entering ephemeral drainage lines and other surface water areas, etc.) by the proposed developments.
5.1.8.4 Mammals
Mammal diversity and endemism in the general area is estimated at between 61-75 species and 9-11 species, respectively. According to the literature study conducted for the area at least 87 species of mammals are expected to occur in the general area with 11 species (12.6%) being endemic, 2 species classified as rare and 7 species as vulnerable. The most important species from the general area are those classified as rare (e.g. Angolan hairy bat Cistugo seabrae & Southern African hedgehog Atelerix frontalis angolae) and vulnerable (e.g. southern lesser galago Galago moholi, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, brown hyena Parahyaena brunnea, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, African wild cat Felis silvestris, bat eared fox Otocyon megalotis, Cape fox Vulpes chama & giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis) under the Namibian legislation and vulnerable (e.g. cheetah Acinonyx jubatus; Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae & leopard Panthera pardus) and near threatened (e.g. Commerson’s leaf-nosed bat Macronycteris commersoni, striped leaf-nosed bat Macronycteris vittatus & brown hyeana Parahyaena brunnea) by the IUCN (2020). The little known and endemic black mongoose (Galerella nigrata) associated with granite outcrops in the general area, is another important species known/expected to occur in the area.
None of the important mammal species are exclusively associated with the Timbila Lodge area nor expected to be adversely affected (should sound ecological principles during the
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design & construction phase be implemented – e.g. no development on granite outcrops, prevent domestic pets and genetic pollution issues [i.e. domestic cats and African wild cat], etc.) by the proposed developments.
5.1.9 REINTRODUCTION OF WILDLIFE
When reintroducing wildlife, it is important to consider indigenous species that have occurred in the area historically and that the available habitats should be suitable to sustain such species. Creating and/or improving suitable habitat conditions for reintroduced species are often required when converting a traditional cattle ranch to a game orientated system. Once suitable habitat has been created, wildlife often re-colonises such rehabilitated areas from adjacent land making it unnecessary for costly reintroductions which are often fraught with additional problems such as genetic, behavioural, and ecological issues. Determining stocking rates and carrying capacity for wildlife is not easy and would require professional input or else this could result in over- grazing/browsing, inter- and intra-species competition and overall ecological deterioration over time.
5.1.9.1 Ungulates
Before reintroducing herbivores, they should be grouped into various ecological feeding categories based on their major dietary components. Feeding preference is mostly influenced by anatomical and physiological characteristics of their digestive tracts and body size. To assist with decision making and simplify a complex topic, ungulates could be divided into various foraging categories – e.g. long-medium grass feeders; short grass feeders; browsers and mixed feeders. Continuous monitoring of ungulate numbers and veld condition, supported by adaptive management is imperative to avoid ecological problems such as overgrazing, etc.
Reintroducing ungulates should be based on historic presence of such species and not compromise genetic issues – i.e. avoid introducing Hartmann’s and plain zebra; black- and blue wildebeest, etc. – and is based on sound scientifically based stocking rates and predetermined carrying capacity for envisaged species.
5.1.9.2 Carnivores
Except for lion and spotted hyena, all the other indigenous predators are expected to occur in the area, albeit at low numbers due to past farming activities – i.e. farmers control cheetah and leopard numbers. Predators solicit emotional reaction from most individuals, especially domestic stock farmers. However, they are an asset on a game ranch and even improve the overall ecology of an area. Buffer species of some common game such as impala or springbok could be used to prevent predators from coming into conflict with neighbouring stock farmers. However, the size of a game ranch, available habitats, type/number/sex ratio of predators introduced, ungulate numbers/species present and social dynamics make it
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complex to manage. Human-carnivore conflict issues can result and should be expected and managed accordingly.
Reintroducing carnivores should be based on practical human-carnivore conflict issues; historic presence of such species and is based on sound scientifically based stocking rates and predetermined carrying capacity for envisaged species.
5.1.9.3 Rhino
It is imperative to not only understand security (target for poachers) and social issues around keeping rhino, but their feeding ecology prior to reintroducing them to a game ranch. For example, white rhino (together with elephant, buffalo, and zebra) can cause drastic changes in the climax vegetation and physical environment. As they feed on long-medium grass and create “lawns” this impact negatively affects sensitive species such as roan, sable, tsessebe and waterbuck while creating habitat for species such as impala, red hartebeest, warthog and wildebeest, whose numbers may even increase as a result. Black rhino on the other hand feed predominantly on trees/shrubs, some herbaceous plants and little grass and may even be favoured by the above-mentioned scenario. Suitable browse species and preferred habitat requirements are essential for the successful reintroduction of black rhino.
Reintroducing rhino should be based on practical security/social issues; historic presence of such species and is based on sound scientifically based stocking rates and predetermined carrying capacity for envisaged species.
5.1.10 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1.10.1 Ecology
• Avoid disturbing sensitive habitats – e.g. granite hills, ephemeral river riparian areas, erodible soils/areas, etc.;
• Rehabilitate disturbed areas – e.g. overgrazed areas; erosion gullies, etc.;
• Introduce wildlife species that occurred in the area historically;
• Encourage indigenous species to re-colonise the area by creating and/or manipulating habitat;
• Create a mosaic (patch) habitat for wildlife – e.g. various densities of bush, including open and dense patches, etc.;
• Remove all invasive alien plant species – e.g. mesquite (Prosopis spp.) along the Omaruru River, etc.;
• Re-think/position water points – e.g. requirements for wildlife; differ from domestic stock as currently on site;
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• Monitor veld condition, animal numbers, etc.
5.1.10.2 Ungulates
• Introduce species that occurred in the area historically;
• Avoid introducing alien species – e.g. blesbok, black wildebeest, etc.;
• Ensure scientifically approved stocking rates, sex ratio, etc.;
• Ensure a buffer species for carnivores – e.g. impala or springbok, etc.;
• Ensure adequate habitat for introduced species;
• Introduce swing gates on boundary fences to facilitate movement of ungulates – e.g. ungulates utilise such facilities while it excludes predators;
• Monitor ungulate numbers.
5.1.10.3 Carnivores
• Let indigenous carnivores re-colonate the area naturally rather than introducing individuals that may affect the social structure of the resident animals;
• Avoid introducing potentially contentious species – e.g. lion, spotted hyena, etc. as these species are difficult to contain and would result in neighbouring domestic stock losses and conflict;
• Ensure scientifically approved stocking rates, sex ratio, available prey biomass, etc.;
• Ensure adequate habitat for species;
• Ensure a buffer species for carnivores – e.g. impala or springbok, etc.;
• Monitor predator-prey interactions and carnivore numbers.
5.1.10.4 Rhino
• Introduce species that occurred in the area historically;
• Ensure scientifically approved stocking rates, herd size, sex ratio, etc. (sex ratio usually 1:1, but could be more females than males; minimum herd size is 6 animals; stocking rate varies according to species/habitat/food, etc.);
• Ensure adequate habitat for introduced species;
• Monitor intra-specific social issues and rhino numbers.
[Above mentioned are not exhaustive, but rather examples of the most important issues to consider].
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5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
According to the 2011 census data, there are approximately 108,000 people in the Erongo Region, which has the highest human development index in the country. Erongo has an HIV prevalence rate of 27%, the highest in the country and significantly higher than the average rate of 19.9%. The rate of tuberculosis in the region is high compared to the rest of the country, with most cases reported in Swakopmund and Walvis Bay.
The Erongo Regional Development Plan (RDP) (based on the National Development Plan and Vision 2030) aims to transform Erongo into a region with a more diversified economy in an effort to create employment and wealth in the region, and more equitable distribution of resources, facilities and services throughout the region and among its inhabitants.
Sixty-three per cent of the population in the Erongo region is urbanised. There is a wide diversity of living situations and standards of living, but with the lowest Gini coefficient (a measure of inequality) in the country. The Erongo Region has the highest population growth rate (5.39% over the years since 2001). Most people in Erongo are settled in the towns of Walvis Bay, Swakopmund and Henties Bay on the coast, and in the inland towns of Omaruru, Karibib, Arandis, Usakos and Uis.
The main languages spoken at home in the Erongo Region are the Oshiwambo language at 39%; Afrikaans language at 20%; Nama/Damara at 19% and Otjiherero language at 10% as compared to the Khomas Region where 41% communicates in Oshiwambo language, 19% in Afrikaans, 12% in Nama/Damara and 10% in Otjiherero. Approximately 79% of the population aged 15 years and up belong to the labour force (i.e. economically active) in the Erongo Region 70% of the population is employed while 30% are unemployed. The inactive group, which consists of homemakers, 11%, students 46% and the severely disabled, retired, or old age income recipients 35% makes up of the regions’ population. The main source of income in this region is from wages and salaries at 73%, business and non- farming activities at 9% and farming at 3%. Cash remittance makes up 5% respectively. The older age group makes up 8% of the region’s income.
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6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Public consultation and participation are an important aspect of an EA process. During public consultation, potential impacts that the development may have on the natural and/or socio-economic environments, were identified.
The public consultation process assists the Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) in identifying all potential impacts and to what extent further investigations are needed. Public consultation can also aid in the process of identifying possible mitigations measures.
Public consultation for the purposes of this development was done as prescribed by Regulations 21 to 24 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (GN. 30 of 2012).
This chapter describes in detail the full extent of the public consultation process that was followed and the I&APs and authorities that were notified of the study being undertaken. It also includes the main issues and concerns raised during the public consultation process and comments received on the Background Information Document (BID) distributed during the first round of public consultation.
6.1 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
6.1.1 FIRST ROUND OF CONSULTATION
Engagement with the public and authorities as part of the first round of public consultation commenced on the 19th of May 2020 and concluded on the 10th of June 2020. During the first round of consultation, I&APs and authorities were given an opportunity to register and submit comments and/or concerns on the proposed development.
6.1.1.1 Activities of Public Engagement
Activities undertaken to date to ensure effective and adequate I&AP involvement, are as follows:
• A list of predetermined I&APs and authorities was compiled (Appendix D1).
• Notification letters (Appendix D2) with Background Information Document (BID) (Appendix D3) was sent via registered post (Appendix D4) on the 15th of May 2020 to all neighbouring property owners (Appendix D1).
• A notification email (Appendix D5) with BID (Appendix D3) was sent to all I&APs (Appendix D1) on the 18th of May 2020.
• Notification letters (Appendix D6) with BID (Appendix D3) was hand delivered on the 18th of July 2020 to all applicable Line Ministries and State-Owned Enterprises situated in Windhoek.
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• Public notices announcing the commencement of the EA and an invitation to register as an I&AP were placed in ‘The New Era’ and ‘Namibian’ on 18 May 2020 and 27 May 2020 (Appendix D8).
• A notice was placed at the Erongo Regional Council (Appendix D9) and the Omaruru Rural Constituency Office (Appendix A10)
• An on-site notice was posted at the property entrance gate (Appendix D11).
• A register was opened and maintained and included all registered I&APs who because of the consultation process submitted comments or raised their concerns (Appendix D12). • A public meeting was held with the surrounding farm owners whereby there comments were raised for inclusion into the assessment. The minutes of the public meeting is attached as Appendix D13.
6.1.1.2 Comments Received and Responses Provided
All comments and feedback received from I&APs and authorities are summarised in Table 6.1 below, while a copy of the original correspondence is attached as Appendix D12.
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Table 6.1: Comments received during the first round of public consultation NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
1. AnnaMaria Meyer - Dear Mr. van Zyl, Urban Green cc Dear Mrs/Ms. A. Meyer, Okatete Farm 68 Thank you very much for forwarding the info concerning (09/06/2020) Your email below refers. You have been (09/06/2020) the building of Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge and Tented registered as an I&AP and will be kept Camp. I am very interested in all future developments in informed throughout the environmental the area, and would like to register as a A&IP, as we assessment process. share an extensive border fence and have a stretch of Thank you for the correction, I will take-up power line in common with farm Ozandjisse No.55. with the GIS office. Just to confirm, are you Please take notice that Farm Okatete is registered with the owner of Farm Okatete No. 68? number 68, not 69 as indicated on the attached Regards documents and maps. Please rectify this error to avoid future misunderstandings. Brand van Zyl
At the present moment I have no specific queries or Urban Green cc concerns but would definitely appreciate being registered as a A&IP so that I can be kept informed and updated with all future developments.
Regards.
AnnaMaria Meyer - Okatete Farm 68
2. Mr Jaco van der Hi Mr. van Zyl Urban Green cc Dear Mr. Van der Walt, Walt I refer to the above matter. (12/07/2018) Your email correspondence below refers. (08/06/2020) To date not all parties affected have been notified by In your email below you state ‘not all parties ESA via registered post or via email. Timbila have have been informed’. Please indicate to us already fenced off the border of Haidehof no 52, who are these ‘parties’ that you are referring Omburo NO no 51, Haidehof no 51 and Eheratengua O to? no 48 without prior consultation with affected parties. I will have to enquire with Timbila with Some of the affected parties are living overseas, regards to the fencing done.
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
making mutual decisions difficult. We therefor request to Given various electronic communication have the final date of 10 June be postponed until all mediums (Skype; Zoom; Teams), I believe parties have been notified and a subsequent meeting that communication between neighbouring could be held between all affected neighbours. farm owners can easily be resolved.
We trust the above request meet your approval. PLEASE INDICATE TO US WHO ARE THE PARTIES THAT HAVE NOT RECEIVED With kind regards, OUR Jaco van der Walt COMMUNICATIONS?
Regards
Brand van Zyl
3. Smut Matengu Dear Mr Brand van Zyl Urban Green cc Dear Mr. S. Matengu,
NamPower I thank you for your email sent to NamPower, identified (27/05/2020) Your email below refers. as a potentially Interested and Affected Party (I&AP) (27/05/2020) Thank you for your comment, it is noted. and requesting for information to enable an application of an ECC for the proposed Eco-Tourism Lodge. Regards
NamPower’s Omubru – Gerus 220kV power line passes Brand van Zyl through adjacent farmlands on the western side of Heidehof farm No. 52, and it will not be affected by the proposed project.
Hence, NamPower does not have any comments or objections towards the proposed development.
Kind Regards,
Smut Matengu
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
4. Issues raised during 1. Ownership and Responsibility Minutes of 1. Ownership and responsibility meeting held at Meeting held at 1.1 Kindly provide full details of new owners of Otjikoko 1.1 During the development phase of the Farm Omburo Ost TimBila Pty (Ltd) including an organogram with full contact project key personnel to contact in case of No. 51 details of all responsible parties: Owner(s), Caretakers, (08/08/2020) emergency as well as to maintain good (13/06/2020) Veterinarians, Operations & Maintenance Managers, communication channels between neighbours Dawie Minnaar etc. This information shall be used in case of and new Owners is as follows: emergency as well as to maintain good communication Head of Dawie Minnaar - C.O.O channels between neighbours and owners. Operations 081 128 6183 2. Fence N/a'an ku sê [email protected] Collection 2.1 In order to fully understand the proposed boundary Johan Koortzen - Farm Manager fence, please provide a detailed map indicating the 081 433 5236 extent of the wildlife fence, particularly crossing the Omaruru river and Otjikoko & Otjihaenamaparero [email protected] mountains, keeping in mind the aim to conserve With the progress of the project, the details of landscape. key personnel will be shared as they get added to the organogram. 2.2 Kindly provide full details of maintaining the wildlife fence as well as the existing 1.2m boundary fence 9+- 2. Fence 10m parallel to the newly erected wildlife fence) in 2.1 Everyone has a clear understanding of the future, especially during the rainy season. Please keep aimed route of the boundary fence. A detailed in mind the FENCING ACT clearly stipulating the map will be done after final planning of upkeep of border fences on a 50/50 basis agreed upon. accessible route through the mountains.
2.3 It shall be noted that the area surrounding the 2.2 Daily fence patrols by anti-poaching and proposed development, has a high density of pangolins maintenance team for electric fault finding and which easily get entangled in the wire mesh. Kindly possible breach of poachers will take place. explain the need for the wire mesh and how entanglement of any animal shall be prevented. The company will adhere to the Fencing Act on the 1.2m boundary fence, on the terms 2.4 Please provide details about the electrification of the below. fence, shall the fence ne electrified on both sides of the A scope of work to do needs to be agreed on
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
wildlife fence? and costed by both parties before work gets done. 2.5 How will the proposed Access Gate be controlled and operated on a public road with 24/7 traffic? 50/50 basis of current boundary fences reflects on current standard of fences and 3. Animals does not hold the company liable for 50% off 3.1 Kindly provide a list of animal species that will be upgrading cost. introduced in the newly fenced area. 2.3 With patrols currently on the completed 3.2 Kindly provide information on how the situation will stretch of fence, no entangled pangolins have be dealt with, if animals escape through the fence, been found. especially when creating damage to property or The wire netting is a requirement on a game livestock on nearby farms. How will these farmers be fence for large carnivores such as wild dogs. compensated for damages caused by the introduction With daily patrols this will be monitored. of these animals; will farmer be compensated at fair market value? 2.4 Electric specification on the fence is according to regulations with the specs for 3.3 What is your opinion on natural migration paths and large game and predators. The fence height is genetic exchange of free roaming animals, which will be 2.4m with double offset 250mm above ground lost due to erecting a wildlife fence? on both sides of fence, double offset on 1.2m 3.4 How can the surrounding farms contribute to the on the inside of the fence and a double offset proposed research activities? Would it be possible to on 2.4m both sides of the fence. gain access to the research results? 2.5 Gates will be manned 24/7 by APU 3.5 How will fodder and life animals be guaranteed in an members on a rotation basis. Concerns about event of extreme drought? gate personnel not being awake late nights 4. Community and wasting a lot of time for neighbours passing through gates often, will be dealt with 4.1 We strongly the owners of Otjikoko Pty Ltd to as reported. become members of both, Kalkfeld and Omaruru Farmers Associations. Being members is extremely 3. Animals beneficial in emergency situations, especially during 3.1 We will provide a list when we have done feld fires and Anti-poaching operations. Both Farmer the impact study, and game management plan Associations have overlapping radio channels to
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
maximise communication throughout these emergency is ready to action. events. 3.2 Large carnivores, lions and wild dogs will 4.2 We strongly support your plans of initiating a be collared and closely monitored. In case of a permanent Anti-Poaching unit and offer our assistance breached fence, neighbours will be informed in whatever aspect. immediately and be updated off movement until recaptured. (we can monitor movement 4.3 We as immediate neighbours request an open and with 10 minutes interval downloads from transparent relationship with Otjikoko Pty Ltd as is the collar). Insurance is in place for any damage case with owner operated Erindi Game Reserve and its to property or loss of livestock if this might be surrounding farmers. needed. 4.4 Kindly include the above list of members in all type 3.2 Natural migration paths already interfered of communication unless requested to be removed. within the surrounding area because of the existing game fences. Because of this, genetic exchange will have to be managed outside game fences on similar method as inside fenced off areas. A joint project on game management between Neighbouring farmers and Private Reserves could have very positive results for conservation in Namibia.
3.4 Surrounding farms can contribute in a huge way. We have already shared information on a collared Hyena that we have not observed. Once the research projects are active on Timbila, we will discuss how to share information and what the focus will be on.
3.5 It is our responsibility to provide extra feed for our animals during droughts, as we have done in previous dry seasons.
4. Community
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
4.1 Members of the Kalkveld Farmers Association will also become members of the Omaruru Farmers Association. It is important for us to be part of the community, to know our community, and to assist with challenges and emergencies.
4.2 We have proved on Naankuse and surrounding area, that the APU and our involvement and assistance with security issues has had great affect in reducing the crime rate.
4.3 Everyone to agree to this request and we would like to request the same from our side to avoid confusion because of incorrect information.
4.4 Everyone on the list will be copied in on all communication in this regard
5. Mr. Conrad M. Dear Mr. van Zyl, Urban Green cc Dear Elina, Lutombi Your Letter of 18 May 2020 has reference. (27/05/2020) Thank you, I confirm receipt of the RA’s Roads Authority Note is taken of the intended submission to the comments. (26/06/2020) Environmental Commission of an application for an Regards Environmental Clearance Certificate for the Timbila Eco-Tourism lodge and related activities on farm Brand van Zyl Ozondjisse no. 55 & farm Osera Omewa no. 54 & farm Geidehof no. 52, located in the Erongo Region.
The Roads Authority would like to be registered as affected and interested party on this project.
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
Your letter states that “accesses control along D2329 to the western entrance into Farm Heidehof No. 52 and the Eastern entrance into Farm Osera-Omewa No. 54 will be applied for purpose of conservation and anti- poaching”.
Would you please provide us with the type of access control that you would like to apply in this regard?
It should be remembered that a proclaimed road is a public road and the public thus has the right to use the road unhindered. Please see attached copy of Section 37 of the Roads Ordinance, 1972 (Ordinance 17 of 1972) which deals with “Infringements and obstructions on and interference with proclaimed roads”.
It is the duty of the Roads Authority, on behalf of the Government, to see to it that the stipulations of the Ordinance are respected.
Yours sincerely,
Conrad M. Lutombi
6. Mr. Neville Andre Dear Mr. van Zyl, Urban Green cc Dear Mr. N. Andre,
th Governor: Erongo I hereby confirm receipt of your letter dated 18 May (27/05/2020) Thank you, I confirm receipt of the Region 2020. communication. (20/05/2020) I would also like to register my Office as an Interested The Erongo Regional Council will be kept and Affected Party in line with Regulation 21 of the informed and updated. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (EIA), especially as the proposed Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge Regards and Tended Camp, will be established in the Erongo Region. Brand van Zyl
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NO. NAME COMMENTS NAME RESPONSE
Our particular interests are mostly around the preservation and conservation of our rich natural, historic and cultural resources and biodiversity in the proposed area.
Apart from my Office’s registration as Interested and Affected Party line with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (EIA), I would also like to request your office to provide a report to our office in order to enable us to provide comments.
Please Mr. Van Zyl, accept the assurances of this office’s highest esteem.
Sincerely yours,
Neville Andre
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6.1.2 SECOND ROUND OF CONSULTATION Engagement with the public and authorities as part of the second round of public consultation commenced on the 2nd of October and concluded on the 16th of October 2020. During the second round of consultation, I&APs and authorities were given an opportunity to submit comments on the Draft Scoping Report.
6.1.2.1 Activities of Public Engagement Activities undertaken during the 2nd round to ensure effective and adequate I&AP involvement, are as follows:
• A notification email (Appendix D14) informing all affected authorities and registered I&APs of the availability of the Draft Scoping Report and request for comment was distributed on 2 October 2020.
• A public notice (Appendix D15) announcing the availability of the Draft Scoping Report and request for comment were placed on the 2nd of October 2020 at the Customer Care Centre of the Erongo Regional Council and Omaruru Rural Constituency Offices.
• The Draft Scoping Report with a Comment Sheet and Register were made available on the 2nd of October 2020 at the Customer Care Centre of the Erongo Regional Council and Omaruru Rural Constituency Offices. Date stamped copies of the mentioned Comment Sheets is attached as Appendix D16.
• The Draft Scoping Report with a Comment Sheet and Register were made available at the offices of Urban Green cc on the 2nd of October 2020.
6.1.2.2 Comments Received and Responses Provided No comments were received in response to the Draft Scoping Report.
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7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS
This chapter provides a description and assessment of the key issues of concern and potential impacts associated with the construction of the Timbila Lodge. Mitigation measures relevant to the planning, design, construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the development as appropriate are recommended. These measures are aimed at avoiding, minimising, or rehabilitating negative impacts or enhancing potential benefits. The significance of potential impacts without and with mitigation is also provided.
7.1 METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT
The assessment process consisted of two phases, the first being the screening phase and the second the scoping phase, as explained below.
7.1.1 SCREENING METHODOLOGY
Each of the potential impacts identified during public consultation and the scoping assessment was screened according to a set of questions (Figure 7.1), which resulted in highlighting the key impacts requiring further assessment.
This list of impacts that were subjected to a scoping assessment is presented in Table 7.2 and Table 7.15, below, as per the evaluation criteria presented in Table 7.1.
Does the issue fall within the scope of this project and the responsibility of Otjikoko (PTY Ltd
YES NO
Can be Key issue for Refer to relevant addressed assessment authority without further investigation
Carried over to Further EMP investigation required
Figure 7.1: Screening process for determining key impacts
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7.1.2 SCOPING ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
The key impacts, identified after carrying out screening (see Section 7.1.1 above), were evaluated in terms of duration (time scale), extent (spatial scale), intensity (magnitude), probability, and status, in combination with providing the expected significance. The means of arriving at the different significance ratings is explained in Table 7.1 below.
These criteria are used to ascertain the significance of the impact, firstly in the case of no mitigation and then with the most effective mitigation measure(s) in place. The significance of an impact is derived by considering the temporal and spatial scales and magnitude. Such significance is also informed by the context of the impact, i.e. the character and identity of the receptor of the impact.
Table 7.1: Criteria for impact evaluation CRITERIA CATEGORY
Impact This is a description of the expected impact
Nature Positive – environment overall will benefit from the impact Negative – environment overall will be adversely affected by the impact Neutral – environment overall will not be affected
Extent Site Specific: Expanding only as far as the activity itself (onsite) Small: Restricted to the site’s immediate environment within 1 km of the site (limited) Medium: Within 5 km of the site (local) Large: Beyond 5 km of the site (regional)
Duration Reviews the lifetime of the impact, as being - Very short – days, <3 days Short - days, <1 month) Medium - months, <1 year Long - years, 1 -10 years Permanent - >10 years
Intensity Establishes whether the magnitude of the impact is destructive or innocuous and whether it exceeds set standards, and is described as – None (No environmental functions and processes are affected); Low (Environmental functions and processes are negligibly affected); Medium (Environment continues to function but in a noticeably modified manner); High (Environmental functions and processes are altered such that they temporarily or permanently cease and/or exceed legal standards/requirements).
Probability Considers the likelihood of the impact occurring and is described as – Improbable (low likelihood),
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CRITERIA CATEGORY Probable (distinct possibility), Highly probable (most likely) or Definite (impact will occur regardless of prevention measures).
Significance (no None (A concern or potential impact that, upon evaluation, is found to have no mitigation) significant impact at all) Low (Any magnitude, impacts will be localised and temporary. Accordingly, the impact is not expected to require amendment to the project design) Moderate (Impacts of moderate magnitude locally to regionally in the short term. Accordingly, the impact is expected to require modification of the project design or alternative mitigation) High (Impacts of high magnitude locally and in the long term and/or regionally and beyond. Accordingly, the impact could have a “no go” implication for the project unless mitigation or re-design is practically achievable)
Mitigation Description of possible mitigation measures
Significance None (A concern or potential impact that, upon evaluation, is found to have no (with mitigation) significant impact at all) Low (Any magnitude, impacts will be localised and temporary. Accordingly, the impact is not expected to require amendment to the project design) Moderate (Impacts of moderate magnitude locally to regionally in the short term. Accordingly, the impact is expected to require modification of the project design or alternative mitigation) High (Impacts of high magnitude locally and in the long term and/or regionally and beyond. Accordingly, the impact could have a “no go” implication for the project unless mitigation or re-design is practically achievable)
Confidence The degree of confidence in the predictions, based on the availability of level information and specialist knowledge. Low (based on the availability of specialist knowledge and other information) Medium (based on the availability of specialist knowledge and other information) High (based on the availability of specialist knowledge and other information)
The decision as to which combination of alternatives and mitigation measures to apply lies with Otjikoko Pty Ltd as the proponent, and their acceptance and approval ultimately with the relevant Competent Authority.
7.1.3 MITIGATION APPLICATION METHODOLOGY
There is a hierarchy of actions which can be undertaken to respond to any development or activity. These cover avoidance, minimisation, and compensation. It is possible and considered sought after to enhance the environment by ensuring that positive gains are included in the development. If negative impacts occur then the hierarchy, as a guiding philosophy, recommends the following steps.
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• Impact avoidance: This step is most effective when applied at an early stage of project planning. It can be achieved by:
o not undertaking certain actions or elements that could result in adverse impacts;
o avoiding areas that are environmentally sensitive; and
o putting in place preventative measures to stop adverse impacts from occurring.
• Impact minimisation: This step is usually taken during impact identification and prediction to limit or reduce the degree, extent, magnitude, or duration of adverse impacts. It can be achieved by:
o scaling down or relocating the proposal;
o redesigning elements of the project; and
o implementing mitigation measures to manage the impacts.
• Impact compensation: This step is usually applied to remedy unavoidable residual adverse impacts. It can be achieved by:
o rehabilitation of the affected site or environment, for example, by habitat enhancement;
o restoration of the affected site or environment to its previous state or better; and
o replacement of the same resource values at another location (off-set), for example, by wetland engineering to provide an equivalent area to that lost to drainage or infill.
7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFIED
The information presented in this section has mainly been drawn from the assessment conducted by the EAP and public consultation undertaken.
For this assessment’s purpose the issues and impacts identified are grouped according to the main development phases – i.e. the construction phase, operational phase, and decommissioning and closure phase. Sections 7.2.1, 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 give a broad overview of each potential impact expected during the three phases, while a comprehensive assessment outcome with mitigations is presented for each potential impact.
7.2.1 CONSTRUCTION-RELATED IMPACTS
The construction activities which have been considered include those activities based on the information provided by the proponent and project engineers.
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Construction impacts are apart from a few, mostly temporary in nature, but may result in permanent damage if not addressed in time and in an effective manner. Details concerning the potential impacts expected during the construction phase are briefly discussed below.
Detailed mitigation measures and environmental requirements having direct relevance to the expected construction impacts are presented in the tables below and in the Environmental Management Plan (Appendix B).
Table 7.2 below presents the potential impacts expected to occur during the construction phase of the development, while Table 7.3 to Table 7.14 presents each potential impact and outcome in detail.
Table 7.2: Key issues and potential impacts expected during the construction phase IMPACT CAUSE
Vegetation clearance Erosion & Sedimentation Trenches & excavated areas
Ground and Surface Water Waste disposal Pollution Hazardous material & liquid disposal
Vegetation clearance & removal of trees Habitat Destruction and Loss of Erosion & sedimentation Biodiversity Poaching
Vegetation clearance Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Poorly planned construction sites Place Insensitive infrastructure design and scale
Dust nuisance
Noise and vibration nuisance
Socio-Economic Traffic safety Health, safety, and security
Employment creation (positive impact)
Heritage and Archaeological Removal and/or disturbance Resources
Unacceptable high levels of consumption Natural Resources (water & energy) Wastage
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7.2.1.1 Erosion and Sedimentation
Erosion and sedimentation will take place in the event that soils are exposed to the natural elements (i.e. winds and rains) through clearing of vegetation or steep excavations, which in turn could result in seasonal (rain season) degradation of habitats and visual downgrade. The amount of erosion and sediment transport is related to what time of the year the construction activities occur and the duration thereof. If clearing and grading activities take place during the wetter months of the year (November to March), substantially more erosion would result.
The Soil Conservation Act 76 of 1969 requires the prevention and combating of soil erosion; the conservation, improvement, and manner of use of the soil and vegetation; and the protection of water sources.
Considering the natural conditions (i.e. topography, soil composition and vegetation cover) (see sections 5.1.3, 5.1.4 & 5.1.5), erosion and sedimentation can be expected if not effectively managed and mitigated. However, due to the relatively small nature of the construction project, the impact is expected to be relatively low. Table 7.3 below presents the detailed assessment outcome.
Table 7.3: Impact assessment pertaining to erosion and sedimentation CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk Event Erosion and Sedimentation
Nature of Impact Negative
Extent Site Specific
Duration Medium
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate
Apply acceptable engineering standards and design, or Best Management Practices (BMP). BMPs are defined as physical, structural, and/or managerial practices, that when used singly or in combination, prevent or reduce the expected impact/s. Structural BMPs typically include sediment ponds or traps, stabilised construction entrances, filter fences, check dams, and riprap. Managerial BMPs include preserving the natural vegetation, leaving buffer zones, and providing dust control. Mitigation
Plan the timing of construction to avoid clearing and grading during erosive high rainfall months of the year.
Avoid unnecessary and excessive vegetation clearance and disturbance of topsoil.
Limit on-site vehicle speed
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Apply dust suppressant to unpaved areas
Limit or even prohibit activities during high winds
The contractor should draft a Rehabilitation Plan and re-vegetate exposed areas once construction at the particular area ceased. The Rehabilitation Plan should provide for a phased approach ensuring that no large area is exposed to natural elements (e.g. wind, water). Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
Legal Implications Soil Conservation Act 76 of 1969
7.2.1.2 Ground and Surface Water Pollution
It can be expected that the appointed contractor’s camp will be erected on-site for the duration of the construction phase. Construction activities are associated with a variety of potential pollution sources (i.e. cement, oils, diesel, chemicals, paints, etc.), either having a direct and immediate impact or indirect and longer-term impact. As a single incident, for the downstream ground water to be contaminated, exceptionally large quantities of pollutants will have to be released into the environment, of which the volumes are not associated with this type of development. Although, however small these potential sources of pollution might be, it still requires special attention (i.e. planning, control and management) to avoid any potential pollution of the immediate environment and contributing to the cumulative pollution impacts on downstream resources. Consideration should be given to controlling potentially harmful impacts on surface and groundwater while ‘best’ practice measures are applied to minimise the potential for discharges of pollutants to nearby receiving drainage channels in vicinity of the development site.
The soil, geological and hydrological characteristics of the site and surroundings (proximity to Omaruru River) characterise a sensitive status, which in turn indicate a definite and real impact to downstream resources in the event that large quantities of pollutants are released in to the natural environment. Prevention of any form of pollution is thus essential and crucial in the interest of all downstream resources.
The groundwater of the site is regarded as being of moderate good quality and is not expected to be negatively affected by pollution but should be avoided.
Given the environment’s natural characteristics, construction pollution is expected to have a moderate significance before mitigation and a low significance following proper mitigation measures and continues monitoring. With the proper precautionary measures in place, it is unlikely that groundwater contamination will occur at the site and therefore the proposed
50 Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge & Tented Camp Scoping Assessment Report construction phase is not likely to have any detrimental impacts on the groundwater resources of the area.
Table 7.4 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.4: Impact assessment pertaining to groundwater and surface water pollution CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk Event Groundwater and surface water pollution
Nature of Impact Negative
Extent Medium
Duration Long Term
Intensity Medium
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate Draft and implement a Construction Waste Management Plan to be maintained for the duration of the construction phase.
Waste should be stored in appropriate containers in an appropriately constructed area protected against exposure to high intensity rainfall.
Waste should be frequently disposed of.
Storage and service areas must be sited in areas away from the alluvial sediments and / or drainage channels.
Storage of any material or substance that may cause pollution to water sources should be safely handled and stored in accordance with appropriate legislation. Contractor should submit a Method Mitigation Statement for the purpose of handling and storage of hazardous materials on-site.
A Storm Water Management Plan should be drafted to be maintained for the duration of the construction time frame.
Ensure proper maintenance of all construction vehicles and equipment and conduct continuous maintenance and check-ups. Draft and implement a Detailed Preparedness and Emergency Plan for all construction related spillages.
Ensure that oil/ fuel spillages from construction vehicles and machinery are minimised and that where these occur, that they are appropriately dealt with. Polluted soil and building rubble must be transported away from the site to an approved and appropriately classified waste disposal site. Polluted soil must be remediated
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION where possible.
Drip trays must be placed underneath construction vehicles when not in use to contain all oil that might be leaking from these vehicles.
All fuel tanks must be bunded to 120% of the capacity of the tank to contain any spillages that might take place.
Washing of personnel or any equipment should not be allowed on site. Should it be necessary to wash construction equipment these should be done at an area suited and prepared to receive and contain polluted waters. These polluted waters should be transported and disposed at a waste site for hazardous materials.
Appointing qualified and reputable contractors is essential.
Proper training of construction personnel would reduce the possibility of the impact occurring.
‘Best’ practice measures should be applied to minimise the potential discharge of pollutants onto open soil especially near ephemeral rivers intersected by the proposed power line routes.
Method Statements are compulsory for this aspect of the Construction Phase and should be closely monitored by the Environmental Control Officer (ECO). Various Method Statements (e.g. bunding; camp establishment and fencing; concrete batching; bulk earthworks; demolition; fuels and fuel spills; solid waste management; wash areas; storm water management) are required to combat any potential surf/ace and underground water pollution.
Also refer to Section 1.4.5.1 and Appendix E for detail specifications and requirements to avoid any potential impacts.
Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
Legal Implications Water Act No. 54 of 1956, as amended /Soil Conservation Act 76 of 1969 / Hazardous Substances Ordinance No. 14 of 1974, as amended / Public Health Act No. 36 of 1919, as amended
7.2.1.3 Habitat Destruction and Loss of Biodiversity
The construction of the Timbila Lodge will permanently change the present landscape and result in the displacement of existing vegetation and faunal populations, including invertebrates and other living organisms.
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Removal of the natural vegetation cover to make way for the roads, other infrastructure and buildings is inevitable. This should however be done within a carefully planned and responsible manner to avoid unnecessary removal of ground cover or any protected species, as per the Forest Act (No. 12 of 2001, as amended). The removal/clearance of vegetation usually results in the displacement of faunal populations, including vertebrates and invertebrates. Secondary impacts include the generation of noise, dust, and erosion, which may also result in the displacement of faunal species. Some of the smaller species, such as burrow species might not escape the construction activities and might be killed. The planting of invasive alien plants and the creation of areas where invasive species can establish (e.g. denuded areas during construction), could accelerate alien invasions.
From an ecological perspective, the general area is considered sensitive, potentially hosting reptiles, amphibians (during the rainy season), small mammals and other vermin, although all these species have a fairly wide distribution throughout the arid areas of Namibia and are considered to be secure. Notice should be taken of the occurrence of the protected A. erioloba trees (Camelthorn trees), that might be present on the construction site, which should be protected and incorporated during the construction phase as far as possible.
The eventual and actual development area (footprint) will be relatively small and therefore only have localised negative impacts on the environment and associated flora and fauna. The impact associated with habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity is expected to have a moderate significance rating prior to mitigation and low after mitigation.
Table 7.5 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.5: Impact assessment pertaining to habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk Event Habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity
Nature of Impact Negative
Extent Site Specific
Duration Long Term
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate Conduct a Pre-construction Vegetation Survey to establish protected/endangered species to be marked and incorporated into the development.
Mitigation Avoid clear felling i.e. removal of all the indigenous trees/shrubs and grasses of the area prior to development. If required to remove indigenous trees introduce a policy of re-establishing (i.e. planting) 5 indigenous tree species for each indigenous species removed.
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Incorporate the protected species as well as some of the other bigger tree/shrub specimens in the overall final landscaping of the area. The bigger tree/shrubs often serve as habitat to a myriad of indigenous fauna – e.g. loose bark, cavities, etc. Indigenous species also require less maintenance and water than exotic species.
Identify and mark trees or other vegetation that should be protected and that should not be removed during construction.
Show overall environmental commitment by adapting a minimalistic damage approach.
A Rehabilitation Plan should address all aspects of the natural environment on completion of construction and prior to operation.
Eradicate and remove the invasive alien species located throughout the area.
Restrict construction vehicle movement to the site and restrict movement into the No-Go areas or beyond the construction site boundaries.
No hunting, trapping, setting of snares or any other disturbance of any fauna species.
During the planning phase of the construction period, the appointed contractor should identify areas for lay down areas and construction vehicle sites within areas that are already cleared or disturbed.
Only prominent gravel tracks should be utilised during the construction phase, to avoid track proliferation. Off-road driving should be strictly prohibited.
Permits should be obtained for protected plant species that unavoidably need to be removed.
Construction activities should be subject to well-coordinated planning to avoid unnecessary removal of vegetation particularly protected plant species. Unnecessary destruction of habitats within the footprint of the construction site should be avoided. Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
Legal Implications Forest Act No. 12 of 2001, as amended / Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 4 of 1975, as amended / Soil Conservation Act No. 76 of 1969, as amended
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7.2.1.4 Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Place
Construction activities are known to have a visual impact owed to the nature of the activity, although temporary in lifespan. The significance of this impact is linked to the topography and vegetation occurrence at the site, as well as the scale and distance between the impact and the receptor.
Considering the topography, vegetation cover and distance to surrounding receptors, the construction site would not be highly visible. The only change in visual aesthetics and the sense of place would be at the construction site itself.
Given the small scale of the construction activities expected in the development area and temporary nature of these, no significant change to the visual character of the landscape is expected. The sense of place at the construction site will temporarily change to that associated with a construction site. Poorly planned construction activities will result in unnecessary disturbance to the areas adjacent to the development site and should therefore be avoided. Therefore, caution should be applied from the side of the appointed contractor not to unnecessarily detract from the existing visual character and sense of place of the receiving environment.
The significance of the pre-mitigation visual impact on the area of the development site during the construction phase is expected to be moderate. Mitigation measures exist to reduce the significance of the impact to low.
Table 7.6 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.6: Impact assessment pertaining to visual aesthetics and sense of place CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Visual aesthetics and sense of place
Nature of Impact Negative
Extent Site specific
Duration Medium
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate
Keep as much natural vegetation on site as possible to screen construction site and activities. Undertake rehabilitation of the disturbed areas. Mitigation Restrict the amount of structures on site and restrict the height to a maximum of 3 meters, where possible.
If possible, structures should be painted in natural colours to
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION lessen the visual impact.
The contractor’s campsite should be located and screened in such a way that it minimises, as far as practicably possible, the visibility of the campsite.
Limit construction vehicle movement in the area to a minimum and use designated pre-demarcated routes having the least possible impacts on residents.
Keep the construction site tidy and clean of any construction waste. The appointed contractor should ensure that adequate temporary disposal facilities are available on site. Products that can be re used or recycled need to be kept separate. Waste should be disposed of regularly and at appropriate facilities. Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
7.2.1.5 Socio-economic Implication
Construction activities are associated with a variety of impacts that has either a direct or indirect implication on the surrounding residents’ living conditions and/or socio-economic status, as covered below.
(i) Income Generation & Skills Transfer (Employment)
Construction makes use of larger numbers of unskilled labour, as well as skilled labour although to a lesser extent, which does not only contribute to income generation and a security of better livelihoods but contributes to skills transfer as well. The real impact thereof depends on the size of the workforce required and duration of the construction phase.
Considering the socio-economic standing of the Region, a serious need for employment opportunities and improved living conditions exists, which would contribute to achieve Vision 2030.
It is important that local people be employed and that the necessary opportunities exist for unskilled labour to undergo on the job training and skills enhancement.
Table 7.7 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
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Table 7.7: Impact assessment pertaining to income generation & skills transfer CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Income Generation & Skills Transfer (Employment)
Nature of Impact Positive
Extent Large
Duration Medium
Intensity High (to the unemployed)
Probability Definite
Significance (no mitigation) High (to the unemployed)
Mitigation No mitigation required
Significance (with mitigation) High (to the unemployed)
Confidence level High
(ii) Economic Benefit to the Construction Industry
The construction of the services, as well as all other buildings will have a direct positive implication on the currently struggling construction industry, which is one of the most important employers. It is crucial that local contractors be appointed and that as many as possible of the locally available construction material be used throughout the construction of the lodge development.
Table 7.8 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.8: Impact assessment pertaining to economic benefit to the construction industry CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Economic Benefit to the Construction Industry
Nature of Impact Positive
Extent Large
Duration Medium
Intensity High
Probability Definite
Significance (no mitigation) High
Mitigation No mitigation required
Significance (with mitigation) High
Confidence level High
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(iii) Dust & Emissions
The air quality in the area is considered good, based on the potential impact that current activities in the area are likely to have on air quality.
Dust and emissions are associated with construction activities (i.e. digging; clearing; excavating; transport of materials) of which the severity is related to the extent of the development and the nature of the receiving environment.
Considering the prevailing winds throughout the year and the surrounding receptors, dust nuisance is not expected to be of any significance. However, dust control is considered important (i.e. Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance No 11 of 1976, as amended & Public Health Act No. 36 of 1919, as amended), which requires effective mitigations (Appendix B).
Table 7.9 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.9: Impact assessment pertaining to dust and emissions CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Dust and emissions
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Small
Duration Medium
Intensity Low
Probability Definite
Significance (no mitigation) Low
Regular dust suppression, if required, during times of strong winds, should minimise dust impacts mainly with respect to the contractor’s staff. Dust suppression by means of wetting should only be done with treated wastewaters.
Removal of vegetation should be restricted to the minimum and what is necessary.
Mitigation Construction activities during high winds should be limited to those activities not generating dust.
Handling and transport of erodible materials should be avoided under high wind conditions.
Where possible, topsoil stockpiles should be in sheltered areas and covered.
Appropriate dust suppression measures should be used when
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION dust generation is unavoidable particularly during prolonged dry periods in summer. Such measures shall also include the use of temporary stabilising measures.
No fires should be allowed on-site for any what purpose and construction waste are not allowed to be burned on-site.
It is imperative that all machinery and vehicles on site is road worthy and do not give rise to excessive smoke or emissions.
The contractor’s personnel are to be provided with access to dust masks. Significance (with mitigation) Low - none
Confidence level High
Given the expected scale of dust generation activities and the distance to the nearest receiver, dust, and emissions from construction activities, although being temporary in nature are expected to have a low pre-mitigation impact significance rating and low to none post- mitigation. The reduction in the impact significance rating relates mostly to occupational dust impacts.
(iv) Construction Noise & Vibration
Noises and vibrations are synonymous with the construction phase, as heavy construction vehicles and machinery operates. The scale of the construction activities and type of construction activity, as well as the locality of the surrounding receptors determine the significance to this construction activity.
The severity of these impacts is likely to be more significant to those receptors living close by, compared to those further away. There are no receptors close enough to the construction site to be affected by noise and vibration.
The prevailing wind direction and strength may increase the impact-radius of construction noises, but is expected to be minimal, considering the prevailing wind direction as well as the distance to receptors.
Table 7.10 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.10: Impact assessment pertaining to noise and vibration CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Noise and Vibration
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Small
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Duration Medium
Intensity Low
Probability Highly Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Low Appropriate directional and intensity settings are to be maintained on all hooters and sirens.
No amplified music should be allowed on site.
Inform immediate neighbours of construction activities to commence and provide for continuous communication between the neighbours and residents engineer.
The contractor shall not use sound amplification equipment on site unless in emergency situations.
Limit construction times to acceptable daylight hours.
Should blasting be required all residents as per the legal requirements should be informed. Blasting times must be limited to the hours from 08:00 to 17:00 during weekdays only. Blasting should be considered as the last option. Mitigation
Screen construction activities from residential, social, and business entities as far as reasonably possible.
The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on maximum noise levels (guidelines for Community Noise, 1999) to prevent hearing impairment can be followed during the construction phase. This limits noise levels to an average of 70db over a 24-hour period with maximum noise levels not exceeding 110db during the period.
All construction vehicles and machinery should be kept in good working condition. If any noise-related complaints are registered the applicable construction vehicles and machinery should be fitted with noise reduction devices.
Personnel working in noisy environments must be issued with hearing protectors. Significance (with mitigation) Low-none
Confidence level High
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Given the small scale of the development and resulting construction activities; the construction period being temporary and the existing sources of noise ‘pollution’, the potential impact is regarded as having low-none significance after mitigation.
(v) Traffic & Safety
Construction activities are associated with an increase in vehicles of different kinds (i.e. delivery vehicles and construction vehicles) to and from the site, which inevitably increase risk and conflict.
A limited number of delivery vehicles and construction vehicles are expected to use the D2404 and D2329 District roads. Both these roads are gravel roads and are frequently used by tourists and farmers. District Road D2329 runs through the development area and it is proposed to make use of access control on this road by means of access gates where it enters and exits the development. The gates will be manned 24/7 by Anti-Poaching Unit members on a rotation basis.
The significance of this conflict on these roads is expected to be moderate due to the limited number of vehicles needed to service the development site because of its small size. However, all intersections and junctions should be considered dangerous and requires caution from both the construction vehicle drivers and other road users. Strict road safety measures will have to be applied during the construction phase.
Table 7.11 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.11: Impact assessment pertaining to traffic and safety CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Traffic and Safety
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Small
Duration Medium
Intensity Moderate
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate Contractor’s personnel should adhere to speed limits.
Appropriate signs should be in place along the roads being used by construction vehicles notifying road users of the construction Mitigation activity and roads used by construction vehicles.
Drivers of construction vehicles should have valid driver’s licenses with ample experience on proper road usage and manners on-site as well as when making use of public roads.
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Construction vehicles’ need to be in a road worthy condition and maintained throughout the construction phase.
Make use of predetermined roads to the site and refrain from creating new roads.
The movement of heavy vehicles from and to the site must occur outside of peak traffic hours (thus after 08h30 and before 16h30). Delivery vehicles should preferably stick to the same times to avoid peak hour traffic and resulting nuisance to residents.
Provide traffic signals and road markings where necessary to ensure safe traffic movement.
Provide traffic signals and take necessary safety measures while constructing access gates on the D2329 district road. Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
The pre-mitigation impact is regarded as moderate, which can be reduced to low after appropriate mitigation measures have been implemented.
(vi) Health, Safety & Security
Areas within which construction activities takes place is usually associated with criminal activity, posing a security risk to those residing in the area. It is not to say that these criminal activities are because of the construction staff but it is known to happen in the vicinity of construction sites. Prostitution is also associated with construction activities especially where construction labourers reside in temporary accommodation near or on site/s.
Construction of the development has the potential for accidental injury, either minor or major accidents, to both construction workers and nearby residents. On-site safety of all personnel is an important responsibility of the appointed contractor and should be adhered to in accordance with the requirements of the Labour Act (No 11 of 2007) and the Public Health Act (No. 36 of 1919). Ensuring that the construction activities do not pose any danger to the surrounding residents is important. The contractor’s site and construction site should be properly secured to prevent any injury or harm to the residents and/or any local fauna.
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Table 7.12 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.12: Impact assessment pertaining to health, safety, and security CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Health, Safety and Security
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Small
Duration Medium
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate Ensure that all construction personnel are trained depending on the nature of their work.
Provide for a first aid kit and trained person to apply first aid when necessary. A wellness program should be initiated to raise awareness on health issues, especially the impact of sexually transmitted diseases. Restrict unauthorised access to the site and implement access control measures.
Clearly demarcate the construction site boundaries along with signage of no unauthorised access.
Clearly demarcate dangerous areas and no-go areas on site. Mitigation
Staff and visitors to the site must be fully aware of all health safety measures and emergency procedures.
Contractors should provide condoms to all their staff.
The contractor must comply with all applicable occupational health and safety requirements. The workforce should be provided with all necessary Personal Protective Equipment including earplugs.
All affected landowners should be notified at least one month in advance who the appointed contractor is and provided with details about the proposed construction activities and timeline. Significance (with mitigation) Low-none
Confidence level High
These potential impacts hold moderate significance and can with appropriate mitigations reduce its impact to low-none.
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(vii) Heritage / Archaeological Resources
No record of any cultural or historical importance or on-site resemblance of any nature could be located as part of this study. No known heritage sites or proclaimed national monuments are located within the footprint of the development.
There has been no discovery of any archaeological finds within the immediate area surrounding the site to date. It is however important to be informed and cautious in the event should any potential remains be discovered during the construction activities. If any heritage or cultural significant artefacts are however found during the construction phase, construction must stop, and the National Heritage Council of Namibia immediately notified.
In the event that any archaeological materials, such as human remains, burial sites and other artefacts, are uncovered during earthworks, works in the area are to be stopped immediately, and the chance-find immediately reported to the Environmental Site Manager and the National Monuments Council.
Table 7.13 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.13: Impact assessment pertaining to heritage / archaeological resources CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Heritage / Archaeological Resources
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Small
Duration Permanent
Intensity Medium
Probability Improbable
Significance (no mitigation) Low Caution should be exercised during the construction phase if archaeological/heritage remains are discovered during the excavations.
The Environmental Site Manager should receive training by a suitably qualified archaeologist with respect to the identification of Mitigation archaeological/heritage remains and the procedures to follow should such remains be discovered during construction.
Any archaeological materials found should be reported to the Environmental Site Manager and the National Monuments Council, and all on-site activities stopped immediately. Details with regards to the procedure to follow is defined in the EMP. Significance (with mitigation) Low-none
Confidence level High
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The probability of locating important archaeological/heritage remains during the construction phase of the development is unlikely. The impact rating associated with such an event is therefore considered to be low before mitigation and low-none after mitigation.
(viii) Natural Resources
The construction phase requires both water and energy of which water is currently the source under pressure. These potential impacts hold moderate significance and can with appropriate mitigations reduce its impact to low (see Table 7.14).
Table 7.14 – Natural resources CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Natural Resources
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Large
Duration Permanent
Intensity Medium
Probability High Probability
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate There should be no tolerance towards water wastage.
Treated wastewater should be obtained and used for the bulk of Mitigation the construction requirements.
Temporary catchment dams should be constructed to capture water if construction takes place during the rainy season. Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
7.2.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE
These impacts are usually more permanent in nature or at least until decommissioning of the development. Different from the construction related impacts, no Management Plan is provided for the operational phase, but rather recommendations are made to existing policies or plans to be applied.
Details with regards to the potential impacts expected during the operational phase are briefly discussed below. Detailed mitigation measures and environmental requirements having direct relevance to the expected operational phase impacts are presented in the tables below.
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Table 7.15 below presents the potential impacts expected to occur during the operational phase of the development, while Table 7.16 to Table 7.22 present the outcome of each.
Table 7.15: Key potential impacts expected during the operational phase IMPACT CAUSE
Storm water Erosion & Sedimentation Vegetation clearance
Ground and Surface Water Waste disposal Pollution Hazardous material and liquids disposal
Vegetation clearance Habitat Destruction and Loss of Erosion & sedimentation Biodiversity Poaching
Vegetation clearance / altered vegetation Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Architectural design & scale of buildings Place Land use change
Emissions and dust nuisance
Noise
Socio-Economic Traffic safety
Health, safety, and security
Employment creation (positive impact)
Unacceptable high level of consumption Natural Resources (water & Wastage electricity) No sustainable practises
7.2.2.1 Erosion and Sedimentation
Erosion and sedimentation during the operational phase is highly unlikely, as provision will be made for storm water management and none to very little vegetation clearance is intended. Some erosion and sedimentation can be expected along the gravel roads, which would occur during the rainy season.
The Soil Conservation Act 76 of 1969 requires the prevention and combating of soil erosion; the conservation, improvement, and manner of use of the soil and vegetation; and the protection of water sources.
The gravel roads should be assessed during and after the rainy season and preventative measures and designs applied to avoid continues erosion.
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Table 7.16 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.16: Impact assessment pertaining to erosion and sedimentation CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Erosion and Sedimentation
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Site specific
Duration Long Term
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Very low The stormwater culverts and system should be well maintained. Mitigation The occurrence of erosion should be monitored and mitigated. Significance (with mitigation) Low-none
Confidence level Definite
Given that storm water management will be applied as part of the architectural and engineering designs, the potential occurrence and the impact significance rating of erosion and resulting sedimentation is rated as very low before mitigations and none following proper mitigation measures.
7.2.2.2 Ground and Surface Water Pollution
The soil, geological and hydrological (see section 5.1.4, 5.1.5 & 5.5.6) characteristics of the site and surroundings characterise a sensitive status, which in turn indicate a definite and real impact to downstream resources in the event that large quantities of pollutants are released in to the natural environment. Prevention of any form of pollution is thus essential and crucial in the interest of all downstream resources.
As a single incident, for the downstream ground water to be contaminated, exceptionally large quantities of pollutants will have to be released into the environment, of which volumes are not associated with this type of development. Although, however small these potential sources of pollution might be, it still requires special attention (i.e. planning, control and management) to avoid any potential pollution of the immediate environment and contributing to the cumulative pollution impacts on downstream resources. Consideration should be given to controlling potentially harmful impacts on surface and groundwater while ‘best’ practice measures are applied to minimise the potential for discharges of pollutants to nearby receiving drainage channels in the vicinity of the development site.
Care should be taken that no nutrients or pollutants be discharged or be able to enter the ground and the groundwater system from any operational activity.
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Sources of potential pollution include but are not limited to hazardous liquids (i.e. diesel/petrol/cleaning liquids) stored at the lodge; leakages from wastewater network; pesticides; improper storage of domestic waste and dumping of waste within open areas. Increased run-off created because of the development (i.e. roofs and other hard surfaces) could enhance pollutant transportation, as well as increased distance pollutants can be transported away from its source. Storm water will follow the natural relief towards the Omaruru River.
The operational activities of the lodge are not associated with any large volumes of potential hazardous liquids to the extent of having a significant risk factor. The greatest risk factor lies with the wastewater network where leakages go undetected. The focus during the operational phase should thus be on the proper management and maintenance of the wastewater network, but also ensuring proper waste management and a zero-waste disposal on the site.
Possible pollution and the significance rating by way of wastewater (and others) is initially considered to be low but has proven to increase in risk over the years as the infrastructure and equipment degrade. Should no management, policing and/or monitoring be done (i.e. no mitigations) from the side of the lodge management, the risk factor can be regarded as high, but can be avoided and reduced to an expected low impact significance following proper mitigation measures and continued monitoring.
Table 7.17 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.17: Impact assessment pertaining to ground and surface water pollution CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Ground and Surface Water Pollution
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Medium (short term) / Large (long term)
Duration Long Term
Intensity High
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) High Continued ‘policing’ from the side of the lodge management.
Continued awareness of harmful practises and keeping of hazardous liquids should be undertaken by the lodge management. Mitigation The discharge of pesticides and herbicides in harmful quantities should be prevented. Pesticides and herbicides should not be used during periods of rainfall; and biodegradable pesticides and herbicides with short half-lives of three days or less should be used. It is recommended to rather use local indigenous flora
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION throughout the landscaped areas and minimise any other plants, trees, and lawns as part of the landscaping areas to minimise the necessity for any pesticides and herbicides.
Ensure that surface water is channelled and captured through a proper storm water system to be treated in an appropriate manner before disposal into the environment. Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level Medium
7.2.2.3 Habitat Destruction and Loss of Biodiversity
The most destructive disturbance to the local habitat takes place during the construction phase, when the land is prepared for the development. The risk of further habitat destruction during the operational phase depends on the mind-set and environmental awareness of the guests, lodge management and staff.
The introduction of human activities daily can place an increased strain on the fauna and flora species if not managed sensitively. Impacts during the operational phase are predominantly associated with the daily operations of humans and poor management practices (e.g. improper waste management, uncontrolled fires, etc.) and irresponsible behaviour (e.g. uncontrolled access to sensitive areas; collecting of plants or animals; killing of snakes, use of general poison, etc.).
The introduction of gardens and in specific non-indigenous plants will results in the greatest change to the habitat and loss of biodiversity. The planting of invasive alien plants and creating areas where invasive species can establish (e.g. denuded areas during construction) could accelerate alien invasions. The spreading of invasive alien species could threaten restricted range species of both plants and animals in subtle ways (e.g. Cunningham et al, 2006).
From an ecological perspective, the general area is considered sensitive, potentially hosting reptiles, amphibians (during the rainy season), small mammals and other vermin, although all these species have a wide distribution throughout the arid areas of Namibia and are considered to be secure. Notice should be taken of the occurrence of the protected A. erioloba trees (Camelthorn trees), on the site, which should be protected and incorporated during the operational phase as far as possible.
Furthermore, the proponent intends on introducing additional wildlife to the fenced area. When reintroducing wildlife, it is important to consider indigenous species that have occurred in the area historically and that the available habitats should be suitable to sustain such species. Creating and/or improving suitable habitat conditions for reintroduced species are often required when converting a traditional cattle ranch to a game orientated system. Determining stocking rates and carrying capacity for wildlife is not easy and would require professional input or else
69 Timbila ECO-Tourism Lodge & Tented Camp Scoping Assessment Report this could result in over- grazing/browsing, inter- and intra-species competition and overall ecological deterioration over time.
The introduction of wildlife and general recommendations of reintroducing wildlife to the area is explained in more detail in Chapter 5.
A concern was also raised during the public participation process, that the area has a high density of pangolins which could get entangled in the wire mash of the proposed game fence. This wire netting is a requirement on a game fence for large carnivores such as wild dogs. Daily fence patrols by the anti-poaching unit and the maintenance team for electric fault finding should therefore be on the lookout for possible entangled pangolins and other animals.
Given the environment’s natural characteristics and expected scale of habitat disturbance, the impacts and significance thereof are expected to be moderate before mitigations and low following proper mitigation measures and continuous monitoring.
Table 7.18 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.18: Impact assessment pertaining to habitat destruction and the loss of biodiversity CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Habitat Destruction and Loss of Biodiversity
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Medium (short term) / Large (long term)
Duration Long Term
Intensity High
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate Conduct a site-specific Vegetation Survey to establish protected/endangered tree/shrub species to be marked and incorporated into the landscaping of the property. If required to remove indigenous trees, introduce a policy of re-establishing (i.e. planting) 5 indigenous tree species for each indigenous species removed. Permits should be obtained for protected plant species that unavoidably need to be removed.
Mitigation Incorporate the protected species as well as some of the other bigger tree/shrub specimens in the overall final landscaping of the property. The bigger tree/shrubs often serve as habitat to a myriad of indigenous fauna – e.g. loose bark, cavities, etc. Indigenous species also require less maintenance and water than exotic species.
Show overall environmental commitment by adapting a minimalistic damage approach.
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Avoid introducing potential invasive alien species – e.g. Lantana, Opuntia, Tecoma, etc. species – in the eventual landscaping (i.e. ornamental plants) as these have the potential of escaping and infesting the local surroundings.
Eradicate and remove the invasive alien species located throughout the area.
No hunting, trapping, setting of snares or any other disturbance of any fauna species within the area.
Avoid unnecessary and excessive vegetation clearance and disturbance of topsoil for purpose of landscaping. With regards to landscaping the following should be done –
• Landscaping should be done using local and indigenous vegetation. • Lawns as part of the landscaping should be limited to the minimum. • No alien species should be used as part of the landscaping.
Game drives and other activities should be done in a coordinated manner and of a minimum impact. Existing tracks should be used for purpose of game drives and animal tracking to restrict any further impact to the ecology.
Guests to the lodge should be informed and educated not to remove any plants or animals from the reserve.
Electric specification on electric game fences should adhere to regulations.
Eliminate point discharges for storm water outflow and release storm water at the same rate as natural runoff restricting erosion and habitat loss.
Daily fence patrols of the proposed game fence should take place.
Consider introducing indigenous species that have occurred in the area historically and that the available habitats be suitable to sustain such species.
Acquire professional inputs when determining stocking rates and carrying capacity for wildlife.
Manage genetic exchange of wildlife inside of fenced area because of interference of natural migration patterns.
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Prevent the killing of species viewed as dangerous – e.g. various snakes – setting of snares (i.e. poaching) or collection of veldt foods (e.g. tortoises). Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level Medium
7.2.2.4 Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Place
The operational phase having the existence of permanent buildings and infrastructure will have more of a built-up or non-rural sense of place. The lasting visual aesthetics is determined by the architectural design and scale of buildings, emphasised by the receiving environment’s topography and vegetation cover.
The site and immediate surroundings currently have a natural feel to it. Considering the development’s topography, vegetation cover and distance to surrounding receptors, the impact of the development site on the sense of place is very site specific.
Given the proposed scale and sensitive architecture of the development, the natural vegetation present on-site and the topography of the larger site, visual impact and change in sense of place and the significance thereof is expected to be moderate before mitigation and low after mitigation. Considering the initial designs of the lodge development it seems as if sensible and sensitive architecture (i.e. design, natural colours, thatched roofs, etc.) would be used aimed at giving a natural look to the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge.
Table 7.19 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.19: Impact assessment pertaining to visual aesthetics and sense of place CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Visual aesthetics and sense of place
Nature of Impact Negative.
Extent Site specific
Duration Permanent
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Moderate Keeping as much natural vegetation within the entire property to enable screening. Landscaping on ground level with indigenous Mitigation trees and shrubs can soften the visual impact from the immediate surroundings. This will increase the sense of place and make the
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION development easier on the eye. Landscaping will further reduce noise impacts, glare, and heat.
Structures and buildings can be constructed or cladded with natural stone to blend with the colours of the immediate surroundings. Buildings should be painted with natural colours to promote blending with the natural environment and to lessen the visual impact.
Care needs to be taken with reflective or bright surfaces so that glare is avoided.
Large areas of bright colours are to be avoided although small areas of colourful accent may be used provided that the colours are chosen to compliment the environment. Generally, darker colours and neutral greys are proposed.
Roofs are usually most visible, and the finishes need to be chosen to reduce the visual impact from elevated positions. Neutral greys are generally most useful in making structures recessive.
Light sources must be placed in such a way, or shielded, to provide light only to the area that needs to be lit. Light spillage and pollution must be minimised.
Introduce architectural guidelines to minimise the impact (i.e. reduce height of structure to the minimum; cover residential dwellings like structures to appear as natural as possible; etc.) Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level Definite
7.2.2.5 Socio-economic Implication
The operational phase of any type of development is associated with a variety of impacts that has either a direct or indirect implication to the surrounding residents.
(i) Income Generation & Skills Transfer (Employment)
Employment in the form of managers, guides, game drivers, chefs and kitchen personnel, waiters, cleaners, and gardeners are the ones most common during the operational phase. For each of these persons and their dependents, the income received will make a substantial difference.
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Considering the current socio-economic standing of the Region, a serious need for employment opportunities and improved living conditions is desperately needed, to be able to achieve Vision 2030.
It is important that local people be employed and that the necessary opportunities exist for unskilled labour to undergo on the job training and skills enhancement.
Table 7.20 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.20: Impact assessment pertaining to Income generation & skills transfer CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Income Generation & Skills Transfer (Employment)
Nature of Impact Positive
Extent Large
Duration Permanent
Intensity High (to the unemployed)
Probability Definite
Significance (no mitigation) High (to the unemployed)
Mitigation No mitigation required
Significance (with mitigation) High (to the unemployed)
Confidence level High
(ii) Noise & Disturbance
Developments of this scale and nature are not associated with activities generating unhealthy noise levels, such as industrial activities or agricultural activities. The increase in vehicle movement to and from the development will have a slight increase in traffic noise compared to the current status but is expected to be of low significance.
Apart from a slight increase in vehicle movement, no other noises of significance are associated with the operational activities. The prevailing wind direction and strength may increase the impact-radius but is expected to be minimal.
The significance of the predicted noise levels from the development’s operations and that of the traffic to and from the development is considered low.
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Table 7.21 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.21: Impact assessment pertaining to noise and disturbance CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Noise and Disturbance
Nature of Impact Negative
Extent Small
Duration Permanent
Intensity Low
Probability Definite
Significance (no mitigation) Low
Mitigation No practical mitigation exists
Significance (with mitigation) Low
Confidence level High
(iii) Traffic & Safety
Operational activities in this respect are associated with vehicle movement of staff and visitors’ to and from the development, which will make use of the district road D2329 to the lodge. As mentioned, it is proposed to make use of access control on District Road D2329 road where it enters and exits the development. The gates will be manned 24/7 by Anti-Poaching Unit members on a rotation basis. Apart from the access gates, no real conflict points exist, and little additional traffic is expected on this road.
The potential pre-mitigation significance is regarded as low, which can be reduced to low-none through applying proper mitigations.
Table 7.22 below presents the comprehensive assessment outcome.
Table 7.22: Impact assessment pertaining to traffic and safety CRITERIA DESCRIPTION
Risk event Traffic and Safety
Nature of Impact Negative
Extent Small
Duration Permanent
Intensity Low
Probability Probable
Significance (no mitigation) Low
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CRITERIA DESCRIPTION Appropriate signs should be placed along the D2329 road, especially warning motorists of the proposed access gates.
Mitigation Proper road designs should be incorporated to limit speeding and warn motorists of junctions and access points. These road signs should be maintained for the duration of the lifetime of the development. Significance (with mitigation) Low-none
Confidence level High
(iv) Land Use Change
The lodge development will because of its small footprint and operational activities (game farming) not result in a change to the land use. Land use will remain farming at a low carrying capacity, which will have less of an environmental impact than cattle farming (i.e. previous land use).
It can be expected that land value will be increased because of the proposed lodge development and associated activities.
The change in land use is expected to have a no negative impact, but in fact a positive impact could be expected.
(v) Natural Resources (Demand vs Supply)
Water Demand:
Given the nature of the development, water forms one of the main ‘ingredients’ and is thus directly dependent on the availability and continuous supply of water. As mentioned, the development would make use of boreholes for its potable water supply.
It can happen that groundwater is over abstracted. Groundwater over abstraction can be defined as abstracting more than the natural inflow / recharge to the aquifer, thus groundwater outflow is greater than groundwater inflow. Since in situ groundwater is an invisible source, sustainable exploiting thereof can only be observed through monitoring groundwater rest levels in conjunction with monitoring abstraction volumes and -rates.
Unless a groundwater balance is established, thus providing an accurate estimation of the surplus volume of groundwater available for abstraction, managing groundwater’s sustainable use is reactionary, i.e. one will only realise over abstraction occurs once the rest water levels start deepening.
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Therefore, to effectively manage the groundwater abstraction to ensure sustainable use, the following mitigation measures must be implemented: • A groundwater monitoring program whereby water levels and abstraction volumes and rates are measured and recorded frequently
• Manage demand and abstraction; reduce abstraction if over abstraction becomes evident
• Implement water conservation measures
In addition, the proponent has indicated that the lodge will make use of sustainable practices and principles to alleviate pressure on the scares water resources, which includes:
• Recycling and reuse of treated wastewater;
• Harvesting of rainwater for purpose of own consumption;
• Restricting gardens to indigenous plants and limited in size; and
• Water wise technologies.
Electricity Demand:
Given the nature of the development, energy forms an equal important commodity as water and is thus directly dependent on the availability and continuous supply thereof.
As mentioned previously in this report, the main electricity will be supplied by means of a PV solar system, augmented by grid electricity supplied by Erongo RED. A backup generator would also be installed to supply electricity in the case of an Erongo RED power failure.
7.2.3 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE
Some development projects require decommissioning and closure. This may become necessary once the intended purpose of the development is no longer required, or its purpose is fulfilled by another development. As in the case of the construction and operational phases of a project, there are potential impacts associated with the decommissioning and closure of a project.
In such an event, the activities are 100% similar to that of the construction phase and is accordingly treated and managed in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan (Appendix B).
7.2.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
As indicated under section 7.2, the introduction of any development can be expected to have both positive and negative impacts on the immediate and surrounding receiving environment (natural and social) during either the construction,- operational- and/or decommissioning phase,
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of which the significance is determined by the nature of the particular activity/ies and the sensitivity of the particular receiving environment.
Some of these impacts will result in having a cumulative impact along with other already existing activities. Cumulative impacts are defined as “those that result from the successive, incremental, and/or combined effects of an action or activity when added to other existing, planned, and/or reasonably anticipated future ones” (International Finance Corporation, 2013).
Although cumulative impacts cannot be entirely avoided, they ought to be significantly reduced by means of sustainable practises and thorough implementation of all recommended mitigation measures and implementation of this Scoping Assessment Report and the Environmental Management Plan. Continued monitoring of the effectiveness of mitigations is essential in the long-term sustainable existence and should be applied to all aspects of the development.
Potential impacts associated with the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge (section 7.2 above) expected to have a contributing factor to existing impacts (i.e. cumulative impact), are -
• Ground and Surface Water Pollution (e.g. wastewater; domestic waste).
• Visual Aesthetics and Sense of Place / Land Use Change
• Socio-economic Implication
• Income Generation & Skills Transfer (Employment)
• Economic Benefit to the Construction and Tourism Industry
• Traffic & Safety
• Demand for resources (e.g. water & electricity).
Considering the low-density nature and sustainable practises proposed for implementation at the development, the pre-operational cumulative impact is considered to be low. It is however important that continuous assessment be done as data become available over time, and that the necessary adjustments be made as and when required.
Assessing the full extent of cumulative impacts is not accurately possible at the scale of a single environmental assessment and should include the larger surrounding area, which should consider all other contributing activities and the sensitivity of the larger surrounding receiving environment.
7.2.5 NO-GO OPTION
The scenario with or without the development can be summarised as follows -
• Socio-economic perspective:
o With the development, various socio-economic benefits can be expected, which would directly and indirectly contribute to improved socio-economic conditions.
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o Without the proposed development, none of the socio-economic benefits would be applicable and this specific portion of land will remain to have little or no economic benefit.
• Ecological perspective:
o With the development, an increase in ecological degradation can be expected during the construction phase, as natural habitat will make way for buildings and above ground infrastructure.
o Without the development, ecological degradation will be avoided, but the opportunity might also be lost to educate people about protecting and preserving the natural environment.
• Resource demand perspective:
o With the development, an increasing load will be placed on natural resources. o Without the development, no additional load will be placed on the natural resource.
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter of the report presents the assessment conclusion following the scoping phase, as well as the key recommendations and the environmental statement for consideration by the authorities. The conclusion and recommendations as presented in this chapter have been drawn from the assessment outcome, as presented in Chapter 7.
8.1 CONCLUSION
Following the environmental scoping assessment, the following can be concluded:
• The greatest sensitivity of the receiving environment lies within the hydrological aspect (surface and underground water flow) given the drainage towards the Omaruru River again feeding the downstream water resources (i.e. localised boreholes and aquifers).
• From an ecological perspective, the assessment concludes -
o That the general area surrounding the reserve and the site resembles evidence of past human activities and is not ‘ecologically unique’ or protected, although it resembles a high overall terrestrial endemism.
o That the site does accommodate some protected species under the Forestry Ordinance No. 37 of 1952.
• The overall cumulative impact of the development is expected to range from medium to low after mitigation.
• The site is located within a proposed private nature reserve. The objectives within this reserve are supportive of conservation of fauna and flora.
Given the above, it is not to say that there will be no impact/s and potential threats, as highlighted by the study. Construction and operational activities need to be controlled by the proponent and contractor, and monitored to ensure that all potential impacts identified in this study and other impacts that might arise during implementation is properly identified in time and addressed in an effective manner to ensure protection of especially the immediate and downstream water resources.
Based on the baseline information, as presented in this report, this Scoping Assessment study, after following the above evaluation, concludes that, there is currently no evidence suggesting that any of the potential impacts identified are of such significance that it cannot be mitigated and that the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge, as presented in this report, could not be allowed to continue. It is however required that the recommendations as presented below be satisfied with approval from the Environmental Commissioner.
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8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
It is therefore recommended that an Environmental Clearance Certificate be issued for the listed activities forming part of the Timbila Eco-Tourism Lodge, subject to the following recommendations:
• All required permits, licenses and approvals (see section 4.2) for the development be obtained. This includes approval from Roads Authority for controlled access on District Road D2329.
• All mitigations listed in Tables 7.3 to 7.14, and Tables 7.16 to 7.22, and the Environmental Management Plan (Appendix B) be implemented prior and during construction.
• Pollutants of different sorts should be managed and treated in such a manner not to cause any pollution of the immediate and surrounding receiving environments. The necessary mitigations to achieve a zero-pollution factor have been proposed within this Scoping Report and the Environmental Management Plan.
• A groundwater quality monitoring programme should be designed and implemented by using one of the existing abstraction boreholes. Annual tests should be done to establish any signs of pollutants.
• An Environmental Control Officer should be appointed during the construction phase of the development to make sure all the requirements within the Scoping Report and Environmental Management Plan (Appendix B) are adhered to.
• If road construction material is sourced from nearby quarries it is required that the necessary approval (i.e. environmental clearance certificate) either exists or be obtained by the appointed contractor.
• That various green building designs and principles be applied in ensuring a sustainable development over the long term. It is recommended that additional alternative and renewable sources of energy be explored and introduced into the development to reduce dependency on natural resources. Recycling and reuse of treated wastewater or rainwater should be implemented.
• That the entire property be cleared of any rubbish and removed from the site.
• A fire management plan or disaster management plan should be drafted for the development’s construction (appointed contractor) phase.
• It is recommended to conduct an ecological survey to ensure that all protected species be marked as no-go areas.
• Continued on-site monitoring and evaluation be conducted during the construction and operational phases to be authorised by the DEA.
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8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Based on the information presented in this scoping report, the Environmental Assessment practitioner is of the opinion that the immediate and larger environment will not be significantly impacted if the above recommendations as proposed in this report are implemented and monitored, and responsible environmental practises are applied by the proponent, appointed contractors and sub-consultants.
Urban Green cc, the independent environmental assessment practitioner, recommends to the relevant authorities that the application for the listed activities associated with the Timbila Eco- Tourism Lodge be approved on condition that the above recommendations (Section 8.2) are met and that continuous monitoring be conducted in accordance with the Environmental Management Act (Act No. 7 of 2007), its EIA Regulations and this scoping report. It is important that proof of monitoring is submitted to the office of the Environmental Commissioner to be used as part of the review process pertaining to the 3-yearly ECC renewal.
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Namibia Population and Housing Census. 2011. Namibia Statistics Agency, Windhoek, Namibia.
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