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Influence of Nutrient Input on the Trophic State of a Tropical Brackish

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Influence of Nutrient Input on the Trophic State of a Tropical Brackish Influence of nutrient input on the trophic state of a tropical brackish water lagoon D Ganguly1,3,∗, Sivaji Patra1, Pradipta R Muduli2, K Vishnu Vardhan1, Abhilash K R1,3, R S Robin1,3 and B R Subramanian3 1ICMAM Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, NIOT Campus, Chennai 600 100, India. 2Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Odisha 752 030, India. 3National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, MOEF, Chennai 600 025, India. ∗Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] Ecosystem level changes in water quality and biotic communities in coastal lagoons have been associated with intensification of anthropogenic pressures. In light of incipient changes in Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon (Chilika, India), an examination of different dissolved nutrients distribution and phy- toplankton biomass, was conducted through seasonal water quality monitoring in the year 2011. The lagoon showed both spatial and temporal variation in nutrient concentration, mostly altered by fresh- water input, regulated the chlorophyll distribution as well. Dissolved inorganic N:P ratio in the lagoon showed nitrogen limitation in May and December, 2011. Chlorophyll in the lagoon varied between 3.38 and 17.66 mg m−3. Spatially, northern part of the lagoon showed higher values of DIN and chlorophyll during most part of the year, except in May, when highest DIN was recorded in the southern part. Sta- tistical analysis revealed that dissolved NH+–N and urea could combinedly explain 43% of Chlorophyll-a 4 − − (Chl-a) variability which was relatively higher than that explained by NO3 –N and NO2 –N (12.4%) in lagoon water. Trophic state index calculated for different sectors of the lagoon confirmed the inter- sectoral and inter-seasonal shift from mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions largely depending on nutrient rich freshwater input. 1. Introduction aquatic water bodies. Changes in nutrient concen- tration can shift the competitive advantage bet- During the last few decades, several research works ween different phytoplankton species. Also, it can have been carried out on the nutrient dynamics change the chlorophyll specific carbon uptake rate of estuaries, ocean and fresh waters. These nutri- by the individual species (Ganguly et al. 2013). ents are present in natural waters both in organic These modifications at the primary producer level and inorganic forms. Inorganic nitrogen occurs in can have significant impact on the net ecosystem the form of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia which can metabolism as well as its biodiversity. Apart from be readily consumed by the phytoplankton with DIN, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is also rec- different degree of preference. Elevated concentra- ognized to be a dynamic component of the nitrogen tion of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) results in pool in aquatic systems (Seitzinger et al. 2002; increased phytoplankton production and biomass, Berman and Bronk 2003) and has also been which may in turn be followed by increased popula- suggested to accumulate seasonally in coastal tion of consumer animals. At the same time exces- waters (Miyazaki et al. 2010; Violaki et al. 2010). sive nutrient enrichment can be detrimental to the Among DON, urea alone accounts for 11–65% of Keywords. Chilika lagoon; dissolved inorganic nitrogen; urea; chlorophyll; trophic state. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 124, No. 5, July 2015, pp. 1005–1017 c Indian Academy of Sciences 1005 1006 D Ganguly et al. water-soluble organic nitrogen (Mace et al. 2003). to quantitatively assess the present trophic status Indeed, urea has a range of natural and anthro- of the lagoon ecosystem along with its important pogenic sources; it is the most widely applied nitro- regulating parameters, trophic state index (TSI) gen fertilizer in many parts of the world (Glibert could be very useful (Carlson 1977, 1991; Lee et al. et al. 2005). However, its use has increased exponen- 2010). These types of studies defining the trophic tially such that urea presently accounts for 50% of status are very few in Indian waters. The objec- current global nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications tive of the present study was to evaluate the sig- (Glibert et al. 2006). In the present day, urea nificance of nutrient concentrations available at a appears to be a reliable tracer of the diffusion of varying degree at different seasons and sectors of wastewaters in the coastal marine environment, the tropical lagoon, to support the phytoplankton more specific and sensitive than other nutrients, primary production. Special emphasis was given to with a behaviour that also reflects the technol- find the abundance and role of dissolved urea in ogy of the treatment plants (Cozzi et al. 2014). phytoplankton biomass distribution in the lagoon In addition, a large number of studies have shown water. Trophic state of the entire lagoon was also that urea is an important source of N for a great determined for the first time by using seasonally variety of marine phytoplankton, ranking often in observed data. importance as much as, or greater than, nitrate (Kudela and Cochlan 2000). Coastal waters can be supplied with urea through terrestrial and atmos- pheric inputs (Middelburg and Nieuwenhuize 2000; 2. Study area Glibert et al. 2001) and transfer from sediments (Rysgaard et al. 1998). Urea uptake by phytoplank- Chilika (19◦28′–19◦54′N; 85◦06′–85◦35′E), the lar- ton communities as a percentage of total nitrogen gest brackish water lagoon in Asia, has been desig- uptake can contribute upto 50% of the total nitro- nated as a Ramsar site on the Ramsar Convention gen taken up in coastal and estuarine regions (e.g., of Wetlands in 1981. The shallow water body (aver- Chesapeake Bay, Glibert et al. 1991; Gulf of Both- age depth 2 m) is about 65 km in length, spreading nia, Sweden, Cochlan and Wikner 1993, etc.). With from northeast to southwest parallel to the coast- concentrations that often exceed 1 µM-N, urea can line with a variable breadth reaching 20.1 km. The be a significant nitrogen source for phytoplankton. lagoon is spread over an area of 950 km2 during Besides this, knowledge on urea uptake can give summer, which swells up to 1165 km2 during mon- precised estimation of f ratio (ratio of new to total soon (Siddiqui and Rao 1995). The lagoon is production) which is often used to examine the connected to the Bay of Bengal near Satapara biological efficiency of that ecosystem (Allen et al. (Sipakuda) by means of an artificial opening made 2002). Despite its significant influence, records in September 2000. High evaporation from the on dissolved urea distribution along the Indian shallow water body during the summer and large coastal waters and its impact on the ecosystem inflow of fresh water through various rivers and have not been studied much. A coastal water rivulets at the northern end of the lagoon during body like Chilika which regularly receives a large the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons contribute amount of fresh water (through 19 rivers/rivulets) significantly to the water spread area. The catch- carrying significantly high amount of inorganic ment area of the lagoon is 4406 km2,inwhich68% and organic load, could easily be affected by is constituted by western catchment and 32% by any change in agricultural practices in the catch- the Mahanadi delta, with an average rainfall of ment area. Since 1980–2009, the increase in total 1238 mm (southwest or summer monsoon); nearly nitrogen fertilizer used in Orissa state was repor- 75% of it occurs during the southwest monsoon. ted to be ∼600% (http://www.agriorissa.org/pdf/ 19 rivers/rivulets (R1–R19; figure 19) drain enor- FertilizerConsumptioninOrissa.pdf). This could mous fresh water into the lagoon together with sig- significantly influence the aquatic bodies (at its nificant loads of nutrients and suspended matter ecosystem level) situated in and along the state. resulting in appreciable changes in hydrological On the basis of its physicochemical properties, the conditions both seasonally as well as annually. trophic state of the lagoon like Chilika can be clas- While the northeast rivers (e.g., Makara (R15), sified as one of the four general classes, i.e., (1) oligo- Daya (R16), Nuna (R17), Bhargavi (R18)) repre- trophic (meaning low nutrient level and high clarity), senting the Mahanadi system contributes 68–85% (2) mesotrohic (a moderate elevation in nutrient of total freshwater discharge, the western rivers concentrations resulting in lower clarity and a re- (e.g., Janjira (R4), Kansari (R5), Kusumi (R7), duced desirable biological habitat), (3) eutrophic, Tarimi (R10), etc.) account for the rest (figure 1). (the enriched state), and (4) hyper-eutrophic (the During pre-monsoon, there is practically no dis- most enriched environment which can result in sub- charge from northwest rivers (R8–R14). Flow from stantial loss of environmental qualities). In order all the rivers reached a maximum during monsoon Trophic state of a tropical brackish water lagoon 1007 Figure 1. Location of the Chilika Lagoon and the sampling stations (R1–R19 are the 19 rivers draining into the lagoon). followed by significant reduction in post- and pre- and chlorophyll concentrations derived from the monsoon. Ecologically, the shallow lagoon repre- present study also supported the previous grouping sents a combined character of marine, brackish and of all the stations into identical sectors (Muduli freshwater ecosystems (Muduli et al. 2012) with et al. 2013). The air temperature and wind velocity very low water column stratification. were also recorded using automatic probes (DAVIS 7440). Surface water samples (∼0.2 m) were col- lected during the daytime of each sampling month 3. Material and method (each seasonal sampling lasted for five consecutive days) assuming steady state conditions during the 3.1 Sampling and analysis sampling period as the tidal amplitude inside the lake is negligible (Gupta et al. 2008). Earlier stud- For sampling in pre-monsoon, monsoon and ies revealed the well mixed nature of the water post-monsoon, three representative months (May, column and very low vertical stratification in the August and December, 2011) were selected.
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