Chapter 1: Test Bank s1

Chapter 1: Test Bank

TRUE/FALSE

1. Discretionary decisions lead to the development of the formal criminal justice process.

ANS: F REF: 15 OBJ: 5

2. The most common form of criminal activity in the United States is property crime.

ANS: T REF: 7 OBJ: 2

3. In 2010, both violent and property crime rates increased dramatically.

4. The consensus model assumes that a diverse group of people cannot have similar morals and values.

5. The crime control model of criminal justice focuses on protecting individuals from the power of the state.

6. State Police are responsible for the “nuts and bolts” of police work.

7. The United States has a dual court system, meaning that we have two independent court systems, one at the federal level and one at the state level.

8. The top layer of the wedding cake comes closest to meeting our idealized standards of justice.

9. The most frequent type of release from a jail or prison is probation.

10. Illegal drug use appears to be slowly declining in the United States.

14 MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which model assumes that a diverse group of people can share the same morals? a. Conflict model b. Consensus model c. Crime control model d. Due process model ANS: B REF: 5 OBJ: 1

2. According to the conflict model, what is deemed criminal activity is determined by a. the largest segment of the population b. a mutual consensus among citizens c. the most politically powerful segment of society d. the segment of society comprised of criminal justice professionals ANS: C REF: 6 OBJ: 1

3. High-tech crimes include a. robbery. b. biometrics. c. loan sharking d. cyberstalking ANS: D REF: 8 - 9 OBJ: 2

4. Public order crime is sometimes referred to as a. violent. b. legal. c. victimless crime. d. felonies. ANS: C REF: 8 OBJ: 2

5. The fourth and largest layer of the wedding cake model of the criminal justice system is comprised of a. “celebrity” cases b. high profile felonies c. ordinary felonies d. misdemeanors ANS: D REF: 17 OBJ: 6

6. The dual court system a. refers to local and state court systems. b. refers to federal and state court systems. c. refers to criminal and civil court systems. d. refers to adult and juvenile court systems. ANS: B REF: 14 OBJ: 3

15 7. Trial by jury is relatively rare, only about ______of those arrested for felonies go to trial. a. 1% b. 5% c. 15% d. 30% ANS: B REF: 17 OBJ: 6

8. Illegal gambling, prostitution, racketeering, and extortion are all examples of a. victimless crime. b. organized crime. c. white collar crime. d. public order crime. ANS: B REF: 8 OBJ: 2

9. Prisons are administered by a. counties b. municipalities c. states and the federal government d. courts ANS: A REF: 14 OBJ: 4

10. Fire marshals, alcohol beverage control officers, and fish, game and watercraft wardens are all ______level law enforcement personnel. a. municipal b. county c. state d. federal ANS: C REF: 12 OBJ: 3

11. Which term implies that a majority of citizens agree that certain activities should be defined as crime? a. Opinion agreement model b. Consensus model c. Survey consensus d. Public forum ANS: B REF: 5 OBJ: 1

12. The taking of personal property from another through the use of force or fear is a. larceny b. theft c. burglary d. robbery ANS: D REF: 7 OBJ: 2 13. The concept of public order crimes is linked to the

16 a. conflict model. b. due process model. c. consensus model. d. deviance model. ANS: C REF: 8 OBJ: 2

14. The explosion in violent crime in the late 1980s and early 1990s was attributed to the widespread sale and use of a. crack cocaine. b. heroin. c. methamphetamine. d. marijuana. ANS: A REF: 21 OBJ: 8

15. Violent crimes include all of the following except a. murder. b. sexual assault. c. burglary. d. robbery. ANS: C REF: 7 OBJ: 2

16. Discretion in criminal justice is vested in all of the following except a. police. b. judges. c. prosecutors. d. witnesses ANS: D REF: 15-16 OBJ: 5

17. Which of the following is not one of the goals of the modern criminal justice system? a. To control crime b. To prevent crime c. To provide and maintain justice d. To enforce society’s shared moral code ANS: D REF: 10 OBJ: 2

18. Which of the following is the most common correctional treatment? a. Parole b. Tethering c. Probation d. Incarceration ANS: C REF: 14 OBJ: 4

19. Generally, when crime rates are high, the public demands that politicians “get tough on crime” and the ______model dominates.

17 a. Crime Control b. Consensus c. Due Process d. Homeland Security ANS: A REF: 19 OBJ: 7

20. Which of the following hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences? a. Halfway house b. Prison c. Jail d. Boot camp ANS: C REF: 14 OBJ: 4

21. Discretion is strongly associated with a. the formal justice process b. the informal justice process c. assembly-line justice d. the crime control model ANS: B REF: 15 OBJ: 5

22. How many independent judicial systems are in the United States? a. Three b. Fifty-two c. Two d. Four ANS: C REF: 14 OBJ: 3

23. The due process model a. protects victims from the power of the state. b. denies constitutional rights to the accused. c. provides limitless police discretion. d. protects individuals from the power of the state. ANS: D REF: 18 OBJ: 7

24. All of the following are considered psychoactive drugs, with the exception of a. cocaine b. heroin c. alcohol d. marijuana ANS: C REF: 21 OBJ: 8

25. DNA evidence can be retrieved from all of the following except a. fingerprints

18 b. blood c. saliva d. hair strands ANS: A REF: 22 OBJ: 8

26. How many people are killed by gunfire each year in the U.S.? a. 110,000 b. 90,000 c. 70,000 d. 30,000 ANS: D REF: 20 OBJ: 8

27. A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States is known as a. Strategic policing b. The homeland security movement c. The intelligence model d. Crime control ANS: B REF: 23 OBJ: 8

28. The ______model represents an obstacle course rather than an assembly-line. a. crime control b. due process c. integrated d. consensus ANS: B REF: 18 OBJ: 7

29. The text refers to the judge, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in a criminal court as the court’s a. functional unit. b. work group. c. professional staff. d. justice team. ANS: B REF: 14 OBJ: 3

COMPLETION

1. The conflict model means that the group that happens to be holding power has the most influence on .

ANS: criminal laws REF: 5-6 OBJ: 1 2. Crimes against persons such as murder or sexual assault are called crimes.

ANS: violent REF: 7 OBJ: 2

19 3. High tech crime is directly related to the increased presence of in everyday life.

ANS: computers REF: 8 OBJ: 2

4. An act that that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions is a ______

ANS: crime REF: 5 OBJ: 1

5. The text defines as the unlawful killing of a human being.

ANS: murder REF: 7 OBJ: 2

6. Principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society are

ANS: morals 1111 REF: 5 OBJ: 1

7. The act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm is ______.

ANS: battery REF: 7 OBJ: 2

8. A is a behavior that is punishable under criminal law as an offense against society as a whole that can result in the loss of the offender’s liberty or life.

ANS: crime REF: 5 OBJ: 1

9. The taking of cash or other goods from a person by force or fear is .

ANS: robbery REF: 7 OBJ: 2

10. Stealing of property not accomplished by force is .

ANS: larceny REF: 7 OBJ: 2

11. Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations describes ______.

ANS: organized crime REF: 8 OBJ: 2

12. ______can be defined as the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal judgment.

ANS: Discretion REF: 15 OBJ: 5

13. A public order crime is sometimes referred to as a crime.

ANS: victimless REF: 8 OBJ: 2

20 14. A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between state and federal government is ______.

ANS: federalism REF: 10 OBJ: 2

15. The chief law enforcement officer in most counties is the ______--.

ANS: county sheriff REF: 11 OBJ: 3

16. The bottom layer of the wedding cake model is comprised of ______.

ANS: misdemeanors REF: 16 OBJ: 6

17. The interlocking network designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior is known as the .

ANS: criminal justice system REF: 15 OBJ: 5

18. The is responsible for the policing public highways and freeways.

ANS: highway patrol REF: 12 OBJ: 3

19. ______is the most common correctional sanction.

ANS: Probation REF: 14 OBJ: 4

20. Probation and halfway houses are forms of corrections.

ANS: community-based REF: 14 OBJ: 4

21. The most frequent type of release from jail or prison is by .

ANS: parole REF: 14 OBJ: 4

22. In the crime control model ______must be counted on to control criminal activity.

ANS: law enforcement REF: 18 OBJ: 7

23. Illegal drug use appears to be ______in the United States, particularly among young people .

ANS: increasing REF: 21 OBJ: 8

24. The model places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals.

ANS: crime control REF: 18 OBJ: 7

21 25. The growing prison population is an unanticipated consequence of laws.

ANS: tough sentencing REF: 25 OBJ: 8 “get tough on crime”

26. To use or threaten violence to achieve political objectives is_____ .

ANS: terrorism REF: 23 OBJ: 8

1. Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. Which model do you feel best represents the process of criminalizing behavior in the United States?

REF: 5-6 OBJ: 1

ANS:  The consensus model defines criminal behavior as those acts that conflict with the values and beliefs of society as a whole.  The conflict model views criminal justice law as being determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a community.  Student responses as to which model best presents the process of criminalizing behavior in the United States will vary.

2. What is cyber crime? Discuss why cyber crime is a growing problem. Be sure to provide specific examples of this form of criminal offending.

REF: 8-9 OBJ: 2

ANS:   Cyber crime is a term used to describe criminal offending which occurs via the Internet.  There are approximately 1.5 billion users of the Internet worldwide, and an increasing percentage of daily activities are taking place online.  The dependence of businesses on computer operations has left them vulnerable to cyber offending  Examples of cyber crime include cyber fraud, hacking, cyberstalking, online gambling, etc.

22 3. List and describe the three levels of law enforcement.

REF: 12-13 OBJ: 3

ANS:  Local law enforcement: On the local level, the duties of law enforcement agencies are split between counties and municipalities.  State law enforcement: Generally there are two types of state law enforcement agencies, state police and highway patrols.  Federal law enforcement: Federal law enforcement agencies are charged with enforcing federal law.

4. Describe the three purposes of the criminal justice system.

REF: 9-10 OBJ: 1

ANS:  There are three general purposes of the criminal justice system.  By arresting, prosecuting, and punishing wrongdoers, the criminal justice system attempts to control crime.  The criminal justice system also attempts to prevent new crimes from occurring.  The third goal is to provide and maintain justice. This can be difficult as justice is a difficult concept to define.

5. List and discuss the essential elements of the corrections system. Which form of punishment is most common in the United States and why?

REF: 14 OBJ: 4

ANS:  Once the courts system convicts and sentences an offender, he or she is delegated to the corrections system. Depending on the seriousness of the offense, the offender will be place on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to a community-based corrections facility.  The most common form of punishment in the United States is probation.

6. Explain the difference between the formal and informal justice processes. What role does discretion play in each process?

REF: 15 OBJ: 5

ANS:  The formal criminal justice process is comprised of each step of the justice system working as an assembly line.  Individual decision making, though the use of discretion, leads to the development of the informal criminal justice process.

23 7. Explain the wedding cake model of the criminal justice system. How does it aid us in understanding the system?

REF: 16-17 OBJ: 6

ANS:  The informal criminal justice system creates a situation in which all cases are not treated equally. The wedding cake model illustrates the different treatment and media attention that cases at the “top” of the cake receive compared with cases in its lower layers.

8. Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: 18-19 OBJ: 7

ANS:  The crime control model places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals.  The due process model places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government.

9. List the major issues facing the criminal justice system today. Which do you feel is the most pressing issue for criminal justice professionals today? Why?

REF: 20-22 OBJ: 8

ANS:  Student responses will vary.