Physics Dept. Worksheet No Grade 11A

Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………...

Temperature.

It is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold هي مؤشر على كمية الطاقة الحرارية التي يختزنها الجسم كما أنها مؤشر على مدى حركية ذراته. C: degree Celsius (centigrade), °F: degree Fahrenheit, K: Kelvin°

للتحويل من فهرنهايت إلى سليزيوس نستخدم: °C = × (°F - 32) للتحويل من سليزيوس إلى فهرنهايت نستخدم: °F= 32 + ( × °C) للتحويل من سليزيوس إلى كلفين نستخدم: °K=°C + 273.15 للتحويل من كلفين إلى سليزيوس نستخدم: C=°K - 273.15°

Temperature is measured with Thermometer تقاس درجة الحرارة بـ الترمومتر

أنواع الترمومترات :Types of thermometers • Liquid-in-glass (mercury and alcohol). • Electrical resistance. • Thermocouple. • Liquid crystal. • Bimetallic.

Questions

قم بإجراء التحويلت التالية Q1- perform the following conversions Convert 30oC to F ...... Convert 300 K to oC ...... 3- Convert 212 F to oC ......

Q2-Complet the following ~ 1 ~ Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………... 1. The coldest possible temperature is ...... oC called...... for water on Celsius scale =...... oC درجة الغليانThe boiling point .2 for water on Fahrenheit scale =...... oFدرجة التجمد The freezing point .3

Q3- Describe and explain the features of a thermometer which will make it حساس a) Sensitive

سريع الستجابة b) Quick acting

Q4- If your temperature is 105˚F you should visit the doctor or not? Why?

Q5- The weather temperature is 300˚K, what does it equal on Fahrenheit scale?

Q6- At which degree does Celsius scale equal Fahrenheit scale? Explain your answer.

~ 2 ~ Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………...

Temperature. Continue النواع الكثر انتشارا من الترمومترات :The most common types of thermometers

(سائل داخل زجاج (الترمومتر الزئبقي و الترمومتر الكحولي (Liquid-in-glass (mercury and alcohol •

طرق اختيار السائل Choice of liquid (1 الكحولAlcohol الزئبقMercury Advantages 1. Expand evenly temperature rises. 1. It can be used at very low temperature. يمكن استخدامه في درجات الحرارة المنخفضة جدا.. يتمدد بانتظام مع أقل زيادة في درجة الحرارة. المميزات 2. Good conductor for heat. 2. It expands six times more than .mercury موصل جيد للحرارة. يتمدد 6 مرات أكثر من الزئبق. Disadvantages Freezes solid if it is used in very cold It boils if it is used in very hot places (high .(places (low temperature). temperature العيوب يحدث له غليان عند استخدامه في الماكن الحارة (درجات يتجمد عند استخدامه في الماكن الباردة جدا. (درجات الحرارة العالية) الحرارة المنخفضة)

 Give reason  Alcoholic thermometer can’t measure temperature more than 78 C. ل يمكن للترمومتر الكحولي قياس درجات حرارة أعلو من 78 درجة.

 Mercury thermometer can’t measure temperature less than -30 C. ل يمكن للترمومتر الزئبقي قياس درجات حرارة أقل من -30 درجة.

 Complete  Thermometers are used to measure ...... that depend on how much the ...... vibrating.  Internal energy is the amount of ...... in the object.

 Compare between the mercury and alcohol thermometer

Name: ……………………………………………...

Temperature. Revision 1. Define a. Heat

b. Temperature

2. Complete the following a. Temperature is a measure of ……………and……………. b. Absolute zero is equal …………… °C and ………………. °K and ……………..°F. c. Mercury thermometer is useful in measuring ……………… temperature but alcoholic thermometer is useful in measuring ……………… temperature. d. Water freezes at ……………..°C and boils at ……………..°C. 3. True or false:

a. Mercury boils at high temperature. ( ) b. Alcohol freezes at low temperature. ( ) c. Heat is a measure of total energy given off or absorbed by an object. ( ) d. Temperature gives an indication for the molecules vibration. ( ) e. Absolute zero equal 0 °C. ( )

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mercury and alcoholic thermometer?

5. Perform the following conversions:

a. 20 °C into °F

b. 50 °F into °C.

c. 273.15 °K into °C

Name: ……………………………………………... Heat transfer .from a hotter object to a cooler object الطاقة الحرارية of thermal energy انتقال Heat transfer is the transition

Heat transfers from the hotter object the cooler object. But if the two objects have the same temperature, in this case there will be اتزان حراري Thermal Equilibrium

طرق انتقال الحرارة Ways of heat transfer متلمسين The two objects are in contact التوصيل Conduction .1 The moving molecules transfer heat like boiling الحمل Convection .2 water. like sun heat coming الفراغ Heat transfers in vacuum الشعاع Radiation .3 to earth Questions 1) True or false a) Heat transfer from cold body to hot body. ( ) ( ) .put in cold water, the heat transfer from the spoon to the water ملعقة b) When hot spoon c) If two objects at the same temperature there is heat transfer from one to the other. ( )

2) Complete the following 1) The heat can transfer by ...... ,...... and...... 2) The thermal equilibrium means that the two bodies have ...... temperature. 3) Heat transfers from...... object to ...... object. 4) If two bodies are in contact, then the temperature will transfer by...... 5) If two objects aren't in contact (sun and earth), then the temperature will transfer by...... 6) In case of boiling water in a container the heat transfer through water molecules by......

3) Answer the following  If a cup of coffee and a piece of ice were left on the table in this room what would happen to them? Why? ......  In the previous example if the piece of ice put in the coffee what will happen? Explain …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………  If two cups of water at the same temperature are mixed with each other, what will happen? Why?

Name: ……………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …… A- Conduction .It is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle

Heat energy can move through a substance by conduction. Metals are good conductors of heat, but non-metals and gases are usually poor conductors of heat. Poor conductors of heat are called insulators. Heat energy is conducted from the hot end of an object to the cold end. between the two فرق درجات الحرارة the temperature difference يعتمد على Heat transfer depends on (1 objects. Note that A. In metals, heat transfer depends on free electrons. (look the diagram page 306) اهتزازالذرات B. But in nonmetals, it depends on atomic vibration until it passes from one end to تدريجيا. In the solids heat transfers between the neighboring gradually the Questions

1) Complete the following sentences using the words in the table:- Cold Conduction Temperature Free electrons Heat transfer Hot

1) Metals transfer heat well by ……………………. Due to the easy movement of ……………….. 2) Heat transfers from ……………….. object to …………….. object. 3) The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is called...... 2) True or false 1- Heat conduction in metals is due to atomic vibration. ( ) 2- Nonmetals conduct heat through free electron. ( ) ( ) .التلمس Heat conductance take place during contact 3- ( ) .when the two object temperature are equalized يحدث Thermal equilibrium occur 4- 5- Metals are good conductors for heat. ( ) 3) Answer the following:-

What is conduction?

Name: ……………………………………………...

Why does a cold spoon get hot when it is put in a hot cup of water?

What is an example of conduction?

Solve the question 2 page 312.

Solve the question 4 page 312.

Name: ……………………………………………... B- Convection It is the transfer of heat by the motion of fluids (liquids and gases).

The cause of heat convection الكثافة Anything fluid - that is a gas or a liquid - will tend to change density with changes in temperature.

For example, if air is heated, its density will decrease and becomes lighter than the surrounding air so it will rise up and the cooler falls down so convection current will be created.

Note that When the flow of gas or liquid comes from differences in density and temperature, it is called free convection. When the flow of gas or liquid is circulated by pumps or fans it is called forced convection.

Both free and forced convection help to heat houses and cool car engines.

نسيم البحر Convection and Sea Breezes During the daytime, land is much hotter than the ocean. A sea breeze is created when hot air over the land rises due to convection and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean.

At night the temperature reverses so a land breeze occurs. Much of the Earth’s climate is regulated by giant convection currents in the ocean.

Much of the Earth’s climate is regulated by giant convection currents in the ocean.

Name: ……………………………………………... Questions Define the convection current

Complete the following sentences: Density Falls down Gases Cooled Rises up Liquids Heated

The fluids density decreases when they are …………. but increases when they are ………… When the fluid is heated it …………. but when it is cooled it…………… The fluids means …………….. and ………………. Convection current results from the change in …………….

True or false:

The hot air falls down but the cold air rises up ( ) When you heat the water, there is no change in density ( ) The hot air is less dense than the cold ( ) Convection current can occur in solids ( ) Fluids transfer heat by conduction ( )

Answer the following sentences:

Why hot air rises but the cold air falls down?

Why we use insolating materials when we build our house? Page 307

rises up when filling it with hot air. Page 307 المنطاد Explain why the

Name: ……………………………………………... C- Radiation .الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية It is the heat transfer by means of electromagnetic waves

?الحتباس الحراري What is the Global Warming http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming http://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp? year=2007&month=08 http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/

.الشعة تحت الحمراء The heat is radiated in the form of infrared by bodies المنبعث Thermal radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted because of its temperature. .الفراغ Heat transfer by radiation can take place through vacuum Heat transfer from the sun to the earth by radiation. Because the heat radiation occurs with electromagnetic waves, it can be reflected (as light waves).

Absorption and emission of radiation is good reflecting for radiation, so it has much less absorption for heat السطح اللمعة Shiny surfaces radiation. is poor reflecting for radiation, so it has much more absorption for heat السطح الداكنة Dark surfaces radiation.

Questions True or false: Radiation travels in straight lines ( ) Radiation can travel through a vacuum ( ) Radiation requires particles to travel ( ) Radiation travels at the speed of light ( )

Choose the correct answer:

Which of the following is not a method of heat transfer? a) Radiation b) Insulation c) Conduction d) Convection

How does heat energy reach the Earth from the Sun? a) Radiation b) Conduction c) Convection d) Insulation

Which is the best surface for reflecting heat radiation? a) Shiny white b) dull white c) Shiny black d) dull black

Which is the best surface for absorbing heat radiation? a) Shiny white b) dull white c) Shiny black d) dull black

Name: ……………………………………………...

Define radiation

What is the source of the radiation?

ظاهرة Compared to the green house glass, explain the global warming phenomena

Home work Use the above website to write short assay about Global Warming and suggest solutions you see for it.

Name: ……………………………………………... Heat transfer Revision Define Conduction:-

Convection:-

Radiation:-

:the type of heat transfer found in every sentence اذكر Mention

Conduction Convection Radiation

______The heat you feel from a fireplace ______This type of heat transfer causes particles to move ______Boiling water ______Heat you feel from a hot stove in microwave فطيرة Heating a pancake ______Fast particles colliding with slower particles ______Air travels this way ______Heat transfer through solids ______transfer through space ______Moves as a wave ______Moves as a current ______Sun rays reaching earth ______Occurs with fluids ______A coil on an electric stove ______This type of transfer is affected by color

Answer the following questions: Why does hot air rise and cold air sink?

Name: ……………………………………………...

Why are boilers placed beneath hot water tanks in people’s homes?

Why houses are painted white in hot countries?

Why is shiny foil blankets wrapped around marathon runners at the end of a race?

If a cup of coffee and an ice lolly were left on the table in this room what would happen to them? Why?

When you touch metal dish and other plastic one recently taken from the fridge, what you feel? Why?

Name: ……………………………………………... Heating and cooling

الحرارة النوعية :(Specific heat capacity (C It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a unit of temperature. هي كمية الطاقة الحرارية اللزمة لرفع درجة حرارة وحدة الكتل من المادة بمقدار درجة واحدة. :Note that تعتمد على نوع المادة وليس على.It depends on the type of substance but not on the mass الكتلة

For example: if you heat 0.5 kg of water and the same mass of sand at Bunsen burner for 10 min, the sand will be heated firstly because its specific heat capacity is lower so the amount of heat energy required will be less.

عند تسخين 0.5 كجم من الماء و نفس الكمية من الرمل على لهب بنزن نجد أن درجة حرارة الرمل ترتفع أسرع و ذلك لن الحرارة النوعية للرمل أقل من الماء و لذلك تكون كمية الحرارة المطلوبة لرفع درجة حرارة الرمل أقل.

السعة الحرارية :(Heat capacity (Cth It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of whole body of a substance by a unit of temperature. هي كمية الطاقة الحرارية اللزمة لرفع درجة حرارة الجسم كله درجة واحدة. :Note that تعتمد على الكتلة و نوع المادة.It depends on the mass and the type of substance

For example when you heat two different mass of the same material (such as water) on a Bunsen burner for 10 min you will find that the small mass will be heated firstly due to low heat capacity that depends on mass while the two mass from the same material.

عند تسخين كتلتين مختافتين من نفس المادة على اللهب لمدة 10 دقائق فإننا نجد أن الكتلة القل ترتفع درجة حرارتها أسرع و ذلك لن السعة الحرارية لها تكون أقل حيث أنها تعتمد على الكتلة.

كمية الحرارة المفقودة أو المكتسبة .(The amount of heat acquired or lost (Q

يمكن حسابها بالقانون التي :It is calculated by the following equation

Where m : mass , C : specific heat capacity , Cth : Heat capacity, ΔT : temperature difference (t2 – t1)

كمية الحرارة الممتصة أو المنبعثة Or we can say the amount of Heat absorbed or emitted by the substance Its unit is Joule (J) ~ 14 ~ Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………... Problems Define Specific heat capacity

Heat capacity

Solve the following problems: Solve problem 5 page 305.

How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of aluminum from 22°C to 55°C, if the specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/g°C?

To what temperature will a 50.0 g piece of glass raise if it absorbs 5275 joules of heat and its specific heat capacity is 0.50 J/g°C? The initial temperature of the glass is 20.0°C.

Calculate the heat capacity of a piece of wood if 1500.0 g of the wood absorbs 6.75×104 joules of heat, and its temperature changes from 32°C to 57°C.

Home work Why we use oil to fry the fish and potato but we can't use water?

Name: ……………………………………………... Changing state or Phase transition

حالت المادة States of Matter صلبة :Solids سائلة :Liquids غازية :Gases Particles in solids, liquids and gases

تغير حالة المادة Changes of state It is the transformation of the matter from one state to another. تحول المادة من صورة لخرى التجمد Freezing The change of the matter from liquid to solid. تحول المادة من الحالة السائلة غلى الحالة الصلبة النصهار Melting The change of the matter from solid to liquid. تحول المادة من الحالة الصلبة غلى الحالة السائلة التبخير Evaporating The change of the matter from liquid to gas (vapor). (تحول المادة من الحالة السائلة إلى الحالة الغازية (بخار التكثيف Condensation The change of the matter from gas to liquid. تحول المادة من الحالة الغازية إلى الحالة السائلة Note that: These changes called (Physical Change) (و تسمى هذه التغيرات (تغيرات فيزيائية

النظرية الحركية للجزيئات The kinetic theory of molecules

It says that all matter consists of many, very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. The degree to which the particles move is determined by the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles. The particles might be atoms, molecules or ions. نظرية الحركة للجزيئات للمواد تنص على أن جميع المواد تتكون من جسيمات صغيرة جدا تتحرك حركة مستمرة، و درجة حركة الجسيمات .تتحدد بمقدار الطاقة التي تمتلكها الجسيمات ومقدار قوة الروابط بينها، - الجسيمات قد تكون ذرات أو جزيئات أو أيونات

وفقا لنظرية الحركية للجزيئات :According to the kinetic theory of molecules

If the temperature of any substance increases its particles kinetic energy increases which in turn raise the molecules vibration that leads to intermolecular bonds weakness. كلما ارتفعت درجة حرارة المادة ترتفع طاقة الحركة للجزيئات التي تؤدي إلى زيادة حركة الجزيئات مما يؤدي إلى ضعف الروابط البينية بين الجزيئات. ~ 16 ~ Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………... Questions Define Melting

Freezing

Evaporating

Condensation

Compare between the three states of matter

The comparison Solid Liquid Gas Shape Hardness Binding Molecules motion Density Compressibility

Answer the following question:

Why clothes dry faster on a hot day than a cold day?

Do all solids melt?

Does a solution always contain water?

When salt is mixed with water it disappears. Why?

Solve question 1 page 305. ~ 17 ~ Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………... الحرارة النوعية الكامنة (Specific latent heat (ΔH It is the amount of energy released or absorbed by 1 g of a matter during a change of state that occurs without changing its temperature. هي كمية الطاقة الحرارية الممتصة أو المنبعثة من( 1g)من المادة أثناء تغيير حالتها بدون تغير في درجة الحرارة.

For example when you heat a piece of ice it begin to melt but its temperature won’t increase until all the ice melt then the temperature begin to increase, the amount of heat energy absorbed when the ice still present is called (Latent heat of fusion melting) but when the phase change is liquid to gas it will be called (Latent heat of vaporization)

على سبيل المثال عند تسخين قطعة من الثلج فإن درجة حرارتها تبدأ بالرتفاع إلى أن تبدأ في الذوبان تظل درجة حرارتها ثابتة إلى أن يتم ذوبانها بالكامل تبدأ درجة الحرارة بالرتفاع مرة أخرى و تسمى كمية الطاقة الحرارية الممتصة أثناء عملية الذوبان (الحرارة الكامنة للذوبان أو النصهار) و لكن في حالة انتقال المادة من الحالة السائلة إلى الحالة الغازية تسمى (الحرارة الكامنة للتبخير)

Types of latent heat: الحرارة النوعية الكامنة للنصهار (Specific latent heat of fusion (melting الحرارة النوعية الكامنة للتبخير Specific latent heat of vaporization

The amount of energy released or absorbed during the change of phase of the substance (Q) كمية الطاقة الحرارية الممتصة أو المنبعثة من المادة Q = mL

كتلة المادة Where: m is the mass of the substance الحرارة النوعية الكامنة للمادة L is the specific latent heat for a particular substance

Questions Define Latent heat of vaporization

Latent heat of fusion

True or false ~ 18 ~ Physics Dept. Worksheet for unit -3- Grade 11A

Name: ……………………………………………...

Latent heat leads to temperature change ( ) Latent heat leads to break bonds between molecules ( )

Solve the following problems using the following given:

o o o (C for ice = 2.06 J/g· C, C for water = 4.18 J/g· C, C for steam = 2.02 J/g· C, Lf of ice = 334 J/g, Lv of water = 2260 J/g)

Solve example 3 page 301.

How many joules of heat are needed to change 50.0 grams of ice at -15.0 °C to steam at 120.0 °C?

Calculate the number of joules given off when 32.0 grams of steam cools from 110.0 °C to ice at -40 °C.

Calculate the energy released when 10.0 g of steam at 120.0 °C are converted into ice at minus 20 °C.

Calculate the energy required to change 10.0g of ice at -10.0˚C to 10.0g of steam at 110.0˚C.

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