Review Sheet for Exam 2 Biology 210A Spring 2015

Review sheet for Exam 2 – Biology 210A Spring 2015

This review sheet is an aid to assist in your preparation for the upcoming test by focusing the scope of the information presented in lecture and your text. These review items are meant to be indicative of the possible material one might expect to see on the exam. With a set time limit of one class period, however, it is not possible to test your knowledge regarding all of the subject material below. Still, this list will be representative of the concepts from which questions will be derived. This review sheet is subject to change in the form of addition of materials scheduled to be discussed in lecture prior to the exam.

You will want to know/be able to: -Identify the molecular make-up of cell membranes -What is the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes? -What types of molecules pass through cell membranes with least resistance? -What is diffusion? -What is osmosis? osmolarity? -Definitions of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic -Determination of a solution’s tonicity given the osmolarity of a cell and the osmolarity of the surrounding solution. -What is plasmolysis, turgidity? – how does each relate to hyper/hypotonicity? -What is facilitated diffusion – what types of proteins are involved? How is it different from simple diffusion? -What is active transport? -What is pinocytosis? -What is endocytosis? -What is exocytosis? -what a redox reaction is -what is meant when we say a molecule has been "reduced" or "oxidized" -how to identify an oxidizing agent vs. a reducing agent -where the various stages of cellular respiration (i.e. glycolysis, pyruvate conversion, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) occur within the cell -what occurs during glycolysis (in general): what are the end products and how many steps does it take to get to the final product of glycolysis? -what substrate level phosphorylation is -what intermediate molecule is of great importance in linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle -what is accomplished during the citrate cycle – what are the end products? -what protein complexes do NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to in the electron transport chain (E.T.C.) – know why this creates 2.5 ATP per one NADH molecule, but only 1.5 ATP per one FADH2 molecule -trace the flow of electrons (from NADH or FADH2) in the E.T.C. - what is the ultimate electron acceptor? -why the use of different mitochondrial shuttles (to shuttle electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondrion) generates different numbers of total ATP (32 vs. 30 total ATP) -what the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are -that E.T.C.’s are used in both mitochondria and chloroplasts to pump protons across membranes thereby altering the H+ ion concentration (affects pH values) -how ATP synthase relies on oxidative phosphorylation in order to create/synthesize ATP -what the purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynth. is -what the general steps of the Calvin Cycle are and how/where the products from the light reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle -what is the Calvin Cycle’s carbohydrate-based product – why is this not glucose as one might expect? -where the light reactions and the Calvin cycle occur within the chloroplast -trace the transfer of energy from sunlight to the passing of electrons that occurs between chlorophyll and primary acceptor molecules (in both photosystems II and I) -concerning the light reactions of photosynth., be able to trace the complete path of electron transfer from water to photosystem II to photosystem I to their final destination (which is what?) -what chemiosmosis is and how the process works in cell respiration and photosynthesis -what photorespiration is and how it reduces efficiency of photosynth. in C3 plants. -how C4 plants circumvent photorespiration -how CAM plants circumvent photorespiration -how C4 and CAM plants are similar with regard to these photosynthetic adaptations -What is a genome? -What is chromatin? -What are sister chromatids? -What is a centromere? -What is a centrosome? -How many main phases to the cell cycle are there? (hint: there are 2) -What 3 subphases comprise interphase? -What 5 subphases comprise mitosis? -What are the characteristic features that distinguish:

 G1, S, and G2 subphases of interphase  Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase of mitosis -What is cytokinesis? How does it differ between plant and animal cells? -Where do microtubules of the mitotic spindle originate during mitosis? -What is the difference between kinetochore and non- kinetochore microtubules? -Prokaryotes divide by what process? -Cells that have exited the cell cycle are said to be “arrested” in what distinct phase? -How does regulation of the cell cycle occur? What factors determine whether or not a cell divides? -What is a gamete? What is a somatic cell? How do they differ with regard to chromosome number? -What is a diploid cell? What is a haploid cell? -Know the stages of Meiosis and what characteristic feature happens in each phase -What is accomplished by the process of meiosis with regard to chromosome number? -What is a tetrad? -What are the processes of synapsis and crossing over? Where and when do they occur in the cell? -What are 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation arising from sexual reproduction? -how to calculate the number of different gametes that could be produced (as chromosomes are packaged in all possible combinations) -compare the relative quantities of DNA from cells in the various stages of the cell cycle (things to consider: are chromosomes replicated or unreplicated? are cells diploid or haploid?)