APES Chapter 14 Homework

1. What is BPA and where is it found? Why is there controversy over it? 2. What is risk? Distinguish between risk assessment and risk management. 3. List and describe the five major types of hazards. 4. What is the difference between a nontransmissible disease and a transmissible one? 5. What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic? 6. Answer the following questions concerning TB: a. What is TB including cause? What are the symptoms? b. Describe three factors that account for the recent spread of TB. c. Where is TB found and how can it be treated? 7. What are three factors that play key roles in fostering genetic resistance? 8. Briefly describe each of the following diseases: influenza, HBV, West Nile virus, SARS 9. What are emerging viral diseases and ecological medicine? 10. Answer the following questions concerning HIV and AIDS: a. What are HIV and AIDS including cause? What are the symptoms? b. When was HIV first identified? Where is found today? c. What should be the five major priorities to slowing the spread of AIDS? d. What treatments are available? 11. Answer the following questions concerning malaria: a. What is malaria including its cause? What are the symptoms? b. How is malaria spread? Where is malaria found? c. What are three approaches to decrease the spread of malaria? 12. Describe four ways that we can prevent or reduce the incidence of infectious diseases. 13. What are toxic chemicals? Name the EPA’s top five toxic substances in terms of human and environmental health. 14. What are the three major types of potentially toxic agents? Define and give examples of each. 15. Describe how long-term exposure to toxic chemicals can affect the following human systems: immune system, nervous system, endocrine system 16. How is mercury released into the atmosphere and what happens to it when it enters the air? Be sure to describe what happen in acidic aquatic systems. 17. What are the three ways that humans are exposed to mercury? What symptoms result? 18. Describe two ways mercury pollution can be prevented and two ways it can be controlled. 19. Describe the effects of the following substances in the human body: HAAs, phthalates 20. What is toxicity? 21. At what level of exposure to a particular toxic chemical will the chemical cause harm? Describe six factors that affect toxicity. 22. What is biological magnification? 23. Define the following terms: response, acute effect, chronic effect 24. What are three reasons as to why infants and young children are more susceptible to the effects of toxic substances than adults? 25. What is a dose-response curve? How does it help to define what the LD50 is? 26. What are epidemiological studies? How can they help to estimate the effects of chemicals? 27. What is risk analysis? 28. In actuality, what are the top three risks that shorten that average life span in the US? 29. What is the world’s most preventable cause of suffering and premature death among adults? How many Americans does it kill per year? 30. What two factors influence system reliability? 31. Are people good at judging risks? What five factors cause people to see a technology or a product as being more or less risky? 32. What are four guidelines for evaluating and reducing risk?