Mechanisms of Breathing

MECHANISMS OF BREATHING

Follow the directions for each section. Where instructed, paste a screen capture into the box provided. (Replace the XXXXX with the screen recording.) Make sure measurements (time, voltage, etc.) are visible. Where appropriate, select (double click) and replace the text XXXXX (just start typing) with the appropriate information. Be brief but complete.

Name(s): XXXXX, XXXXX, XXXXX, XXXXX

Laboratory Section: XXXXX

A. Thoracic and Abdominal Measurements

1. Enter the chest and abdominal measurements in Data Table 1.

Data Table 1: Chest and Abdominal Measurements Resting Forced Measurement Inhalation Exhalation Inhalation Exhalation Chest Circumference (cm) XXX XXX XXX XXX Abdominal Circumference (cm) XXX XXX XXX XXX Anterior-Posterior Chest Dimension (cm) XXX XXX XXX XXX Side-to-Side Chest dimension (cm) XXX XXX XXX XXX

2. Do these measurements correspond with your understanding of how changes in thoracic and abdominal cavity dimensions should change during breathing? Explain.

3. Describe how the diaphragm works during a normal breathing cycle.

4. What happens to intra-alveolar pressure during inhalation and exhalation?

5. How do abdominal muscles contribute to inhalation and exhalation? Explain.

6. During forced breathing, you might expect the abdominal circumference to change dramatically. Why?

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 1 of 17 XXXXX

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 2 of 17 B. Lung Volumes and Exercise

Pre-Exercise Tidal Volume [TV]

In the box below, paste a screen capture showing how tidal volume is measured. XXXXX

In Data Table 2, enter the data for five tidal volume measurements.

Data Table 2: Pre-Exercise Tidal Volume [TV] Measurements Measurement Tidal Volume [TV] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX 4 XXX 5 XXX Average: XXX

7a. Place these results in the summary Data Table 9 which appears later in the worksheet.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 3 of 17 Pre-Exercise Respiratory Rate and Respiratory Minute Volume [RMV]

In the box below, paste a screen capture showing how respiratory rate is measured. XXXXX

Time for 5 cycles = XXXXX sec

Respiratory Rate (300/time for 5 cycles) = XXXXX breaths/min

Respiratory Minute Volume (Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate) = XXXXX liters/min

7b. Place these results in the summary Data Table 9 which appears later in the worksheet.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 4 of 17 Expiratory Reserve Volume (Pre-Exercise)

In the box below, paste a screen capture showing the measurement of expiratory reserve volume.

In Data Table 3, enter the data for three expiratory reserve volume measurements.

Data Table 3: Expiratory Reserve Volume [ERV] Measurements Measurement Expiratory Reserve Volume [ERV] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX Average: XXX

8. Place these results in the summary Data Table 9 which appears later in the worksheet.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 5 of 17 Vital Capacity [VC] (Pre-Exercise)

In the box below, paste a screen capture showing the measurement of vital capacity.

In Data Table 4, enter the data for three vital capacity measurements.

Data Table 4: Vital Capacity [VC] Measurements Measurement Vital Capacity [VC] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX Average: XXX

Inspiratory Reserve Volume [IRV]

IRV = VC – (TV + ERV) = XXXXX – (XXXXX + XXXXX)

IRV = XXXXX liters

Total Lung Capacity [TLC]

Residual Volume [RV] = 1.2 liters

TLC = VC + RV = XXXXX + 1.2

TLC = XXXXX liters

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 6 of 17 Forced Expiratory Volume [FEV] (Pre-Exercise)

One Second Forced Expiratory Volume [FEV1]

In the box below, paste a screen capture showing the measurement of forced expiratory volume after 1 second [FEV1].

In Data Table 5, enter the data for three FEV1 measurements.

Data Table 5: One Second Forced Expiratory Volume [FEV1] Measurements

Measurement One Second Forced Expiratory Volume [FEV1] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX Average: XXX

• Copy these data to Data Table 7.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 7 of 17 Forced Vital Capacity [FVC]

In the box below, paste a screen capture showing the measurement of forced vital capacity [FVC].

In Data Table 6, enter the data for three FVC measurements.

Data Table 6: Forced Vital Capacity Measurements Measurement Forced Vital Capacity [FVC] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX Average: XXX

Copy these data to Data Table 7.

Data Table 7: Forced Expiratory Volume

FEV1 (liters) FVC (liters) FEV1/FVC (percent) XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX Average: XXX

13. Why is it clinically more valuable to measure the rate of exhalation rather than inhalation?

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 8 of 17 Post-Exercise Tidal Volume [TV]

Data Table 8: Post-Exercise Tidal Volume [TV] Measurements Measurement Tidal Volume [TV] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX 4 XXX 5 XXX Average: XXX

14a. Place these results in the summary Data Table 9 which appears later in the worksheet.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 9 of 17 Post-Exercise Respiratory Rate and Respiratory Minute Volume [RMV]

14b. Place these results in the summary Data Table 9 which appears later in the worksheet.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 10 of 17 Data Table 9: Summary of Data Difference Parameter Pre-Exercise Post-Exercise (Post- minus Pre-) Tidal Volume (L) XXX XXX XXX Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) XXX XXX XXX Respiratory Minute Volume (L/min) XXX XXX XXX Expiratory Reserve Volume (L) XXX Vital Capacity (L) XXX Inspiratory Reserve Volume (L) XXX Total Lung Capacity (L) XXX

FEV1/FVC (%) XXX

15. From the summary table it should be evident that respiratory minute volume changes most dramatically with exercise. What is the physiological significance of this change?

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 11 of 17 16. Before hyperventilating, the subject held his or her breath for XXXXX seconds.

17. After hyperventilating, the subject held his or her breath for XXXXX seconds.

18. Can you think of a sport in which this might be an important (and legal) part of increasing performance?

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 12 of 17 C. Effects of Hypoventilation

Pre-Hypoventilation Tidal Volume [TV]

Data Table 10: Pre-Hypoventilation Tidal Volume [TV] Measurements Measurement Tidal Volume [TV] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX 4 XXX 5 XXX Average: XXX

• Place these results in the summary Data Table 12 which appears later in the worksheet.

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 13 of 17 Pre-Hypoventilation Respiratory Rate and Respiratory Minute Volume [RMV]

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 14 of 17 Post-Hypoventilation Tidal Volume [TV]

Data Table 11: Post-Hypoventilation Tidal Volume [TV] Measurements Measurement Tidal Volume [TV] (liters) 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX 4 XXX 5 XXX Average: XXX

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 15 of 17 Post-Hypoventilation Respiratory Rate and Respiratory Minute Volume [RMV]

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 16 of 17 Data Table 12: Summary of Hypoventilation Data Pre- Post- Difference Parameter Hypoventilation Hypoventilation (Post- minus Pre-) Tidal Volume (L) XXX XXX XXX Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) XXX XXX XXX Respiratory Minute Volume (L/min) XXX XXX XXX

19. What differences in the tidal volume and/or respiratory rate can you see from the beginning to the end of the three- minute hypoventilation period??

20. What effect did hypoventilation have on respiratory minute volume? Why?

21. How is blood PCO2 detected?

22. Where are the most important breathing receptors found in the body and how do they work?

Mechanisms of Breathing 4/8/18 4/8/18 Montvilo Rev. SU12 Page 17 of 17