Unit Ii: Progressive Era

UNIT III PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890-1920

http://americancivilwar.com/women/Womens_Suffrage/picket_white_house.jpg http://imagecache.allposters.com

A vote is like a rifle; its usefulness depends upon the character of the user.

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NAME______PERIOD______1 PROGRESSIVE ERA VOCABULARY

1.)PROGRESSIVE: person who fought for reform during the Progressive Era 2.) MUCKRAKER : someone who “raked up muck (dirt)” on politicians, industry, and other problems of the cities to expose them to the American public. 3.) MEAT INSPECTION ACT : required government regulation of the meat packing industry 4.)PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT: 1906 – law that required food & drug manufacturers to list all ingredients on their packages 5.) HULL HOUSE : Settlement house that offered services & help to women & the poor; gave educational training, helped find jobs, provided babysitting, etc. 6.) PLESSY V. FERGUSON : 1896 - ruling of the Supreme Court that stated: segregation is legal as long as facilities are “separate but equal” 7.)DIRECT PRIMARY (PRIMARY): party members choose their party’s candidate for office ex. the Democrats vote for their presidential nominee 8.) 17 TH AMENDMENT : 1913 - Direct Election of Senators; the public votes for their state’s Senators, not state legislatures 9.)RECALL: allowed voters to remove an elected official from office 10.)INITIATIVE: citizens can propose a new law by getting enough people to sign a petition supporting it. 11.) REFERENDUM : gave voters the power to make a bill become a law by voting yes or no on it 12.) 16 TH AMENDMENT : 1913 -gave the government the right to tax people’s income; more you make, more you’re taxed 13.) SUFFRAGE : the right to vote 14.) 19 TH AMENDMENT : 1920 - women’s suffrage – women got the right to vote 15.) CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT : strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated antitrust laws could not be used against unions.

2 MUCKRAKERS: Document 1:

Based on your answers from the previous unit and the pictures on the left, explain why Jacob Riis chose to expose the living conditions in tenements and ghettos in his book, How the Other Half Lives.

Source for both pictures: Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890.

3 DOCUMENT 2:

Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are their daily diet. They have little else. Here where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step, and another, another. A flight of stairs. You can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close? Yes! What would you have? All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements… That was a woman filling her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access--and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. Hear the pump squeak! It is the lullaby of tenement-house babes. In summer, when a thousand thirsty throats pant for a cooling drink in this block, it is worked in vain. But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there. The smell of it has followed you up. Here is a door. Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wail--what do they mean? They mean that the soiled bow of white you saw on the door downstairs will have another story to tell-…What if the words ring in your ears as we grope our way up the stairs and down from floor to floor, listening to the sounds behind the closed doors--some of quarrelling, some of coarse songs, more of profanity. They are true.

When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. Come over here. Step carefully over this baby--it is a baby, spite of its rags and dirt--under these iron bridges called fire-escapes, but loaded down, despite the incessant watchfulness of the firemen, with broken household goods, with wash-tubs and barrels, over which no man could climb from a fire. This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people. Do you wonder the name does not attract them to the churches? That baby's parents live in the rear tenement here. She is at least as clean as the steps we are now climbing. There are plenty of houses with half a hundred such in. The tenement is much like the one in front we just left, only fouler, closer, darker--we will not say more cheerless. The word is a mockery. A hundred thousand people lived in rear tenements in New York last year. Here is a room neater than the rest. The woman, a stout matron with hard lines of care in her face, is at the wash-tub. "I try to keep the childer clean," she says, apologetically, but with a hopeless glance around. The spice of hot soapsuds is added to the air already tainted with the smell of boiling cabbage, of rags and uncleanliness all about. It makes an overpowering compound. It is Thursday, but patched linen is hung upon the pulley-line from the window. There is no Monday cleaning in the tenements. It is wash-day all the week round, for a change of clothing is scarce among the poor. They are poverty's honest badge, these perennial lines of rags hung out to dry, those that are not the washerwoman's professional shingle. The true line to be drawn between pauperism [being a beggar] and honest poverty is the clothes-line. With it begins the effort to be clean that is the first and the best evidence of a desire to be honest.

Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis

1.) Why is it so dark in the tenement?

2.) Where do the people get their water?

4 3.) Why does Riis show a difference between the poor people in the tenements and paupers?

5 Document 3:

In July 1871, The New York Times ran a series of news stories exposing massive corruption by members of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine in New York City run by William "Boss" Tweed. The Times had obtained evidence that the Tweed Ring had stolen the public's money in the form of inflated payments to government contractors, kickbacks to government officials, extortion, and other illegal activities. The estimated sum stolen was set at $6 million, but is today thought to have been between $30 and $200 million. Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was one of the most talented cartoonists of the Nineteenth Century. Starting in 1869, he began a series of cartoons in Harper's Weekly magazine attacking the Tammany Hall political machine. Harper’s Weekly and other newspapers soon joined the New York Times in exposing the scandals. Nast had been assailing the Tweed Ring for years through his creative and powerful images, but intensified his assault in the summer and fall of 1871. Boss Tweed reportedly exclaimed, “I don't care a straw for your newspaper articles; my constituents don’t know how to read, but they can’t help seeing them damned pictures!" In fact, the Tweed Ring tried to bribe Nast into taking a European vacation, which the artist refused. "Tommy, if you will take a trip to Europe for a year, you can have your expenses paid, and a new house will be built ready for your return, without your paying a cent for it."

Source: The New York Times August 19, 1871

6 Answer the questions based on the reading and the political cartoon.

1) What is the source of the cartoon?

2) What is the caption of the cartoon?

3) What are the people doing?

4) What is the “Tammany Ring” referring to?

5) What is the message of the cartoon?

6) Why did Thomas Nast choose to expose Boss Tweed to the American public?

7) Why was Thomas Nast more successful in exposing Boss Tweed with his cartoons than an author who wrote a book?

7 DOCUMENT 4:

EXCERPT FROM THE JUNGLE, by Upton Sinclair:

For they had set him to cleaning out the traps; and the family sat round and listened in wonder while he told them what that meant. It seemed that he was working in the room where the men prepared the beef for canning, and the beef had lain in vats full of chemicals, and men with great forks speared it out and dumped it into trucks, to be taken to the cooking room. When they had speared out all they could reach, they emptied the vat on the floor, and then with shovels scraped up the balance and dumped it into the truck. This floor was filthy, yet they set Antanas with his mop slopping the "pickle" into a hole that connected with a sink, where it was caught and used over again forever; and if that were not enough, there was a trap in the pipe, where all the scraps of meat and odds and ends of refuse were caught, and every few days it was the old man's task to clean these out, and shovel their contents into one of the trucks with the rest of the meat!

There was never the least bit attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white - it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had trampled and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread and meat would go into the hoppers together."

QUESTIONS:

1. What kinds of things happened to the meat that people had to eat?

2. What class of people probably read this book and why?

3. What impact did this book have on the public?

4. What acts were passed due to the publishing of The Jungle?

8 Document 5:

EXCERPT FROM: HISTORY OF STANDARD OIL By: Ida M. Tarbell

Very often people who admit the facts, are willing to see that Mr. Rockefeller has employed force and fraud to secure his ends, justify him by declaring, “It’s business.” That is, “it’s business” has come to be a legitimate excuse for hard dealing, sly tricks, special privileges… One of the most depressing features of the ethical side of the matter is that instead of such methods arousing contempt they are more or less openly admired… and men who make a success like that of the Standard Oil Trust become national heroes!... And what are we going to do about it, for it is our business? We the people of the United States, and nobody else, must cure whatever is wrong in the industrial situation, typified by this narrative of the growth of the Standard Oil Company. That our first task is to secure free and equal transportation privileges by rail, pipe and waterway is evident. It is not any easy matter. It is one which may require operations which seem severe; but the whole system of discrimination has been nothing but violence, and those who have profited by it cannot complain if the curing of the evils they have wrought bring hardship on them. At all events, until the transportation matter is settled, and right, the monopolistic trust will be with us - - a leech on our pockets, a barrier to our free efforts.

Questions: 1) Why has Standard Oil been able to continue with their unfair business practices for so long?

2) What excuse is given for men in business that use unfair practices?

3) Why do people admire John D. Rockefeller rather than hate him?

4) According to the author, what is the first task of the American people?

5) What does “a leech on our pockets, a barrier to our free efforts” mean and what is the author referring to?

9 Document 6:

Photo from Lewis Hine’s book Kids at Work

http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/imh/101.4/images/bodenhamer_fig02b.jpg

1. What is going on in this picture?

2. What was Lewis Hine trying to expose in his book Kids at Work?

3. Why was Lewis Hine’s job dangerous?

10 Look through pages 3-9 to find some Muckrakers and fill out the chart below:

NAME NAME OF BOOK WHAT DID IT EXPOSE?

What acts were passed due to these muckrakers? (p. 626)

11 DOCUMENT 7: HULL HOUSE

Reformers of the Progressive Era - Not all reformers were muckrakers. Some people helped others, but did not expose issues to the public.

Jane Addams wanted to help people who lived in slums like these. Source: Frances Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University.

Directions: In the right hand column, write down the most important ideas in each paragraph.

In the 1880’s Jane Addams traveled to Europe. While she was in London, she visited a settlement house called Toynbee Hall. Settlement houses were created to provide community services to ease urban problems such as poverty. Inspired by Toynbee Hall, Addams and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, opened Hull House in a neighborhood of slums in Chicago in 1889. Many who lived there were immigrants from countries such as Italy, Russia, Poland, Germany, Ireland, and Greece. For these working poor, Hull House provided a day care center for children of working mothers, a community kitchen, and visiting nurses to treat the sick. Addams and her staff gave classes in English literacy, art, music, and other subjects. Hull House also became a meeting place for clubs and labor unions. Most of the people who worked with Addams in Hull House were well educated, middle-class women. Hull House gave them an opportunity to use their education and it provided a training ground for careers in social work.

Jane Addams, who had become a popular national figure, sought to help others outside Hull House as well. She and other Hull House residents often “lobbied” city and state governments. When they lobbied, they contacted public officials and legislators and urged them to pass certain laws and take other actions to benefit a community. For example, Addams and her 12 friends lobbied for the construction of playgrounds, the setup of kindergartens throughout Chicago, legislation to make factory work safer, child labor laws, and enforcement of anti-drug laws. Addams believed in an individual’s obligation to help his or her community, but she also thought the government could help make Americans’ lives safer and healthier. In this way, Addams and many other Americans in the 1890’s and 1900’s were part of the Progressive movement. For a while, they even had a political party. When Theodore Roosevelt ran for president for the Progressive Party in 1912, Jane Addams publicly supported him at the party convention.

Jane Addams was a strong champion of several other causes. Until 1920, American women could not vote. Addams joined in the movement for women’s suffrage (women’s right to vote). She was a vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Addams was also a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

What issue did Jane Addams tackle and why?

Was Jane Addams a muckraker? Why or why not?

13 DOCUMENT 8: TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY FIRE

THE FOLLOWING EXCERPT COMES FROM THE MARCH 26, 1911 ISSUE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES. 141 MEN & GIRLS DIE IN WAIST FACTORY FIRE; TRAPPED HIGH UP IN WASHINGTON PLACE BUILDING; STREET STREWN WITH BODIES; PILES OF DEAD INSIDE

Three stories of a ten-floor building at the corner of Greene Street and Washington Place were burned yesterday, and while the fire was going on, 141 young men and women, at least 125 of them were mere girls, were burned to death or killed by jumping to the pavement below. The building was fireproof. It shows now hardly any signs of the disaster that overtook it. The walls are as good as ever; so are the floors; nothing is the worse for the fire except the furniture and the 141 of the 600 men and girls that were employed in the upper three stories. Most of the victims were suffocated or burned to death within the building, but some who fought their way to the window and leaped met death as surely, but perhaps more quickly, on the pavements below. At 4:40, nearly five hours after the employees in the rest of the building had gone home, the fire broke out. The one little fire escape in the interior was never resorted to by any of the doomed victims. Some of them escaped by running down the stairs, but in a moment or two, this avenue was cut off by flames. The girls rushed to the windows and looked down at Greene Street, 100 feet below them. Then one poor little creature jumped. There was a plate glass protection over part of the sidewalk, but she crashed through it; wrecking it and breaking her body into a thousand pieces. Then they all began to drop. The crowd yelled ‘Don’t jump!’ but it was jump or be burned – the proof of which is around in the fact that fifty burned bodies were taken from the ninth floor alone. The victims who are now lying at the Morgue waiting for someone to identify them by a tooth or the remains of a burned shoe were mostly girls from 18-23 years of age. There is just one fire escape in the building. That one is an interior fire escape. In Greene Street, where the terrified unfortunates crowded before they began their mad leaps to death, the whole big front of the building is guiltless of one. Nor is there a fire escape in the back. The building itself was one of the most modern construction and classed as fireproof. What burned so quickly and disastrously for the victims were shirtwaist, hanging on lines above tiers of workers, sewing machines placed so closely together that there was hardly aisle room for the girls between them, and shirtwaist trimmings and cuttings which littered the floors above the eighth and ninth stories. According to two of the ablest fire experts in the city, the great loss of life at the shirtwaist factory fire can be accounted for by the lack of adequate instruction of the girls in the way to conduct themselves in time of fire.

14 These men, H.F.J. Porter, an industrial engineer, with offices at 1 Madison Avenue, and P.J. McKeon, a fire prevention expert, who is now delivering lectures at Columbia University, are both familiar with the building which was destroyed and had advised the owners of the factory to establish some kind of a fire drill among the girls and put in better emergency exits to enable them to get out of the building in case of fire. Mr. Porter said last night, when told of the fire by a Times reporter: ‘I don’t need to go down there. I know just what happened.’ Two years ago Mr. McKeon made an insurance inspection of the factory, among others, and was immediately struck by the way in which the large number of girls were crowded together in the top of the building. He said last night that at that time there were no less than a thousand girls on the three upper floors. ‘I inquired if there was a fire drill among the girls, and was told there was not,’ said he. ‘The place looked dangerous to me. There was a fire-escaped on the back and all that, and the regulations seemed to be complied with all right, but I could see that there would be a serious panic if the girls were not instructed how to handle themselves in case of a fire.’ ‘I even found that the door to the main stairway was usually kept locked. I was told that this was done because it was so difficult to keep track of so many girls. They would run back and forth between the floors, and even out of the building, the manager told me.’ ‘It is a wonder that these things are not happening in the city everyday’ he said. ‘There are only two or three factories in the city where fire drills are in use, and in some of them where I have installed the system myself, the owners have discontinued it.’ ‘One instance I recall in point where the system has been discontinued despite the fact that the Treasurer for the company, through whose active co-operation it was originally installed, was himself burned to death with several members of his family in his country residence, and notwithstanding that the present President of the company, while at the opera, nearly lost his children and servants in a fire which recently swept through his apartments and burned off the two upper floors of a building which was and still is advertised as the most fireproof and expensively equipped structure of its character in the city.’ ‘The neglect of factory owners of the safety of their employees is absolutely criminal. One man who I advised to install a fire drill replied to me, ‘Let ‘em burn up. They’re a lot of cattle anyway.’ ‘The factory may be fitted with all the most modern fire fighting apparatus and there may be a well-organized fire brigade, but there is absolutely no attempt made to teach the employees how to handle themselves in case of a fire. This is particularly necessary in case of young women and girls who always go into panic.’ ------1. How many deaths were there?

2. What made the fire spread so quickly?

3. What were the causes of death?

4. What prevented people from escaping the building? 15 5. Give examples of panic among workers.

6. What do the workers need in order to be prepared for a fire? END OF CHILD LABOR

A photographer by the name of ______took photos of kids working adult jobs. His goal was to expose the very serious problem of

______. He was successful and many different

______were passed.

OTHER CHANGES IN THE WORKPLACE

During ______a lot of problems began in the factories. ______were horrible and workers were paid

______wages for long ______. Workers decided to unite and form

______and go on ______for better conditions, wages, and hours. They, after a really long fight, were finally successful.

 Some wage laws were passed which stated there was a ______

wage that must be paid to the workers by employers.

 Workman’s ______insurance was established which gave

workers hurt on the job a small paycheck.

 ______were passed to ensure worker

safety on the job.

16 CHANGES IN BIG BUSINESS and THE GOVERNMENT

The ______was passed to prevent the formation of trusts and monopolies.

Document 9:

http://www- tc.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/26_t_roosevelt/images/ trrr.gif http://www.blogforarizona.com/.a/ 6a00d8341bf80c53ef0133ecbb5773970b-500wi

During this time period Teddy Roosevelt was given the nickname of the “Trustbuster”. According to these cartoons, why was he given this nickname?

Due to corruption in the government, Wisconsin governor Robert Lafollette developed ideas to give ______more power. He believed that if ______had more power, ______in the government would go down. The ideas he proposed were ______, so that elected representatives could be removed from office; ______to ensure that voters select candidates to run for office,

17 rather than party bosses; ______allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed and ______allows voters to propose a bill to state legislatures.

Use your vocab list to fill in the chart with the vocab term and the definition. PROBLEM SOLUTION Women did not have suffrage. 19 th amendment – gave women the right to vote

Senators were selected by state legislators.

Railroad companies were favoring certain industries, like Rockefeller.

Party leaders selected the candidates for office, causing corruption. Trusts and monopolies were too powerful and cutting competition.

Corrupt politicians would hold office until their term was up.

Voters were never allowed to vote on laws before.

The meat industry was unsanitary.

Voters did not have the right to propose a new law.

Ingredients were not listed on food & medicine. Companies exaggerated the effects of some medicine.

18 The government unfairly taxed people’s income.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

The Women’s rights movement got its start in a place called

______in 1848. Here women from around the U.S. met to decide what they wanted to fight for and drafted the

______. What did they decide to fight for?

IRON JAWED ANGELS Women’s suffrage movement Define suffrage:

So what is women’s suffrage?

Major Players: (Explain some details about these women based on the movie.) CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT

ALICE PAUL

LUCY BURNS

19 INEZ MILHOLLAND

What were some methods used to achieve suffrage?

What event made it tough for the women’s suffrage movement to succeed?

WHAT DO THEY STAND COMPARE/ FOR? CONTRAST

NAWSA LED BY: ______

LED BY:

Women’s suffrage was granted to women in the ______in 1920.

20 Women were also fighting to make alcohol illegal. This was called the

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT. They were successful with the passage of the

______in 1919. One of the main people involved in this movement was a woman named

______. She was known for going into bars with her

______and chopping them up destroying everything she came across.

Document 10:

http://www.rustycans.com/Graphics/Seuss_Prohibtion.jpg

1. Who is the woman in the cartoon? ______

2. What is the camel’s name? ______

21 3. What is the message of this cartoon?

______

CIVIL RIGHTS:

Even though the ______was passed giving African-

American men the right to vote, there were several things that went into place to prevent them from voting. The ______said that if your grandfather did not vote, you could not. The ______

______were put in place and if you could not read/write, you could not vote; and finally ______were charged and if you could not afford them, you could not vote.

______ After the Civil War these laws went into effect in the South  Blacks were excluded from white society – legal segregation

______ Supreme Court Case in 1896  Segregation of schools was legal  Court ruled “separate but equal” – blacks and whites could have separate schools as long as schools could provide an equal education to all students  Schools were NOT equal

22 PLESSY V. FERGUSON Document 11: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were the original fathers of the Civil Rights movement. However, they did not agree on a method to achieving equality. They had many, many differences. Please record some of their differences in the chart after reading the following excerpt and p. 622-623.

ONE LAST INTERVIEW WITH W.E.B. DU BOIS "I never thought Washington was a bad man," he said. "I believed him to be sincere, though wrong. He and I came from different backgrounds. I was born free. Washington was born slave. He felt the lash of an overseer across his back. I was born in Massachusetts, he on a slave plantation in the South. My great-grandfather fought with the Colonial Army in New England in the American Revolution." (This earned the grandfather his freedom.) "I had a happy childhood and acceptance in the community. Washington's childhood was hard. I had many more advantages: Fisk University, Harvard, graduate years in Europe. Washington had little formal schooling. I admired much about him. Washington," he said, a smile softening the severe, gaunt lines of his face, "died in 1915. A lot of people think I died at the same time."

http://www.theatlantic.com/past/unbound//flashbks/black/mcgillbh.htm

Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois

Growing up

Beliefs about Civil Rights

23 Accomplishme nts

24 CONSERVATION: Teddy Roosevelt believed that conservation was extremely important, because he knew that once resources & animals were gone they could not be replaced. Label the map to see what Roosevelt did for conservation in the US.

KEY: B= Federal Bird Reserve, G =Federal Game Reserve, P = National Park, F = National Forest, M = National Monument, R = Reclamation Project THIS CHART SHOWS THE STATES WHERE ROOSEVELT SET ASIDE RESERVES, PARKS, FORESTS, MONUMENTS, AND IRRIGATION PROJECTS.

STATE Bird Preservation National Game National Monuments National Park Reclamation Project Forest Preserve Alaska: B=6 F=2 G=1 Arizona: B=1 F=12 G=1 M=5 R=2 Arkansas: F=2 California: B=2 F=20 M=4 R=2 Colorado: F=17 M=1 P=1 R=1 Florida: B=10 F=2 Hawaiian B=1 Islands: Idaho: B=2 F=19 R=2 Kansas: F=1 Louisiana: B=4 Michigan: B=2 F=2 Minnesota: F=2 Montana: B=1 F=17 G=1 M=1 R=4 Nebraska: F=1 R=1 Nevada: F=4 R=1 New B=2 F=8 M=3 R=2 Mexico: North B=2 F=1 P=1 Dakota: Oklahoma: F=1 G=1 P=1 Oregon: B=4 F=12 P=1 R=1 Puerto Rico: B=1 F-1 South B=1 F=1 M=1 P=1 R=1 Dakota: Utah: B=1 F=10 M=1 R=1 Washington: B=8 F=8 M=1 R=2 Wyoming: B=3 F=7 M=1 R=1 1.) Which state received the most Bird Preservations?

2.) Which state received the most National Forests?

3.) Which state received the most Game Preserves?

4.) Which state received the most National Monuments?

5.) Which state received the most National Parks?

6.) Which state received the most Reclamation Projects?