Supplementary Material s21

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Appendix S1. Literature search strategy used to obtain NoV outbreak reports for systematic review.

(norovirus OR noroviruses OR calicivirus OR caliciviruses OR Caliciviridae OR Norwalk virus

OR Norwalk viruses OR Norwalk-like virus OR Norwalk-like viruses OR Norwalk like virus

OR Norwalk like viruses OR small round-structured virus OR small round-structured viruses OR small round structured virus OR small round structured viruses OR SRSV) AND (outbreak OR outbreaks OR pandemic OR pandemics OR epidemic OR epidemics OR infectious disease outbreak OR infectious disease outbreaks OR disease outbreak OR disease outbreaks) Appendix S2. Listing of all articles from which data from NoV outbreak reports was abstracted for systematic review and analysis.

1. Multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis related to consumption of oysters--Louisiana,

Maryland, Mississippi and North Carolina, 1993. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report 1993; 42: 945-948.

2. Viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of raw oysters--Florida, 1993. MMWR

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1994; 43: 446-449.

3. Gastroenteritis associated with oysters. Communicable Disease Report CDR Weekly

1994; 4: 43.

4. Outbreaks of Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis--Alaska and Wisconsin, 1999. MMWR

5. Norwalk-like virus outbreaks at two summer camps--Wisconsin, June 2001. MMWR

6. University outbreak of calicivirus infection mistakenly attributed to Shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli O157:H7--Virginia, 2000. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report 2001; 50: 489-491.

7. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships--United States,

2002. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2002; 51: 1112-1115.

8. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis in a large, high-density encampment--Virginia, July 201. JAMA 2002; 288: 1711-

1713. 9. Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses among British military personnel--Afghanistan, May 2002. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

2002; 51: 477-479.

10. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis at a swimming club--Vermont, 2004. MMWR

11. Norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane Katrina--Houston, Texas, September

12. Multisite outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant--Kent County,

Michigan, May 2005. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2006; 55: 395-397.

13. Norovirus outbreak associated with ill food-service workers--Michigan, January-

February 2006. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2007; 56: 1212-1216.

14. Multistate outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis among attendees at a family reunion--

Grant County, West Virginia, October 2006. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

2007; 56: 673-678.

15. Brief report: Gastroenteritis among attendees at a summer cAMP--Wyoming, June-July

16. Norovirus outbreak in an elementary school--District of Columbia, February 2007.

MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2008; 56: 1340-1343.

17. Norovirus outbreaks on three college campuses - California, Michigan, and Wisconsin,

18. Akihara S, et al. Existence of multiple outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis among infants in a day care center in Japan. Archives of Virology 2005; 150: 2061-2075. 19. Anderson AD, et al. Multistate outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis associated with a common caterer. American Journal of Epidemiology 2001; 154: 1013-1019.

20. Anderson AD, et al. A waterborne outbreak of Norwalk-like virus among snowmobilers-

Wyoming, 2001. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003; 187: 303-306.

21. Arness MK, et al. Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis outbreak in U.S. Army trainees.

Emerging Infectious Diseases 2000; 6: 204-207.

22. Baert L, et al. Reported foodborne outbreaks due to noroviruses in Belgium: the link between food and patient investigations in an international context. Epidemiology and Infection

2009; 137: 316-325.

23. Bailey MS, et al. Gastroenteritis outbreak in British troops, Iraq. Emerging Infectious

Diseases 2005; 11: 1625-1628.

24. Barrabeig I, et al. Foodborne norovirus outbreak: the role of an asymptomatic food handler. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010; 10: 269.

25. Becker KM, et al. Transmission of Norwalk virus during football game. New England

Journal of Medicine 2000; 343: 1223-1227.

26. Beller M, et al. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to a contaminated well. International consequences. JAMA 1997; 278: 563-568.

27. Berg DE, et al. Multi-state outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis traced to fecal-contaminated oysters harvested in Louisiana. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000; 181 Suppl 2: S381-386.

28. Boccia D, et al. Waterborne outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis at a tourist resort, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002; 8: 563-568.

29. Borchardt MA, et al. Norovirus outbreak caused by a new septic system in a dolomite aquifer. Ground Water 2011; 49: 85-97. 30. Boxman I, et al. Norovirus on swabs taken from hands illustrate route of transmission: a case study. Journal of Food Protection 2009; 72: 1753-1755.

31. Boxman IL, et al. Environmental swabs as a tool in norovirus outbreak investigation, including outbreaks on cruise ships. Journal of Food Protection 2009; 72: 111-119.

32. Brown CM, et al. Outbreak of Norwalk virus in a Caribbean island resort: application of molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection. Epidemiology and Infection 2001;

126: 425-432.

33. Brugha R, et al. A community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply. Epidemiology and Infection 1999; 122:

145-154.

34. Buesa J, et al. Molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses causing outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Spain. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2002; 40: 2854-2859.

35. Bull RA, et al. Norovirus recombination in ORF1/ORF2 overlap. Emerging Infectious

Diseases 2005; 11: 1079-1085.

36. Caceres VM, et al. A viral gastroenteritis outbreak associated with person-to-person spread among hospital staff. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 1998; 19: 162-167.

37. Calderon-Margalit R, et al. A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with

Norovirus in nursing homes. Epidemiology and Infection 2005; 133: 35-40.

38. Carlsson B, et al. The G428A nonsense mutation in FUT2 provides strong but not absolute protection against symptomatic GII.4 Norovirus infection. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5593.

39. Carrique-Mas J, et al. A norwalk-like virus waterborne community outbreak in a

Swedish village during peak holiday season. Epidemiology and Infection 2003; 131: 737-744. 40. Cauchi MR, et al. Molecular characterization of Camberwell virus and sequence variation in ORF3 of small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses. Journal of Medical

Virology 1996; 49: 70-76.

41. Chatterjee NK, et al. Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in

New York State, 1998-1999. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004; 38 Suppl 3: S303-310.

42. Cheesbrough JS, Barkess-Jones L, Brown DW. Possible prolonged environmental survival of small round structured viruses. Journal of Hospital Infection 1997; 35: 325-326.

43. Cheesbrough JS, et al. Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiology and

Infection 2000; 125: 93-98.

44. Cheng FW, et al. Rapid control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in an acute paediatric ward. Acta Paediatrica 2006; 95: 581-586.

45. Cheng VC, et al. Successful control of norovirus outbreak in an infirmary with the use of alcohol-based hand rub. Journal of Hospital Infection 2009; 72: 370-371.

46. Cheng VC, et al. Prevention of nosocomial transmission of norovirus by strategic infection control measures. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2011; 32: 229-237.

47. Chimonas MA, et al. Passenger behaviors associated with norovirus infection on board a cruise ship--Alaska, May to June 2004. Journal of Travel Medicine 2008; 15: 177-183.

48. Christensen BF, et al. Human enteric viruses in oysters causing a large outbreak of human food borne infection in 1996/97. Journal of Shellfish Research 1998; 17: 1633-1635.

49. Cooper E, Blamey S. A norovirus gastroenteritis epidemic in a long-term-care facility.

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2005; 26: 256-258. 50. Corwin AL, et al. Shipboard impact of a probable Norwalk virus outbreak from coastal

Japan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999; 61: 898-903.

51. Cunha BA, Thekkel V, Eisenstein L. Community-acquired norovirus diarrhoea outbreak mimicking a community-acquired C. difficile diarrhoea outbreak. Journal of Hospital

Infection 2008; 70: 98-100.

52. Daniels NA, et al. A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses: first molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparation. Journal of

Infectious Diseases 2000; 181: 1467-1470.

53. David ST, et al. An outbreak of norovirus caused by consumption of oysters from geographically dispersed harvest sites, British Columbia, Canada, 2004. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2007; 4: 349-358.

54. de Roda Husman AM, et al. Rapid virus detection procedure for molecular tracing of shellfish associated with disease outbreaks. Journal of Food Protection 2007; 70: 967-974.

55. de Wit MA, et al. Large outbreak of norovirus: the baker who should have known better.

Journal of Infection 2007; 55: 188-193.

56. Dingle KE. Mutation in a Lordsdale norovirus epidemic strain as a potential indicator of transmission routes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004; 42: 3950-3957.

57. Dippold L, et al. A gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus associated with a Colorado hotel. Journal of Environmental Health 2003; 66: 13-17, 26; quiz 27-18.

58. Dowell SF, et al. A multistate outbreak of oyster-associated gastroenteritis: implications for interstate tracing of contaminated shellfish. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995; 171: 1497-

1503. 59. Doyle A, et al. Norovirus foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of oysters from the Etang de Thau, France, December 2002. Euro surveillance 2004; 9: 24-26.

60. Evans MR, et al. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following environmental contamination at a concert hall. Epidemiology and Infection 2002; 129: 355-360.

61. Ewald D, et al. Possible community immunity to small round structured virus gastroenteritis in a rural aboriginal community. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2000; 24:

48-50.

62. Falkenhorst G, et al. Imported frozen raspberries cause a series of norovirus outbreaks in Denmark, 2005. Euro surveillance 2005; 10: E050922 050922.

63. Farkas T, et al. Molecular detection and sequence analysis of human caliciviruses from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary. Journal of Medical Virology 2002; 67: 567-573.

64. Ferreira MS, et al. Acute gastroenteritis cases associated with noroviruses infection in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Journal of Medical Virology 2008; 80: 338-344.

65. Ferson MJ, et al. Norwalk-like virus as a cause of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a childcare centre. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2000; 24: 342-343.

66. Fretz R, et al. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in an Austrian hospital, winter

2006-2007. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2009; 121: 137-143.

67. Fretz R, et al. Rapid propagation of norovirus gastrointestinal illness through multiple nursing homes following a pilgrimage. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and

68. Fretz R, et al. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to infections with Norovirus in

Switzerland, 2001-2003. Epidemiology and Infection 2005; 133: 429-437. 69. Friedman DS, et al. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with wedding cakes. Epidemiology and Infection 2005; 133: 1057-1063.

70. Friesema IH, et al. Differences in clinical presentation between norovirus genotypes in nursing homes. Journal of Clinical Virology 2009; 46: 341-344.

71. Gallimore CI, et al. Multiple norovirus genotypes characterised from an oyster- associated outbreak of gastroenteritis. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2005; 103:

323-330.

72. Gallimore CI, et al. Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: an indication of the source of contamination. Epidemiology and

Infection 2005; 133: 41-47.

73. Gaulin C, et al. Transmission of calicivirus by a foodhandler in the pre-symptomatic phase of illness. Epidemiology and Infection 1999; 123: 475-478.

74. Gilbride SJ, et al. Successful containment of a norovirus outreak in an acute adult psychiatric area. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2009; 30: 289-291.

75. Girish R, et al. Foodborne outbreak caused by a Norwalk-like virus in India. Journal of

Medical Virology 2002; 67: 603-607.

76. Goller JL, et al. Norovirus excretion in a healthcare worker without major symptoms of gastroenteritis: infection control implications. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public

Health 2004; 28: 88-89.

77. Goller JL, et al. Long-term features of norovirus gastroenteritis in the elderly. Journal of

Hospital Infection 2004; 58: 286-291. 78. Gotz H, et al. Epidemiological investigation of a food-borne gastroenteritis outbreak caused by Norwalk-like virus in 30 day-care centres. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious

Diseases 2002; 34: 115-121.

79. Gray JJ, et al. Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water. Journal of Medical Virology 1997; 52: 425-429.

80. Green J, et al. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Hospital Infection 1998; 39: 39-45.

81. Green SM, et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of small round-structured viruses from two related hospital outbreaks of gastroenteritis using inosine-containing primers. Journal of Medical Virology 1995; 45: 197-202.

82. Grima A, et al. Outbreak of norovirus infection in a nursing home for the elderly in

Malta, November-December 2008. Euro surveillance 2009; 14.

83. Grotto I, et al. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis on an Israeli military base.

Infection 2004; 32: 339-343.

84. Halperin T, et al. No association between histo-blood group antigens and susceptibility to clinical infections with genogroup II norovirus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 197: 63-

85. Halperin T, et al. Molecular analysis of noroviruses involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in military units in Israel, 1999-2004. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and

86. Hamano M, et al. Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by

Noroviruses in Okayama, Japan. Journal of Medical Virology 2005; 77: 282-289. 87. He Y-Q, et al. Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak is associated with contaminated drinking water in South China. Food and Environmental Virology 2010; 2: 207-210.

88. Heijne JC, et al. Enhanced hygiene measures and norovirus transmission during an outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009; 15: 24-30.

89. Herwaldt BL, et al. Characterization of a variant strain of Norwalk virus from a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in Hawaii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology

1994; 32: 861-866.

90. Hewitt J, et al. Gastroenteritis outbreak caused by waterborne norovirus at a New

Zealand ski resort. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007; 73: 7853-7857.

91. Hicks NJ, et al. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following a wedding reception.

Communicable Disease Report CDR Review 1996; 6: R136-139.

92. Hirakata Y, et al. Multiprefectural spread of gastroenteritis outbreaks attributable to a single genogroup II norovirus strain from a tourist restaurant in Nagasaki, Japan. Journal of

Clinical Microbiology 2005; 43: 1093-1098.

93. Hjertqvist M, et al. Four outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis after consuming raspberries, Sweden, June-August 2006. Euro surveillance 2006; 11: E060907 060901.

94. Hoebe CJ, et al. Norovirus outbreak among primary schoolchildren who had played in a recreational water fountain. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 189: 699-705.

95. Holtby I, et al. Outbreak of Norwalk-like virus infection associated with salad provided in a restaurant. Communicable Disease and Public Health 2001; 4: 305-310.

96. Honish L, et al. Outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis at a university student residence--

Edmonton, Alberta, 2006. Canada Communicable Disease Report 2008; 34: 1-7. 97. Iizuka S, et al. Detection of sapoviruses and noroviruses in an outbreak of gastroenteritis linked genetically to shellfish. Journal of Medical Virology 2010; 82: 1247-1254.

98. Iizuka S, et al. An outbreak of mixed infection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

O26:H11 and norovirus genogroup II at a kindergarten in Shimane, Japan. Japanese Journal of

99. Iritani N, et al. Epidemic of genotype GII.2 noroviruses during spring 2004 in Osaka

City, Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008; 46: 2406-2409.

100. Iritani N, et al. Major change in the predominant type of "Norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan, between April 1996 and

March 1999. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000; 38: 2649-2654.

101. Iritani N, et al. Prevalence of "Norwalk-like virus" infections in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis observed during the 1999-2000 season in Osaka City, Japan. Journal of Medical Virology 2002; 66: 131-138.

102. Isakbaeva ET, et al. Norovirus and child care: challenges in outbreak control. Pediatric

Infectious Disease Journal 2005; 24: 561-563.

103. Isakbaeva ET, et al. Norovirus transmission on cruise ship. Emerging Infectious

Diseases 2005; 11: 154-158.

104. Johansson PJ, et al. Food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with genogroup I calicivirus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2002; 40: 794-798.

105. Johnston CP, et al. Outbreak management and implications of a nosocomial norovirus outbreak. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 45: 534-540.

106. Jones EL, et al. Role of fomite contamination during an outbreak of norovirus on houseboats. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2007; 17: 123-131. 107. Kageyama T, et al. Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to Norovirus in Japan. Journal of Clinical

Microbiology 2004; 42: 2988-2995.

108. Kamenov G, et al. Large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Samokov Region, Bulgaria,

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109. Kanerva M, et al. Prolonged norovirus outbreak in a Finnish tertiary care hospital caused by GII.4-2006b subvariants. Journal of Hospital Infection 2009; 71: 206-213.

110. Kassa H. An outbreak of Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in a frequently penalized food service operation: a case for mandatory training of food handlers in safety and hygiene. Journal of Environmental Health 2001; 64: 9-12, 33; quiz 37-18.

111. Khan AS, et al. Norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in Hawaii: comparison and application of molecular method-based assays.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994; 32: 318-322.

112. Khanna N, et al. Gastroenteritis outbreak with norovirus in a Swiss university hospital with a newly identified virus strain. Journal of Hospital Infection 2003; 55: 131-136.

113. Kilgore PE, et al. A university outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round-structured virus. Application of molecular diagnostics to identify the etiologic agent and patterns of transmission. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 173: 787-793.

114. Kim SH, et al. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred during school excursions in

Korea were associated with several waterborne strains of norovirus. Journal of Clinical

Microbiology 2005; 43: 4836-4839.

115. Kimura H, et al. A norovirus outbreak associated with environmental contamination at a hotel. Epidemiology and Infection 2011; 139: 317-325. 116. Kirby A, et al. Detection of norovirus in mouthwash samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Virology 2010; 48: 285-287.

117. Kirking HL, et al. Likely transmission of norovirus on an airplane, October 2008.

Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50: 1216-1221.

118. Kirkland KB, et al. Steaming oysters does not prevent Norwalk-like gastroenteritis.

Public Health Reports 1996; 111: 527-530.

119. Kobayashi S, et al. Immunomagnetic capture rt-PCR for detection of norovirus from foods implicated in a foodborne outbreak. Microbiology and Immunology 2004; 48: 201-204.

120. Koh SJ, et al. An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus-contaminated groundwater at a waterpark in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2011; 26: 28-32.

121. Kohn MA, et al. An outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. Implications for maintaining safe oyster beds. JAMA 1995; 273: 466-471.

122. Koo HL, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of norovirus infection masquerading as clostridium difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 48: e75-77.

123. Kukkula M, et al. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalk-like viruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 180: 1771-1776.

124. Kuo HW, et al. A foodborne outbreak due to norovirus in Austria, 2007. Journal of

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125. Kuo HW, et al. A non-foodborne norovirus outbreak among school children during a skiing holiday, Austria, 2007. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2009; 121: 120-124.

126. Kuusi M, et al. Internet use and epidemiologic investigation of gastroenteritis outbreak.

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128. Le Guyader FS, et al. Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006;

44: 3878-3882.

129. Le Guyader FS, et al. Comprehensive analysis of a norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreak, from the environment to the consumer. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2010; 48:

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130. Le Guyader FS, et al. Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. Journal of

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131. Le Guyader FS, et al. Detection of noroviruses in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2004; 97: 179-186.

132. Le Guyader FS, et al. A semiquantitative approach to estimate Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters implicated in an outbreak. International Journal of Food Microbiology

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133. Lederer I, et al. Outbreak of norovirus infections associated with consuming food from a catering company, Austria, September 2005. Euro surveillance 2005; 10: E051020 051027.

134. Leuenberger S, et al. Norovirus outbreak in a district general hospital--new strain identified. Swiss Medical Weekly 2007; 137: 57-81.

135. Liko J, Keene WE. Use of templates to identify source of norovirus outbreak. Emerging

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137. Love SS, et al. A large hotel outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis among three groups of guests and hotel employees in Virginia. Epidemiology and Infection 2002; 129: 127-

138. Lynn S, et al. Norovirus outbreaks in a hospital setting: the role of infection control. New

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139. Lysen M, et al. Genetic diversity among food-borne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009; 47: 2411-2418.

140. Makary P, et al. Multiple norovirus outbreaks among workplace canteen users in

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141. Malek M, et al. Outbreak of norovirus infection among river rafters associated with packaged delicatessen meat, Grand Canyon, 2005. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 48: 31-37.

142. Marks PJ, et al. Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) in a hotel restaurant. Epidemiology and Infection 2000; 124: 481-487.

143. Marks PJ, et al. A school outbreak of Norwalk-like virus: evidence for airborne transmission. Epidemiology and Infection 2003; 131: 727-736.

144. Marshall JA, et al. Multiple outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus gastro-enteritis associated with a Mediterranean-style restaurant. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2001; 50: 143-151.

145. Martinelli D, et al. Large outbreak of viral gastroenteritis caused by contaminated drinking water in Apulia, Italy, May-October 2006. Euro surveillance 2007; 12: E070419

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147. Mattner F, et al. Risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2006; 12: 69-74.

148. Maunula L, et al. Wading pool water contaminated with both noroviruses and astroviruses as the source of a gastroenteritis outbreak. Epidemiology and Infection 2004; 132:

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149. Maunula L, Miettinen IT, von Bonsdorff CH. Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005; 11: 1716-1721.

150. Maunula L, et al. Detection of human norovirus from frozen raspberries in a cluster of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Euro surveillance 2009; 14.

151. McCall J, Smithson R. Rapid response and strict control measures can contain a hospital outbreak of Norwalk-like virus. Communicable Disease and Public Health 2002; 5: 243-246.

152. McDonnell S, et al. Failure of cooking to prevent shellfish-associated viral gastroenteritis. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997; 157: 111-116.

153. McEvoy M, et al. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. Communicable

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154. McIntyre L, et al. Gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with Norwalk virus in restaurants in Vancouver, British Columbia. Canada Communicable Disease Report 2002; 28:

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157. Migliorati G, et al. Gastroenteritis outbreak at holiday resort, central Italy. Emerging

158. Milazzo A, et al. A large, prolonged outbreak of human calicivirus infection linked to an aged-care facility. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2002; 26: 261-264.

159. Miller M, et al. Norwalk-like virus outbreak in Canberra: implications for infection control in aged care facilities. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2002; 26: 555-561.

160. Miyoshi M, et al. Different genotypic sapoviruses detected in two simultaneous outbreaks of gastroenteritis among schoolchildren in the same school district in Hokkaido, Japan.

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161. Miyoshi T, et al. Characteristics of Norovirus outbreaks during a non-epidemic season.

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162. Morillo SG, et al. Large gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus GII in Sao Paulo,

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163. Morioka S, et al. A food-borne norovirus outbreak at a primary school in Wakayama

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164. Nakagawa-Okamoto R, et al. Detection of multiple sapovirus genotypes and genogroups in oyster-associated outbreaks. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009; 62:

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166. Nenonen NP, et al. Molecular analysis of an oyster-related norovirus outbreak. Journal of Clinical Virology 2009; 45: 105-108.

167. Neri AJ, et al. Passenger behaviors during norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships. Journal of Travel Medicine 2008; 15: 172-176.

168. Ng TL, et al. Oyster-associated outbreaks of Norovirus gastroenteritis in Singapore.

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169. Nomura K, et al. Outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in elderly evacuees after the 2007

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170. Nordgren J, et al. Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak with a secretor-independent susceptibility pattern, Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010; 16: 81-87.

171. Nygard K, et al. Emerging genotype (GGIIb) of norovirus in drinking water, Sweden.

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172. Ohwaki K, et al. A foodborne norovirus outbreak at a hospital and an attached long-term care facility. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009; 62: 450-454.

173. Okada M, et al. Genetic analysis of noroviruses associated with fatalities in healthcare facilities. Archives of Virology 2006; 151: 1635-1641.

174. O'Neill HJ, et al. Gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with Norwalk-like viruses and their investigation by nested RT-PCR. BMC Microbiology 2001; 1: 14.

175. Oogane T, et al. Food poisoning outbreak caused by norovirus GII/4 in school lunch,

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177. Ozawa K, et al. Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in

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178. Papadopoulos VP, et al. A gastroenteritis outbreak due to Norovirus infection in Xanthi,

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179. Parashar UD, et al. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers. Epidemiology and

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