Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping WHAP/Napp Objective: To identify and describe the economic changes reforms of Deng Xiaoping Do Now: Describe Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost. Cues: Notes: I. Background and Origin A. Deng Xiaoping descended from a mandarin who had passed the torturous series of civil service examinationsa master of the Confucian classics B. His ancestor had passed exam when Sons of Heaven could afford to sneer at Western barbarians begging to trade with Celestial Kingdom C. When Deng Xiaoping was born, in 1904, the empire was moribund, preyed upon by the very foreigners it despised D. At age 16, Deng learned basic French and won a scholarship for a work- study program in France E. France was mired in a deep postwar recession, with few opportunities for a student to support himself with part-time work F. Worked at various menial jobs: arms-factory worker, waiter, train conductor and rubber-overshoe assembler G. As a proletariat, learned about communism, a doctrine spreading among French industrial laborers and the Chinese students among them H. Upon returning to China, the Chinese Communist Party ordered Deng to a province in the far southMet up with Mao Zedong I. When the Communists were harassed by Nationalist forces, Deng and Mao joined the Long March, threading in roundabout ways through the hinterland to a northwestern province a year and 7,500 miles later J. The Long March cost the lives of more than 90,000 CCP troops K. Mao's guerrilla strategy had by then made him the movement's unchallenged leader L. After Japan’s defeat in 1945, CCP forced Nationalists to withdraw and the People’s Republic of China was established in 1949 M. Deng was loyal to Chairman Maowhen Mao moved against his intellectual rivals in Anti-Rightist purge, Deng organized a roundup of as many as half a million of his friend's ideological enemies N. Yet one of the most devastating, man-made catastrophes of the 20th century would fray their comradeship and wound China almost mortally O. At least 30 million, Chinese died as a result of Mao's Great Leap Forward, campaign to overtake per capita industrial production of Britain in 15 years P. The Leap's unscientific agricultural practices and inane technologies turned China into an immense archipelago of unproductive communes and famine Q. Mao refused to believe reports of famine R. By 1961, the state was on the verge of collapse S. By then President Liu decided the time had come to make a leap in another direction and Deng collaborated with Liu's economic reforms Summaries: Cues: T. Deng declared, "It doesn't matter whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice." U. Mao made a strategic retreat and allowed Liu and Deng to restore order V. But he never forgave them for showing him up W. Mao's revenge came in 1966 with the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution II. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution A. Revolutionaries attuned to Mao took over the party, ousting Liu and Deng B. His feline remark became evidence against himAlong with fascism, and treason, Deng was accused by some Red Guards of promoting cat-ism C. At the trial Red Guards decried Deng as a "capitalist roader," a "fascist" and a "traitor" and shouted, "Cook the dog's head in boiling oil!" D. But Mao remembered old friendship and kept Deng under house arrest and later to work in a tractor factory but not killed E. But death of Deng's younger brother, driven to suicide by Red Guards, and the crippling of their son Deng Pufang F. Then in 1973, Deng summoned back to Beijingand after Zhou Enlai’s death in 1976, Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife) and the Gang of Four accused Deng of orchestrating demonstrations of sorrow for Zhou that criticized Gang G. After Mao's death in September 1976, Gang of Four was under arrest III. In Power A. Peasants allowed to cultivate private plots, sell surplus crops, etc. B. For a moment dissent was allowed to flourish in "Beijing spring" of 1979 C. But cut short  fear of mass demonstrations like Cultural Revolution D. But economic liberalization had spilled into political yearnings; soon labor unrest and student demonstrations for greater freedom panicked Deng E. Deng sacked his popular heir apparent, party chief Hu Yaobang, for pushing political reforms F. Sudden wealth of country had engendered a pandemic of official corruption, widened income disparities and brought on bouts of inflation G. In April 1989, students turned public mourning for Hu Yaobang (Party Chief – pushed for reforms), who had died of cancer, into the protracted Tiananmen protests H. 1989Tiananmen Square protestsDeng ordered in army I. But Deng’s legacyeconomic reforms that improved the standard of living of many Chineseintroducing elements of free-market capitalism J. Result was an explosion of economic growth and the elevation of "Deng Xiaoping Thought" to gospel, an ironic turn for a man who shuddered at “cults of personality” IV. Reflections A. Deng had said, “Leaders are men, not gods” B. Mao Zedong, the man who would be a god, lies embalmed and displayed in his mausoleum in Tiananmen Square C. Deng has asked that his eyes be donated to medicine, his ashes be cast into the sea and no monuments be built to him D. Only history will decide who was the greater Summaries: Questions: 1. The reorganization of China under 4. Under the leadership of Deng communism included all of the Xiaoping, following except (A)China experienced significant (A) Incentives to individual farmers economic reforms but maintained to increase productivity. its authoritarian political system. (B) A Five-Year Plan that (B) China continued to practice emphasized heavy industry over centralized economic planning consumer goods. but eased restrictions on political (C) Collective farming to replace and personal freedom. individual farming. (C)The policies of Chairman Mao (D) Full legal equality for women. came under intense criticism. (E) Health and public education (D)China gradually became more provided through local democratic and adopted a market collectives. economy. (E) China became more isolationist, 2. Tensions developed between China restricting all contacts with the and the Soviet Union after outside world. (A) The Soviets refused to buy any Chinese goods. 5. As a result of the Cultural Revolution (B) The two countries disagreed over in China, who should get control of Tibet. (A)The educated elite were (C) The Soviets tried to prevent the persecuted, and China was Chinese from developing nuclear deprived of their talent. weapons. (B) Peasant farmers killed so many (D) The Soviets refused to support sparrows that the ecological China against India and stinted balance was thrown off. China on foreign aid. (C)Student demonstrators in (E) All of the above. Tiananmen Square were crushed by government troops. 3. The Soviet Union failed to impose a (D)The nation achieved communist government in industrialization within a Afghanistan because generation. (A) Islamic leaders objected to (E) The Red Guard was discredited. radical social reforms. (B) The PDPA was brutal and 6. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unpopular. was assassinated because (C) The Soviet people grew tired of (A)She pursued aggressive birth the war after several futile years. control policies. (D) The CIA supplied the (B) She permitted an attack on Sikh mujahideen with arms for their extremists at the sacred Golden resistance. Temple. (E) All of the above. (C)She refused to consider the partition of Kashmir. (D)She insisted that untouchables be fully integrated into society. http://www.pbs.org After the catastrophic failures of the Great Leap Forward Mao Zedong withdrew from active rule and left Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping to guide the economy to recovery. All had been loyal Maoists but they no longer believed in the brand of radical fervor that Mao advocated. Under the new leadership there was a shift to an emphasis on expertise rather than ideological purity. There is some evidence, according to Harrison Salsbury, that Mao made a formal agreement with the three that he would give them free rein to bring about a recovery of the economy and that he would stay out of government and politics for five years. In 1966, after spending years studying political economy and the classics of Chinese history, Mao was ready to act. Mao was disillusioned with the revisionist direction that the Communist Party was taking in the Soviet Union and saw China probably heading in the same direction. He gathered a bloc of radicals to aid him in his attack on the leadership of the Communist Party… Premier Zhou Enlai was not one of the radicals but he always deferred to and supported Mao. Lin Biao was a factor in the power struggle but he was separate from the radicals and from the moderates. He was working toward his own eventual rise to supreme power…Mao realized that it would not be easy to purge the Communist Party of its leaders. One misstep on his part and the leadership could effectively imprison him and continue to rule in his name. It would take a social upheaval to keep the leadership disoriented and unsure of what actions to take. Although the Cultural Revolution was a disaster for China it was a brilliant piece of guerilla action on Mao's part in the power struggle he instigated. In 1966 Mao staged a media event to indicate that he was still vigorous at 72 years of age and ready to resume leadership in China. It was a swim in the Changjiang (Yangtze River). Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in August of 1966 at a Plenum of the Central Committee when he called for Red Guards to challenge Communist Party officials for their bourgeoisness and lack of revolutionary zeal. Articles in Party newspapers preceding this official launching introduced the concept of the Cultural Revolution. Schools were closed to free students to join the Red Guards. The movement escalated but it also splintered into factions, all claiming fervent devotion to Chairman Mao. Mao promoted, or at least sanctioned, a personality cult that exceeded that created for Joseph Stalin. Lin Biao was a major influence in the creation of the personality cult for Mao. Mao first engineered the ousting of Liu Shaoqi from power. Liu was imprisoned and beaten. In 1968 he was taken to a solitary prison where he died sick and alone. Deng Xiaoping was removed from top offices but not imprisoned. He was sent to a remote factory to work as a machinist, a skilled he learned in France during his student days. Deng and his wife could communicate in their apartment only through written notes because their living quarters were bugged. Zhou Enlai remained in power but with waning influence over political events. Defense Minister Lin Biao ordered the military to support the Cultural Revolution but disorder was emerging as different factions of the Red Guard and other radical movements fought each other for control of areas…When there occurred signs of impatience among the military in 1967 with the disorder of the Cultural Revolution, Mao ordered the military to suppress the movement… Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: China from 1945 to 1991 ______