Department of Electrical and Information Engineering

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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

YAGI-UDA ANTENNA DESIGN

PROJECT INDEX: PRJ 044 BY KAMANDE ROBERT ABUYA F17/2356/2009

SUPERVISOR: DR. V.M DHARMADHIKARY EXAMINER: DR. Ing. W.N. MWEMA

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical And Electronic Engineering of the University of Nairobi

Submitted on: 28thApril, 2014

DEDICATION

To my late father and my mother, for getting me here.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to thank all my lecturers at the University of Nairobi and especially my supervisor Dr. VasantDharmadhikary, for their support and guidance over the past five years which contributed greatly to the provision of knowledge as well as the completion of this project.

I also wish to convey my gratitude to Mr. KinyuaWachira and Mr. Wangai for their help and advice during the construction phase.

I also wish to thank my family for their moral and financial support while I was doing this project.

Finally I thank my friends and classmates for their help with the trickier parts of this project and for providing a nice environment to work in.

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DECLARATION AND CERTIFICATION

This report is my original work and has not been presented for a degree award in this

or any other university.

……………………………………….. Robert AbuyaKamande F17/2356/2009

This is tocertify that the above statement made by the student is true to the best of my

knowledge and belief:

……………………………… Dr. Vasant Dharmadhikary

Date:………………………

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Table of Contents

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LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT This report is on the design, construction and analysis of a Yagi-Uda antenna. The theory of the antenna is briefly discussed along with a presentation of the design procedure used. The design has been done a perturbation approach. The NEC2/NEC4 based software called 4NEC2 was used to simulate the antenna after which the elements were altered iteratively until a suitable design was obtained. The antenna operates over the frequency band 600-800MHz. Analysis of the effects of perturbation on the antenna parameters is also given.

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UHF TV Channels vs Frequency in MHz CHANNEL VIDEO COLOR AUDIO CHANNEL VIDEO COLOR AUDIO NO. BANDWIDTH CARRIER CARRIER CARRIER NO. BANDWIDTH CARRIER CARRIER CARRIER

14 470.0 – 476.0 471.25 474.83 475.75 42 638.0 – 644.0 639.25 642.83 643.75 15 476.0 – 482.0 477.25 480.83 481.75 43 644.0 – 650.0 645.25 648.83 649.75 16 482.0 – 488.0 483.25 486.83 487.75 44 650.0 – 656.0 651.25 654.83 655.75 17 488.0 – 494.0 489.25 492.83 493.75 45 656.0 – 662.0 657.25 660.83 661.75 18 494.0 – 500.0 495.25 498.83 499.75 19 500.0 – 506.0 501.25 504.83 505.75 46 662.0 – 668.0 663.25 666.83 667.75 506.0 – 512.0 507.25 510.83 511.75 47 668.0 – 674.0 669.25 672.83 673.75 20 48 674.0 – 680.0 675.25 678.83 679.75 21 512.0 – 518.0 513.25 516.83 517.75 49 680.0 – 686.0 681.25 684.83 685.75 22 518.0 – 524.0 519.25 522.83 523.75 50 686.0 – 692.0 687.25 690.83 691.75 23 524.0 – 530.0 525.25 528.83 529.75 24 530.0 – 536.0 531.25 534.83 535.75 51 692.0 – 698.0 693.25 696.83 697.75 25 536.0 – 542.0 537.25 540.83 541.75 52 698.0 – 704.0 699.25 702.83 703.75 53 704.0 – 710.0 705.25 708.83 709.75 26 542.0 – 548.0 543.25 546.83 547.75 54 710.0 – 716.0 711.25 714.83 715.75 27 548.0 – 554.0 549.25 552.83 553.75 55 716.0 – 722.0 717.25 720.83 721.75 28 554.0 – 560.0 555.25 558.83 559.75 29 560.0 – 566.0 561.25 564.83 565.75 56 722.0 – 728.0 723.25 726.83 727.75 30 566.0 – 572.0 567.25 570.83 571.75 57 728.0 – 734.0 729.25 732.83 733.75 58 734.0 – 740.0 735.25 738.83 739.75 31 572.0 – 578.0 573.25 576.83 577.75 59 740.0 – 746.0 741.25 744.83 745.75 32 578.0 – 584.0 579.25 582.83 583.75 60 746.0 – 752.0 747.25 750.83 751.75 33 584.0 – 590.0 585.25 588.83 589.75 34 590.0 – 596.0 591.25 594.83 595.75 61 752.0 – 758.0 753.25 756.83 757.75 35 596.0 – 602.0 597.25 600.83 601.75 62 758.0 – 764.0 759.25 762.83 763.75 63 764.0 – 770.0 765.25 768.83 769.75 36 602.0 – 608.0 603.25 606.83 607.75 64 770.0 – 776.0 771.25 774.83 775.75 37 608.0 – 614.0 609.25 612.83 613.75 38 614.0 – 620.0 615.25 618.83 619.75 65 776.0 – 782.0 777.25 780.83 781.75 39 620.0 – 626.0 621.25 624.83 625.75 66 782.0 – 788.0 783.25 786.83 787.75 67 788.0 – 794.0 789.25 792.83 793.75 40 626.0 – 632.0 627.25 630.83 631.75 68 794.0 – 800.0 795.25 798.83 799.75 41 632.0 – 638.0 633.25 636.83 637.75 69 800.0 – 806.0 801.25 804.83 805.75

NEC INPUT FILE FOR THE DESIGNED ANTENNA

CM All Dimensions in Metres ed SY Height = 0 'Yagi Boom Height above ground SY R01HL = +00.11460 ' Half Length SY R01SP = +00.00000 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY DRVHL = +00.10823 ' Half Length SY DRVSP = +00.09397 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY DRVVS = +00.01800 ' Half Vertical Spacing SY DRVHP = Height + DRVVS ' UNEC2/NEC4 based software called 4NEC2NEC2/NEC4 based software called 4NEC2pper Element Height SY DRVHM = Height - DRVVS ' Lower Element Height SY D01HL = +00.08182 ' Half Length SY D01SP = +00.14566 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY D02HL = +00.07649 ' Half Length SY D02SP = +00.22300 ' Spacing from Boom Start

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SY D03HL = +00.07584 ' Half Length SY D03SP = +00.30947 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY D04HL = +00.07196 ' Half Length SY D04SP = +00.44087 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY D05HL = +00.07369 ' Half Length SY D05SP = +00.57914 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY D06HL = +00.07420 ' Half Length SY D06SP = +00.65553 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY D07HL = +00.07230 ' Half Length SY D07SP = +00.78070 ' Spacing from Boom Start SY D08HL = +00.07827 ' Half Length SY D08SP = +00.88193 ' Spacing from Boom Start GW 01 0031 -R01HL R01SP Height +R01HL R01SP Height +0.003000 GW 02 0031 -DRVHL DRVSP DRVHM +DRVHL DRVSP DRVHM +0.003000 GW 03 0005 +DRVHL DRVSP DRVHM +DRVHL DRVSP DRVHP +0.003000 GW 04 0031 +DRVHL DRVSP DRVHP -DRVHL DRVSP DRVHP +0.003000 GW 05 0005 -DRVHL DRVSP DRVHP -DRVHL DRVSP DRVHM +0.003000 GW 06 0031 -D01HL D01SP Height +D01HL D01SP Height +0.003000 GW 07 0031 -D02HL D02SP Height +D02HL D02SP Height +0.003000 GW 08 0031 -D03HL D03SP Height +D03HL D03SP Height +0.003000 GW 09 0031 -D04HL D04SP Height +D04HL D04SP Height +0.003000 GW 10 0031 -D05HL D05SP Height +D05HL D05SP Height +0.003000 GW 11 0031 -D06HL D06SP Height +D06HL D06SP Height +0.003000 8 [Type text]

GW 12 0031 -D07HL D07SP Height +D07HL D07SP Height +0.003000 GW 13 0031 -D08HL D08SP Height +D08HL D08SP Height +0.003000 GE 0 EK EX 0 0002 50% 0 1 0 LD 5 01 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 02 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 03 1 1 3.82E+07 LD 5 04 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 05 1 1 3.82E+07 LD 5 06 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 07 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 08 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 09 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 10 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 11 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 12 1 0031 3.82E+07 LD 5 13 1 0031 3.82E+07 FR 0 1 0 0 0683.000 1 RP 0 1 2 1000 90 90 1 180 EN