Arctic ISB Chapter Outline

- Challenges and benefits of conducting ISB in ice conditions o Restricted access o Locating oil in and under ice o Slows weathering o Limits effects of winds and waves o Limits spreading of the oil

- Freeze-up (frazil and nilas ice) o thicker slicks required for burn o lower efficiency rates o boom ineffective o oil is being incorporated into the forming ice sheet

- Open water to 3/10 ice concentration o Conventional tactics can be used o Less impacts of ice on boom

- 3/10 to 6~7/10 ice concentration o Boom difficult to use o Oil concentrates naturally along ice edge and between floes o Chemical herders can help thicken slicks

- 6~7/10 to 9+/10 o Oil concentrated between floes more difficult to access o Limited spreading and effects of wind and waves

- Solid ice o Once ice is safe contaminated ice and snow can be pushed into pile and burned o Ice and snow can be used to form containment berms and trenches o Oil under ice, ice can be slotted or drilled through to allow oil to surface to burn o Spring time oil encapsulated in ice sheet will surface through brine channels and may be burned

- Use of chemical additives o Chemical herder work to contract a spill making it thicker and easier to burn o Emulsion breakers to break highly weathered oil to permit burning

- Country Specific ISB Regulations and Requirements o Canada o Denmark o Finland o Greenland o Iceland o Norway o Russia o Sweden o United States

Insert regulations/guidelines and/or insert web site addresses to access the information.