Hudson, W. (1982). the Clinical Measurement Package: a Field Manual. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press

Appendix A.

Risk factor Wav Data Mean ( Rang Alpha Description e source S e D ) Area characteristics

Percent in poverty 1 U. S. 0.33 (. 0-100 - Level of Census 1 poverty in the 4 participant’s ) census tract of residence.

Neighborhood disorganization 1 Parent 1.69 (. 1-3 0.96 17-item scale 6 indicating 4 perceptions of ) crime, dilapidation, and disorganizatio n in their community (RYDS Measure). Family background/structure

Low parent education 1 Parent 11.35 ( 6-18 - Highest grade 2 of schooling . completed. 1 5 ) Poverty-level income 2 Parent 0.32 (. 0-1 - Whether the 4 family income 6 falls below the ) federally- defined poverty level for a given family size.

Teenage mother 1 Parent 19.07 ( 12-41 - How old the 3 mother was at . the birth of her 7 first child, 0 comparing ) teenage mothers to older mothers.

Family transitions 1-9 Parent/ 1.37 ( 0-9 - Cumulative Adolesce 1 measure from nt . waves 1 to 9 5 indicating the 6 number of ) waves in which there was a change in parents or guardians reported in either the parent or adolescent interviews. Parent stressors

Parent depressive symptoms 2 Parent 1.70 (. 1-5 0.75 Eight-item 6 scale of 3 depressive ) symptoms such as frequency of feeling lonely, worthless, or suicidal and rating of life overall. Based on a modified version of the Depression Scale CES-D (Radloff, 1977).

Risk factor Wav Data Mean ( Rang Alpha Description e source S e D ) Parental stress 2 Parent 2.17 (. 1-4 0.68 Eight-item 5 scale of 3 parent’s stress- ) related thoughts and feelings, such as frequency of not feeling in control or not being able to handle personal problems (RYDS Measure).

Parent marijuana use 2-4 Parent 0.43 (. 0-1 - Dichotomous 5 measure of 0 whether the ) participant’s parent reported using marijuana at any point between waves 2 and 4, when the adolescents were approximately 14 and 15 years of age.

Parent alcohol use 2-4 Parent 0.16 (. 0-1 - Dichotomous 3 measure of 7 whether the ) participant’s parent reported having 3-4 drinks more than half of the time when drinking, measured between waves 2 and 4. Exposure to family violence

Parental partner conflict 3-7 Parent 0.27 (. 0-1 - Binary 4 measure, based 5 on the Conflict ) Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979), referring to severe, physical conflict between the parents and their partners to which the adolescent participant may have been exposed.

Maltreatment victimization 1-9 Child 0.20 (. 0-1 - Binary Protective 4 measure Services 0 indicating ) whether or not an official, substantiated report of neglect, physical, or sexual abuse against the adolescent participant occurred before age 17.

Family hostility 2 Parent 1.61 (. 1-4 - Three-item 5 index 4 assessing the ) extent to which the parent reports a climate of hostility and conflict within the family (RYDS Measure).

Risk factor Wav Data Mean ( Rang Alpha Description e source S e D ) Parent-child relationships

Low attachment to parent 8 Adolesce 3.42 (. 1-4 0.89 Eleven-item nt 4 adaptation of 2 the Hudson ) Scale of Attitudes to Parents (Hudson, 1982) in which the adolescent reports his/her perception of the degree of warmth and lack of hostility in the parent-child relationship.

Low attachment to child 8 Parent 3.49 (. 1-4 0.81 Eleven-item 4 adaptation of 7 the Hudson ) Scale (Hudson, 1982) in which the parent reports on his/her relations with the child.

Inconsistent discipline 7 Parent 2.81 (. 1-4 0.77 Seven-item 4 scale 4 indicating how ) often punishment is ineffective or the child gets away with things (RYDS Measure).

Poor supervision 8 Adolesce 3.55 (. 1-4 0.79 Four-item nt 4 scale 8 indicating the ) adolescent’s report of their parents’ lack of awareness of where they are, their friends, and activities (RYDS Measure). Education

Low commitment to school 8 Adolesce 3.07 (. 1-4 0.85 Ten-item scale nt 3 measuring 9 various facets ) of the adolescent’s commitment such as the importance of schoolwork (RYDS Measure).

Low college expectations 8 Adolesce 2.60 (. 1-3 - Single nt 7 question 3 indicating the ) degree of certainty with which the adolescent expects to attend college (RYDS Measure).

Low parent college 7 Parent 2.63 ( 1-3 - Single expectations for adolescent 1 question . indicating the 3 parent’s 2 assessment of ) how likely the adolescent is to attend college (RYDS Measure).

Risk factor Wav Data Mean ( Rang Alpha Description e source S e D ) School dropout Adolesce 0.27 (. 0-1 - Whether the nt 4 participant was 4 not attending ) or had not graduated from high school by wave 10 (age 21). Peer relationships

Delinquent peers 8 Adolesce 1.35 (. 1-4 0.89 Eight-item nt 5 scale based on 6 the ) adolescent’s report of how many friends participated in a variety of delinquent behaviors.

Unsupervised time with friends 8 Adolesce 2.18 (. 1-5 - How much nt 8 time they 4 spend with ) friends "hanging out" without adults being present and supervising them.

Early Intimate Relationships

Precocious sexual activity Adolesce 0.32 (. 0-1 - Whether the nt 4 participant 7 reported ) engaging in sexual activity before the age of 15.

Precocious parenthood Adolesce 0.19 (. 0-1 - Whether the nt 4 adolescent 0 self-reported ) having a child prior to turning twenty years old.

Precocious cohabitation Adolesce 0.10 (. 0-1 - Whether the nt 3 participant 0 reported living ) with a partner before the age of 19.

Adolescent stressors

Negative life events 8 Adolesce 1.65 ( 0-8 - Sum of the nt 1 number of . potential 3 negative 5 events and ) stressors experienced by the adolescent such as breaking up with a significant other or being suspended from school.

Risk factor Wav Data Mean ( Rang Alpha Description e source S e D ) Depressive symptoms 8 Adolesce 2.01 (. 1-4 0.82 14-item scale, nt 4 based on a 8 modified ) version of the Depression Scale CES-D (Radloff, 1977), which averages the frequency of a number of depressive symptoms.

Low self-esteem 8 Adolesce 3.26 (. 1-4 0.87 Nine-item nt 4 measure 4 derived from ) Rosenberg (1965), which averages agreement with statements such as satisfaction with and respect for self.

Internalizing problems 7 Parent 0.42 (. 0-2 0.89 Trimmed 3 version 1 (Lizotte, ) Chard- Wierschem, Loeber & Stern (1992) of the internalizing behavior scale from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979) and is based on three subscales (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depres sed). Antisocial behaviors General delinquency 8 Adolesce 0.39 (. 0-1 - Self-report nt 4 inventory of 9 32 items ) covering a broad range of behaviors ranging from minor status offenses to serious violent crimes.

Problem marijuana use 8 Adolesce 0.04 (. 0-6 - Six-item self- nt 2 report scale 8 measuring ) problems stemming from the adolescent’s marijuana use, such as needing more to get high or experiencing school trouble.

Problem alcohol use 8 Adolesce 0.10 (. 0-6 - Six-item scale nt 4 measuring 3 problem ) behaviors related to the adolescent’s alcohol use, such as memory loss and physical fights.

Risk factor Wav Data Mean ( Rang Alpha Description e source S e D ) Hostility 7 Parent 0.28 (. 0-2 - Trimmed 2 version 8 (Lizotte et al., ) 1992) of the externalizing behavior items from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979).

Aggression 7 Parent 0.37 (. 0-2 - Trimmed 3 version 6 (Lizotte et al., ) 1992) of the externalizing behavior items from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979). References

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1979). The child behavior profile: II. Boys aged 12–16 and girls

aged 6–11 and 12–16. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 223–233.

Hudson, W. (1982). The clinical measurement package: A field manual. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

Lizotte, A. J., Chard-Wierschem, D. J., Loeber, R., & Stern, S. B. (1992). A shortened Child Behavior

Checklist for delinquency studies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 8, 233–245.

Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general

population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University

Press.

Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales.

Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.