Chapter 2 Earth Materials and Features Chapter Outline: I. Rocks and Minerals

Chapter 2 Earth Materials and Features

Chapter Outline: I. Rocks and Minerals a. Elements, Ions and Atomic Bonds b. Isotopes II. Common Rock-Forming Minerals III. The Rock Cycle IV. Types of Rocks a. Igneous Rocks and Processes b. Sedimentary Rocks and Processes c. Metamorphic Rocks and Processes

Key Terms: rock minerals crystal biomineralization silicate minerals carbonate minerals rock cycle igneous rocks magma sediment sedimentary rock metamorphic rocks intrusive (or plutonic) rocks extrusive (or volcanic) rocks lithifaction evaporite bedding lamination regional metamorphism contact metamorphism

In-Class Activities:

Instructor Notes for In-Class Activity 1

Title: Minerals: The building blocks of rocks

Time: 5-10 minutes prep; 45– 60 minutes in class (or can assign research between class periods)

Materials: Internet required. Print instruction sheets as handouts. For 30 students the instructor should have 10 hand samples of each of the following 14 minerals: quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, augite, hornblende, olivine, calcite, magnetite, biotite, talc, gypsum and dolomite. These samples can be purchased from sites such as http://wardsci.com/category.asp_Q_c_E_812/ for less than $250. These samples should last for up to 5-10 years. Have a roll of paper towels available so that students can clean the minerals after the completion of this exercise.

Handouts: First print out the rock and minerals laboratory exercises on: http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/Rocks_and_Mineral s.pdf/ The students will work in groups of 3-4 and answer the questions as outlined by the instructor. In addition to the above handout, the students can use sites such as the following as references. http://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/common.h tml http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blquickmineral_id.htm/

Procedures: The instructor should separate students into groups of 3-4. Each group will be given two copies of the handout. Each group will submit one completed handout for grading. Each group will be provided with one hand sample of the minerals quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, augite, hornblende, olivine, calcite, magnetite, biotite, talc, gypsum and dolomite. The instructor will place these samples on index cards listed 1,2,3, …..14. The instructor should make note of which samples are placed on which cards for future grading of this lab. First, have the students answer questions 1-5 in the pre-lab exercises section of the handout so that they will become familiar with some commonly studied mineral properties visible in mineral hand samples. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/Rocks_and_Mineral s.pdf/ Next, have the students identify the 14 minerals, and study the mineral properties by filling out the lab exercise #1 table in the hand out http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/Rocks_and_Mineral s.pdf/ Note, that there are only enough columns for 10 mineral samples. The students should write the answers for minerals 11-14 in table format on the back of their answer sheet.

After answering these questions, the instructor should visit each group and ask the students to try and remember three attributes for each mineral sample, in that they will have a quiz the following week.

Student Instructions: See above.

Specific Suggestions: The next week the instructor should have the graded exercises returned to each group. The students should be encouraged to make copies for individual study. The mineral samples should be placed on a table with the correct answers. Students should be encouraged to determine what errors were made, and to take a second look at all of the minerals. The next week, the instructor should quiz the students to test their ability to recognize mineral attributes, and to identify minerals.

Objectives: Students should be able to: Identify the 14 provided common rock-forming minerals. Students should be able to recognize the following mineral attributes: color, cleavage, hardness, luster, reaction to acid, magnetism, and others.

In-Class Activity 1: Handout

Throughout the course of this semester you will be studying rocks to study Earth History. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and therefore we will study them first. There are more than 3000 known minerals. However, the 14 minerals that you will study today, are found in the great majority of rocks, and are thus referred to as “rock-forming minerals”. Your instructor has provided you with a printed copy of : http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/Rocks_and_Minerals.pdf/ Your group will first complete pre-lab exercise questions 1-5 to become familiar with mineral properties. Your instructor will provide you with a piece of glass, a small magnet, a streak plate, a small bottle of dilute HCL acid (be careful with this if you get some on your skin wash it off with water in a sink immediately). You can use these materials to study the mineral properties. For mineral hardness you can also use a penny and your fingernail. Next, your instructor will provide you with 14 minerals placed on 14 index cards. The 14 minerals include the common rock forming minerals quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, augite, hornblende, olivine, calcite, magnetite, biotite, talc, gypsum and dolomite. First fill out the attributes of color, hardness, luster etc for minerals 1-10 in the included chart (Lab exercise 1). Do the same for minerals 11-14, write your answers on the back of your answer sheet or on a separate piece of paper (that you will hand in with this lab). Next identify the 14 provided minerals. Try and remember 3 attributes for each of the provided minerals. This exercise will be graded, and you will have a chance to see these minerals again prior to having a quiz on this material.

Feel free to use online resources to complete these exercises. Two excellent websites can be found at: http://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/common.html http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blquickmineral_id.htm/

Instructor Notes for In-Class Activity 2

Title: Rocks: The materials that contain clues to the geologic past.

Time: 5 – 10 Minutes prep; 50 – 60 minutes in class (or can assign research between class periods)

Materials: Internet required. Print instruction sheets as handouts. For 30 students the instructor should have 10 hand samples each of the following 15 rocks: Igneous rocks (5)-Granite, Basalt, Gabbro, Obsidian, Andesite Sedimentary rocks (5)-Quartz sandstone, Arkose, Greywacke, Shale, Limestone Metamorphic rocks (5)-Marble, Schist, Slate, Quartzite and Phyllite

These samples can be purchased from sites such as http://wardsci.com/category.asp_Q_c_E_812/ for less than $250. These samples should last for up to 5-10 years. Have a roll of paper towels available so that students can clean the minerals after the completion of this exercise.

Handouts: First print out the rock and minerals laboratory exercises on: http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/Rocks_and_Mineral s.pdf/ The students will work in groups of 3-4 and answer the questions as outlined by the instructor. In addition to the above handout, the students can use sites such as the following as references. http://www.newarkcampus.org/professional/osu/faculty/jstjohn/Common %20rocks.htm/ http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blrockindex.htm/

Procedures: The instructor should separate students into groups of 3-4. Each group will be given two copies of the handout. Each group will submit one completed handout for grading. Each group will be provided with one hand sample of the following rocks. Igneous rocks (5)-Granite, Basalt, Gabbro, Obsidian, Andesite Sedimentary rocks (5)-Quartz sandstone, Arkose, Greywacke, Shale, Limestone Metamorphic rocks (5)-Marble, Schist, Slate, Quartzite and Phyllite The instructor will randomly place the 15 rocks on 15 separate index cards, labeled from 1 to 15. The instructor will list the 15 available rocks randomly on a chalk board or white board. The students will fill in tables 2-4 in the lab exercises portion of their handout with the rock names and other listed attributes. The students can use their textbook, the handout and the following websites as references. http://www.newarkcampus.org/professional/osu/faculty/jstjohn/Common %20rocks.htm/ http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blrockindex.htm/ Time permitting, have the students complete pre-questions 6-12 using the above websites and the textbook as references. The students should turn in their handout with the answers to the above questions for grading. The students will be quizzed on the material covered in this lab exercise during some future date. Student Instructions: See above

Specific Suggestions: The next week the instructor should have the graded exercises returned to each group. The students should be encouraged to make copies for individual study. The rock samples should be placed on a table with the correct answers. Students should be encouraged to determine what errors were made, and to take a second look at all of the rock samples. The next week, the instructor should quiz the students to test their ability to recognize rock attributes, and to identify the rocks.

Objectives: Students should be able to: Identify the 15 provided common rock types. Differentiate between igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Get a fundamental understanding of rates of cooling and mineralogy for igneous rocks. Explain the difference between shale and claystone. List the three types of sandstone, and tell the dominant mineral in each. Determine whether or not a metamorphic rock contains foliation. In-Class Activity 2: Handout

Last week, we studied minerals the building blocks of rocks. This week we are going to study and identify 15 common rocks, study their attributes, differentiate between the three main rock types (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary), and look at the minerals contained within each rock.

Your instructor has graded the answer from last weeks exercise in your handout. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/Rocks_and_Minerals.pdf/ You will now complete all of the answers that were not completed last week including first lab exercises 2-4, and then pre-lab exercise 6-12. For lab exercises 2-4 you will identify the 15 common rocks that are placed on the 15 index cards numbered 1-15 in front of you. There are 15 rocks to be identified these are: Igneous rocks (5)-Granite, Basalt, Gabbro, Obsidian, Andesite Sedimentary rocks (5)-Quartz sandstone, Arkose, Greywacke, Shale, Limestone Metamorphic rocks (5)-Marble, Schist, Slate, Quartzite and Phyllite

Once again your instructor has provided you with a piece of glass, a small magnet, a streak plate, a small bottle of dilute HCL acid (be careful with this if you get some on your skin wash it off with water in a sink immediately) to study and identify the rocks.

Try and remember 3 attributes for each of the provided rocks. This exercise will be graded, and you will have a chance to see these minerals again prior to having a quiz on this material.

Feel free to use online resources to complete these exercises. Two excellent websites can be found at: http://www.newarkcampus.org/professional/osu/faculty/jstjohn/Common%20rocks.htm/ http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blrockindex.htm/