Chapter 17: the Tide of War Turns (1863-1865) s1

Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns (1863-1865) Name ______Date ______Hour ______Section 3: The North Wins

Main Idea: Victories at Gettysburg & Richmond allow the Union to win the war.

Why it matters now: If the Union had lost the war, the U.S. might look very different now.

One American’s Story

1. What did Joshua Chamberlain give up in order to fight for the Union? he was a college professor _who had the opportunity for a year’s travel w/pay to study languages in Europe. ______

2. How many battles did Chamberlain fight in? _24_

3. What is he best remembered for? his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg (Day 2) where he courageously held off a fierce rebel attack on Little Round Top

I. The Road to Gettysburg

1. Fill in the following chart.

Commanding Generals of the Union Army

Name Date Fired Reason for dismissal

Following the Northern victory at the Battle of 1. George McClellan September, Antietam in Maryland, McClellan failed to finish 1862 off Lee’s army as it retreated back into Virginia.

At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia Burnside 2. Ambrose Burnside December, attacked Confederate troops who were dug into 1862 trenches resulting in the loss of 12,600 Union troops.

3. Joseph Hooker May, 1863 At Chancellorsville, Virginia the Union army was badly beaten by Lee who only had ½ as many men.

4. George Meade July, 1863 Following the Northern victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Meade failed to follow Lee and finish off the Southern army as it retreated back to Virginia. Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns (1863-1865)

2. Who was General Stonewall Jackson and what happened to him? __one of Lee’s best generals; _he was accidentally shot in the arm by his own troops who thought he was a Northern soldier; after having his arm amputated he developed pneumonia and died following the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863.

3. Why did General Lee decide to attack the North again? a. Lee hoped a Confederate victory in the North would cause Northerners already unhappy about the war to push Lincoln into a peace treaty with the South.______

b. convince European nations to side with the Confederacy (Europe might think the South was going to win.______

II. The Battle of Gettysburg

1. When did the Battle of Gettysburg begin and how long was it? _July 1, 1863______3 days (ended July 3, 1863)______

2. What was “Pickett’s Charge”? _the turning point of the Battle of Gettysburg; Lee ordered Pickett _to directly charge across the Peach Orchard and into the middle of the Union line above them. Pickett lost his entire brigade. ______

3. Timeline: Battle of Gettysburg See text, map and picture on p. 514

______(Day 1) (Day 2) (Day 3)

*Southern troops occupy *Confederate troops try to *Lee decides to attack Significant events town of Gettysburg capture Little Round Top center of Union line— of the battle: but fail. orders Pickett’s Charge on *Union troops take high Union troops occupying ground outside of town *Joshua Chamberlain’s high ground (Cemetery *Fighting begins—Union heroic efforts during Ridge). Battle of Little Round Top earn him the Medal of *Pickett’s entire brigade Honor is killed. Lee retreats. Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns (1863-1865)

4. Fill in the graphic organizer below using p.513

BLOODIEST BATTLE IN U.S. HISTORY

North lost 23,000 men Lee’s hopes for invasion into North permanently crushed

Effects of the Battle of Gettysburg

28,000 Confederate soldiers died Lee retreated South into Virginia wounded over 1/3 of Southern army TURNING POINT OF CIVIL WAR

III. The Siege of Vicksburg

1. What happened on July 4, 1863? __Grant takes Vicksburg______

a. What was the significance of this?____Vicksburg was the last Confederate-controlled port on Mississippi River—Union now would control Mississippi River and the Confederacy cut in half _

b. Why did the South lose at Vicksburg? They were under siege by Grant’s army—no food or supplies were allowed in. After a month & ½ they were starving & surrendered.______

2. When was Grant named commander of all the Union armies? ___March, 1864______

Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns (1863-1865)

IV. Sherman’s Total War

1. Describe Sherman’s March (see map, p. 517) __Starting in TN, he marched SE thru Atlanta until _he reached Atlantic Ocean & back North thru major southern cities______

2. What does “total war” mean? _a war not only against enemy troops, but against everything that _supports their army (rail lines, crops, towns burned & looted, total destruction)______

3. What was the political effect of “Sherman’s March”? __Sherman’s victory brought more support __for Lincoln and the war; Lincoln won re-election.______

4. Explain what Lincoln meant in the following quote from his 2nd Inaugural Address: “With malice towards none; with charity for all; . . . let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; . . . to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace.” Lincoln wants to put the war behind us and move forward to making peace once again with our fellow countrymen. He doesn’t want there to be lasting hatred, but kindness for all as everyone has suffered from the war. He looks forward to a period of peace, not revenge or punishment.______

V. Grant’s Virginia Campaign

1. Why did Sherman march his troops toward Virginia? _to meet up with Grant’s troops

2. Since May 1864, what was Grant and his generals doing? _making attack after attack on the Confederate troops as he moved toward Richmond (their capitol)______

3. What Did Grant say after the Battle of the Wilderness in May, 1864? ___”Whatever happens_ _we will not retreat.”______How many men had he lost? ____over 17,000______

4. What did the Union troops do before they went into the Battle of Cold Harbor? Why? ______they pinned their names and address to their jackets so that their bodies could be identified later—they expected to be killed in battle.______

5. Where was Petersburg? _just South of Richmond, Virginia______When did Grant arrive there? _June, 1964______How long was the Siege of Petersburg? __10 months______Month & Year it would have ended? ___April, 1865______

6. What happened on April 3, 1865? The Union troops took Richmond ______Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns (1863-1865)

VI. ______

1. What happened on April 9, 1865? _Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in VA Why did this happen? __Lee recognized that it his situation was hopeless—his men were starving to death___

2. ***NOTES FROM SWAIN: Lee chose to surrender and repair the Union rather than conduct guerilla warfare from the foothills of the Appalachian Mtns. as Jefferson Davis wanted him to do.

3. What terms of surrender did Grant offer to Lee? a. Lay down their weapons b. Go home in peace (South) c. Take private possessions & a horse d. Lincoln made sure the starving men were fed

4. Drawing Conclusions: What does the terms of Lee’s surrender indicate how Lincoln felt about Southern reconciliation following the Civil War?

It would have been within Lincoln’s right to have Lee and other Confederate generals tried for treason. Lincoln, however, did not try to punish the South nor seek revenge for their secession. The terms of surrender show that Lincoln simply wanted to bring the South back into the United States again—and move into a time of healing and rebuilding the nation. He did not wish to encourage further bitterness or hard-feelings between the North and South.