Phonological Rules for English Allophones

10. Phonological Rules for English Allophones (a selection) :

The phonological rule Examples:

1. Nasalization [+vowel]  [+nasal] before [+nasal] of vowels and, man, ram, camp, sang, tank 2. Fronting of [+velar]  more front before front vowels velars geese, get, keg 3. Dentalisation [+alveoral]  [+dental] before [+dental] of alveolars tenth [tennθ], in theory [ɪnnθɪǝrɪ], one thing [wʌnnθɪŋ]

4. Unreleased [+stops]  unreleased in the word final position or before other oral cap, hat, black, cab, good oral stops stops captain, hatpin, blackboard, obtain, good dog 5. Aspiration of [–voiced]  [+aspirated] when syllable initial pit [phit], tie [thaɪ], come stops [+stop] [khʌm];

6. Lack of [–voiced]  [– aspirated] after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable spit [spɪt], sty [staɪ], scum aspiration after [+stop] /s/ [skʌm]);

7. Devoicing of [+approximant]  [-voiced] after [+aspirated, +stop]] approimants pray [prreɪ], play [plreɪ], crew krru:], clue [klru:], try [trraɪ], twig [twrɪg], tune [tjru:n])

8. Glottal stop [–voiced]  [+glottal stop] + [–voiced] when after a vowel and cup [kʰʌʔp], heap [hi:ʔp], bit suport [+stop] [+stop] at the end of a syllable [bɪʔt], beat [bi:ʔt], buck [bʌʔk], oak [ǝʊʔk], felt [feɫʔt])

9. /t/  glottal [–voiced] pit [pɪʔ], belt [beɫʔ], atlas stop [+alveolar]  [+glottal stop] [+stop] [æʔlǝs], lightning [laɪʔnɪŋ], pity [pɪʔɪ], bottom [bɒʔǝm]

10. /t/  tap [–voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between later [leɪɾr], writing [raɪɾɪŋ], [+alveolar]  [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is [+stop] unstressed waiter [weɪɾr], divinity [dɪvɪnɪɾɪ], startle [sta:rɾɫ]

11. /d/  tap [+voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between ladder [leɪɾr], riding [raɪɾɪŋ], [+alveolar]  [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is [+stop] unstressed wader [weɪɾr]

12. Devoicing of [+voiced]  partially voiced when syllable initial except buy, die, guy, zoo, veal, they consonants [+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound 13. Devoicing of [+voiced]  partially voiced when syllable final except rib, rid, rig, rise, drive, writhe consonants [+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound 14. Shortening of [+vowel]  shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable vowels cap, back 15. Syllabicity of [+nasal]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately leaden [lednn̦], chasm [kæsmn̦] nasals after [+obstruent] 16. Syllabicity of [+lateral]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately kiln [kɪln], film [fɪlm], bottle laterals after another consonant [bɒtl]