The Clay Minerals Society s1

Workshop Lectures

The Clay Minerals Society

Volume 10

Table of Contents

Volume 10, 2002, Electrochemical Properties of Clays Alanah Fitch, Editor

Introduction to Electrochemical Techniques for Clay Chemists…………………………….Susan Macha, Scott Baker, and Alanah Fitch INTRODUCTION NON-FARADAIC PROCESSES

The Passive Electrified Interface Transport Mechanisms in Charged Matrices Electroosmosis Electromigration and Conductivities Electrochemical Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils FARADAIC PROCESSES

Electron Transfer Reactions Gradients Set Up by Electron Transfer Reactions The Cyclic Voltammogram (CV) Electrochemistry in Colloidal Suspensions CV Experiments at a Clay-Modified Electrode (CME)

CME CV as a Miniature Chromatographic Column Direct Determination of D by Varying the Scan Rate Ratio Currents CME CV Examples Pore Volume Samplers: Anionic Probes CME CV of DDL Cations Complex Kinetic Applications Future Applications to Halogenated Organics in Soil Matrices Non-Diffuse Double Layer Compounds

DIRECT ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF CLAY TRANSITION METAL SITES LABORATORY PRACTICES SUMMARY REFERENCES

Application of Langmuir-Blodgett Method for Preparing a Clay-Modified Electrode…………………………………………...Aki Yamagishi

INTRODUCTION A MONOLAYER OF A HYDROPHOBIC CLAY

Preparation of a LB film of a clay ion-exchanged with alkyl ammonium AFM observation of a deposited LB film X-ray diffraction of a clay film prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett method Electrochemical measurements on an electrode modified with a LB film of a clay A proposed structure of a LB film of a clay A HYBRID MONOLAYER OF A CLAY AND A METAL COMPLEX

Preparation of a clay LB film using a cationic monolayer as a template Observation with a Brewster angle microscope Multilayer properties as studied with various spectroscopic methods Surface structures of a clay film as observed with AFM CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

Iron Redox Chemistry of Clays and Oxides: Environmental Applications…………………………………James E. Amonette INTRODUCTION

Iron associated with minerals Iron as a reductant

REDOX CHEMISTRY OF IRON

Electronic structure Thermodynamics Reduction potentials from free-energy data Reduction potentials from electronic structures Solid-phase reduction potentials ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

Kinetics Environmental contaminants Chlorinated hydrocarbons Nitroaromatics Inorganic species Redox mediators and buffers Natural attenuation processes In-situ redox manipulation Dithionite barrier concept and chemistry Reduction of Cr(VI) Reduction of chlorinated compounds Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds Iron as an oxidant Oxidative polymerization of aminoaromatic compounds Humic substance formation As(III) oxidation and sorption ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

Electron Transport in Electrodes Modified with Synthetic Clays Containing Electrochemically Active Transition Metal Sites………………...Gilles Villemure

INTRODUCTION

Electrode modifications with natural clays Electron transfer between iron sites in the clay lattices and species adsorbed in CMEs

ELECTRODE MODIFICATION WITH SYNTHETIC CLAYS.

Introduction Preparation of synthetic transition metal smectites Electrochemistry of the synthetic Fe-smectites Electrochemistry of the synthetic Co-smectites Electrochemistry of the synthetic copper clays ELECTRODE MODIFICATION WITH LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES

Preparation of layered double hydroxides Electrochemistry of LDH films in blank electrolyte solutions LDH-modified electrodes containing electroactive ions

CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

Structure and Dynamics of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes……………..Evangelos Manias, Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos, David B. Zax, and Emmanuel P. Giannelis

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL Materials Methods IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF PEO NANOCOMPOSITES COOPERATIVE MOTION: TSC AND DSC LOCAL CHAIN DYNAMICS: NMR COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF NANOCOMPOSITES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES