CORRELATION BETWEEN GENETIC ORIGIN OF POPULATION AND ITS LINGUISTIC ATTRIBUTES

1Miloš Bogdanović, 1Marija Bogdanović, 2Mirjana Sovilj, 3Lidija Ćuk Jovanović

[email protected] 2The Institute for Experimental Phonetics and Speech Pathology, Belgrade, [email protected]

3Neuropsychiatric Disorders Institute “Dr Laza Lazarevic”, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

As early as in 1939, a Yugoslav anthropologist Vladimir Dvorniković noticed that there is a correlation between the genetic origin and the composition of a specific human population and their lingual distinctions. A few years later, geneticist S.D. Darlington, confirmed the hypothesis on correlation between genetics and linguistics by the correlation between the distribution of blood type “O” in Europe and the distribution of dental fricatives. Our study included the following lingual attributes in their correlation with the genetic markers, which come with different human populations: However, out of several indigenous, non-Indo- 1) Ability to pronounce sounds European populations in Europe, which are 2) Melodic or dynamic word accentuation characterized by the blood type “0”, only Atlantic 3) Specific accentuation and intonation Mediterraneans, descendants of former bearers of the 4) Propensity to inadequate use of augmentatives or Megalith Western European culture, have a propensity diminutives to dominant use of dental and palatal fricatives. They are descendants of pre-Celt aborigines of Ireland, 1. Elaboration Scotland, Wales, Western France, Poland, and also of Herzegovina and Dalmatia in Balkans. Their non-European brothers in Asia are Sinids, 1.1. The ability to pronounce sounds present in the North of China and in Korea. All these The ability to pronounce sounds is in some degree populations are characterized by the prominent use of determined by the genetic factors, which accompanies fricatives. Both populations are distinguished by the each respective population with all its specifics, most common genetic marker, antigen HLA-DR7 that reveals often related to physiology of speech organs. their close common origin of old. FRICATIVES Fricatives are the consonants, that are formed by flow of air which does not come on concrete impeding Both Sinids in Asia, but it has free entry through squashed mouth resonator. and Atlantic Mediter- This causes formation of consonants whose articulation raneans in Europe have is followed by expressive attrition, expressive frication. prominent frontal teeth, For example: "th"  (the phoneme spelled th in thistle), therefore the cause of "dh" ð (the phoneme spelled th in this) , and "žj", "šj" in dental fricatives is of a Polish, and in some Balkans dialects. physiological nature. As we have already mentioned, in 1940-ies, the scientist Darlington has noticed that the dental fricatives are common with populations with the significant distribution of blood type “0” in Europe. NASAL SPEECH Nasal articulation appears when one part of 1.2. Melodic or dynamic word accentuation phonation airflow goes through the nose hole. Nasal Dynamic accent is characterized by an increased sounds are characteristic of the Cro-Magnon type in amplitude and clarity of the accentuated syllable, while Europe, of many bearers of the Nilo-Saharan group of the rest of the syllables of the same word are languages of Central Africa and of many Indians of pronounced indistinguishably, fast and vague. With the South America (Patagonia). melodic (or "tonal") accentuation, each sound tends to be uttered clearly with its melody. Mediterraneans, Dinarics, Cro-Magnons and peoples genetically close to them, use melodic accentuation while all the other peoples of the world have dynamic accentuation.

Soon after the Cro-Magnon skeletons were found in Cro-Magnon cave in France in 1868, it turned out that even today in Europe are such people who, by their The genetic marker, which is significantly present anthropological attributes, match Cro-Magnons. with the melodic accentuation is the blood type O of the In the Encyclopedia ABO system (in Europe it is characteristic of Dinarics, Britannica, we read that today's Mediterraneans etc.), while the A (Nordics, Finno-Ugric living Cro-Magnons are and Semites) and B (Mongols) blood type is present characteristic of Sweden Area with the bearers of the dynamic accentuation. Dalarna, and in anthropological Although peoples with A and B blood type have literature, we read that they live in dynamic and not melodic accentuation, it does not mean certain areas of Balkans, especially that they do not express their feelings through their on the southeast of Serbia, with speech, but their feelings depend on immediate Albanians in Kosovo and in experience of reality, and not on great Ego. Dalmatian coast. Genetic marker HLA-A28 reveals that The cause of differences in accentuation is of a Cro-Magnons originate from central Africa (population psychological nature. However, with peoples having A that speaks Nilo-Saharan group of language). Antigen and B blood type, it is easier by social factors to HLA-A28 is also a distinction of Patagonians, South provoke the suppressing of the Ego voice (by arousing American Indians. The whole mentioned population is the feeling of guilt), while with peoples having characterized by typical nasal pronunciation. Dr Mirjana dominant blood type O there is a propensity to introduce Sovilj, director of the Institute for experimental a big Ego in all that is being done, and also in the phonetic and speech pathology (Belgrade) deems that speech itself. the origin of nasal speech is of physiologic nature. 1.3. Specific accentuation and intonation GUTTURAL SOUNDS It is natural that our feelings change as the contents Guttural sounds are characteristical for Afro-Asian of or mind change. In that case, accentuation, intonation language groups (Hebrew, Arabian...), whose bearers, and rhythm of our speech express our immediate Semitics, have group of common genetic markers and experience of reality. However, if we are burdened with markers that differ them between themselves. On the the feeling of guilt, expressing of our feelings is then map we see genetic marker M123 (of Y chromosome), suppressed, and our speech becomes "cold". Also, if we which is typical for the Jews, and M78 typical for are ruled by the great Ego, then our inner impulses Arabs. overcome external influences, and we, by our speech, express emotions which do not express absolute picture of reality, but which express the contents of our great Ego. Disregarding what we talk about, our speech then expresses reaction of one same content on different notions about reality, so we have typical accentuation, intonation and rhythm, which become characteristic of our genetic entity. As the great Ego is characteristic of the population with O blood type, each branch of people who has O blood type, is characterized by accentuation and intonation which express unique collection of character inclinations of such branch of people, disregarding the

Rhythm and melody of speech and music of Western Mediterraneans reveal their need to be approved and liked by others. language they speak. ATLANTIC MEDITERRANEANS IN EUROPE Typical accentuation and intonation of the certain AND SINIDS IN ASIA population leads to specific transformations of sounds in languages they adopt, which later results in a great The speech of populations, followed by the typical chain of lingual changes. In that way we can explain the genetic marker HLA-DR7 in Europe and in Asia, is process which from the original prelanguage of the characterized by lifting of melody of a sentence, and in certain language, results with first forming their dialects music - by anhemitonic pentatonic (in Chinese and in and then, through history, with forming of unique Celtic music, etc). languages in the same language group. The differences appear when a language is adopted by a people of a genetic origin that is different from the origin of the primal bearers of the linguistic group. Each population

transforms adopted language in harmony with its psychophysical characteristics, tending to speak it with its original accentuation and intonation. That is why there is clear correlation between genetic markers and typical accentuation and intonation of speech that characterize each population, no matter which language they speak.

WESTERN MEDITERRANEANS

Western Mediterraneans, who have antigen HLA- In the same population, there is a western branch B18, are distributed mostly on the south of Italy, Sicily, (Atlantic Mediterraneans in Europe) having antigen Sardinia, on the Montenegrin coast, in north Albania, HLA-B12 and eastern branch (Sinids - peoples of North Kosovo, in south and eastern Serbia and in south China and Korea) having HLA-B13. Romania. They are characterized by specific In music, anhemitonic pentatonic (black keys on accentuation and intonation in speech and music, the fingerboard) reveals spirit will for rule and victory. most typical there where they live - mostly in south of Italy. EASTERN MEDITERRANEANS IN EUROPE, AZTECS Population who has antigen HLA-A28 in Europe AND MAYA IN AMERICA and Africa is characterized by unique accentuation and intonation of speech with elements typical for the blues Speech and music of populations who carry music. common antigen HLA-B35, are characterized by common accentuation and intonation.

We can recognize them in the speech and music of northern Dalmatia (descendants of ancient Pelasgus), Blues rhythm and melody of speech and music of Peloponnesus in Greece, Palestinian, south of India, and that population reveal resistance to rules, order and with peoples of Latin America - Aztecs and Maya, and harmony. Andean Equatorial language group. DINARICS As the bearers of the antigen HLA-B35 in Central Europe are mixed with Finno-Ugric natives of once Dinaric genetic marker HLA-B5 reveals that frozen Europe, their typical rhythm of speech is slower Dinarics are the most distributed on the area of Balkans than usual. Their mixture represents so called Alpine (Montenegro, Herzegovina, Western Serbia , Dalmatia) racial type in anthropology and is typical for the in Caucasus (Georgians) in the area of Saudi Arabia and population of the Alps (Savoy, Bavaria, Austria) and Iraq, among Pashtuns (in Afghanistan and Pakistan), Panonia (Croatian Zagorje, Vojvodina). Kurds and some American Indians (especially in the Bearers of antigen HLA-B35 are the most dominant area of Muskogean and Macro-Chibchan language population in genetic structure of the Jews (of groups). All Dinarics in greater or less degree (because Palestinian and maybe Egyptian origin) so, Jewish of the different degree of a mixture with other music, beside Semitic scale, has also prominent east- populations) are characterized by unique accentuation Mediterranean elements. and intonation, as well as by great similarity in music. Rhythm and melody of speech and music of Eastern Curt rhythm and melody of speech and music of Mediterraneans reveal sadness and depression, which Dinaric population reveal the proudness of Dinaric they try to suppress by cheerful feelings. character.

In forming of the linguistic attributes (intonation, accentuation and rhythm of the speech), man tends to accept lingual attributes of a major population of his surrounding area (even when it is of a different genetic origin from him). But, with the detailed analysis we can find out that each person shows more or less deviation (because of individual psychology and genetics) in regard to the average pronunciation that is intruded to her by the surroundings. In rare cases, when great Ego is very expressed, or when a person is under the stress, she starts to talk almost completely independently of the influence of the surroundings, in a way it fits to the attributes of her genetic ancestors.

CRO-MAGNON TYPE IN EUROPE, NILOTICS IN AFRICA 1.4. Propensity to inadequate usage of augmentatives or diminutives It is usual to use diminutives for children and augmentatives for adults. Inadequate use of diminutives for adults, or augmentatives for children, also reveals the correlation with genetic markers. Dinaric antigen HLA-B5 accompanies inadequate usage of augmentatives (towards children), and antigens HLA- B7 (Finno-Ugric), and HLA-B16 (Mongols) inadequate use of diminutives (towards adults). The male name "Mirko" in Croatian Zagorje (Alpids) is "Mirkec" (diminutive form of "Mirko"), and in Dinaric areas of Montenegro and Herzegovina, it is "Mircheta" (augmentative form of "Mirko"). Reasons of inadequate use of diminutives and augmentatives are of psychological nature. Proudness results in incapability of man to humble himself and to express love (through diminutives) towards children, and, as a defense of his Ego, he uses augmentatives even towards the children. Different from proudness which results in augmentatives, the feeling of guilt and fear as a defense of personality, often provokes sentiment (one form of manifestation of the reverse behavior), which is expressed through usage of diminutives even towards grown up persons. CONCLUSION Modern discoveries in genetics and linguistics have led to an actual revolution in our knowledge. Interdisciplinary study of human speech has revealed the mutual link between genetic origin of certain human populations and their linguistic specifics, such as ability to pronounce certain sounds, melodious and dynamic accentuation, inclination to inadequate use of diminutives or augmentatives, grammatical structure of the sentence and sound changes within the pronunciation of a same language, etc. Indeed, at the time of formation of linguistic groups, each linguistic group perfectly matched the psychophysical lingual attributes of the population that bore it by its linguistic specifics. When under the influence of historical circumstances many peoples lost the language of their original linguistic group, and adopted a language foreign to their psychophysical attributes, the adopted language was transformed in the direction of attributes of their forgotten original language. Thus, in close geographical areas, where there are modern populations who speak the same language, there are differences in pronunciation of this same language, mainly in intonation and accentuation, depending of genetic origin of those populations. The differences between the dialects of the same language therefore show a correlation with the genetic markers. Also, specific linguistic anomalies are the consequence of the demand imposed on an individual by hers environment to speak in a way that is contrary to the lingual attributes of hers remote ancestors’ language group, and to the psychophysical lingual attributes inherited from those times. SUPPEMENT There is obvious correlation between distribution of different linguistic groups and genetic markers, which reveal that in the period of appearance of language groups, different languages characterized different human families out of which originated great populations, who didn't mix with the bearers of other language groups for a long period. On the basis of the structural closeness of the neutral genes, it is possible to find out the degree of genetic relationship of various branches of the human family and to notice linguistic closeness of genetically close There is an obvious correlation between the prevalence populations, and great linguistic differences between of various linguistic groups and the genetic markers. populations whose genetic markers show great structural difference. Genetic and linguistic differences between different human populations coincide with differences between various branches of the human family, as represented by biblical genealogy of peoples. Specialties of the character of each branch of Noah's descendants, recognizable in the Holy Scriptures, determine linguistic specialties, which are of psychological origin (melody and rhythm of speech and music).

Difference between man and animal

Man differs from animal whose behavior is determined only by its nature (genetics) and external influences. Man, in contrast to animal, has free will founded on his reason and conscience. Freedom of mind gives a man freedom of will, and conscience makes him responsible for his action of will. Responsible man by his reason, conscience and will is elevated beyond his biological nature (beyond his great Ego) and beyond external influences, showing the power to change himself and the world around him in a way he wants to. That is why we should keep in mind that only irresponsible man behaves as an animal, determined by his inheritance and external influences. The speech of a person, who is by mature reaction elevated beyond internal and external temptations, is not under the rule of Ego, neither is tied with feeling of guilt, but represents the reasonable answer to real needs of life.

References [1] Dejvid Kristal, Kembrička enciklopedija jezika, Beograd Reconstruction of the past on the basis of genetics [2] L.Luca Cavalli-Sforza, The History and Geography and linguistic of Human Genes [3] Jovan Cvijić, Psihološki tipovi Balkana, Beograd, 1988. [4] Glasnik antropološkog društva Jugoslavije, broj 32, 1996. [5] European Journal of Immunogenetics 24, 47-51, 2000. [6] Vladimir Dvorniković, Karakterologija Jugoslovena, 1939, Beograd. [7] Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda, tom 3, Zagreb, 1969. [8] Dejvid Kreč, Ričard Kračfild, Elementi psihologije, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1976. [9] Miloš Bogdanović, Poreklo i degradacija, Beograd 2002. [10] Pavle Ivić, Srpskohrvatski dijalekti - njihova struktura i razvoj, Novi Sad, 1994. [11] Antoan Meillet, Uvod u uporedno proučavanje indoevropskih jezika.