Biology Chapter 19 TEST

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in a. the presence of a nucleus. b. the makeup of their cell walls. c. size. d. the presence of a cell wall.

Figure 19-1

____ 2. The structure in Figure 19-1 represents a(an) a. virus. b. archaebacterium. c. methanogen. d. eubacterium. ____ 3. Which structure or structures shown in Figure 19-1 have key differences in eubacteria and archaebacteria? a. A, B, C b. A, B, E c. D only d. A only

Figure 19-2

____ 4. Figure 19-2 shows how prokaryotes can be identified by a. the composition of their cell walls. b. their reaction to the Gram stain. c. their cell shapes. d. their methods for obtaining energy. ____ 5. Which cell shape in Figure 19-2 is called a coccus? a. A b. B c. C d. none of the above ____ 6. Which of the following are used to identify prokaryotes? a. cell shape b. the way prokaryotes move c. the way prokaryotes obtain energy d. all of the above ____ 7. Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph? a. in your refrigerator b. in the darkness of the ocean c. in your digestive system d. near the surfaces of lakes, streams, and oceans ____ 8. Unlike photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs obtain energy a. directly from the sun. b. directly from inorganic molecules. c. indirectly from organic molecules. d. indirectly from other organisms. ____ 9. Most prokaryotes are a. heterotrophs. b. photoautotrophs. c. chemoautotrophs. d. photoheterotrophs. ____ 10. A method called Gram staining is used to tell a. what shape a prokaryote has. b. how a prokaryote obtains energy. c. what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has. d. whether a prokaryote has flagella. ____ 11. Which of the following describes a role of bacteria in the environment? a. carrying out photosynthesis b. recycling nutrients c. fixing nitrogen d. all of the above ____ 12. Bacteria are sometimes called nature’s recyclers because they a. undergo conjugation. b. break down nutrients in dead matter. c. can switch between respiration and fermentation. d. carry out photosynthesis. ____ 13. Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called a. endospores. b. flagella. c. photoautotrophs. d. decomposers. ____ 14. Which of the following is a way that bacteria cause disease? a. by capsids b. by nitrogen fixation c. by conjugation d. by releasing toxins ____ 15. Many cases of food poisoning are caused by bacterial a. toxins. b. decomposition. c. resistance to antibiotics. d. sterilization. ____ 16. Bacteria that cause disease are called a. viruses. b. pathogens. c. endospores. d. antibiotics. ____ 17. A bacterial infection results when bacteria a. break down the body’s tissues. b. lyse following the lytic cycle. c. live as obligate aerobes in the absence of oxygen. d. undergo conjugation inside the body. ____ 18. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacterium? a. tooth decay b. tuberculosis c. AIDS d. Salmonella food poisoning ____ 19. Which of the following foods are made using bacteria? a. cheese b. yogurt c. pickles d. all of the above ____ 20. Bacteria living in hot springs may be a good source of a. antibiotics. b. heat-stable enzymes. c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria. d. Gram stains. ____ 21. Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteria that is key to keeping them under control? a. Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures for long periods. b. Most bacteria are resistant to harmful chemicals. c. Most bacteria form endospores when subjected to harsh conditions. d. Most bacteria do not cause food to spoil. ____ 22. Which of the following is NOT a form of sterilization? a. refrigeration b. boiling c. chemical disinfection d. frying ____ 23. Which of the following is a proper use of disinfectants? a. as an antibiotic b. to start conjugation c. to sterilize a hospital d. to preserve foods ____ 24. The outer protein coat of a virus is called a a. DNA core. b. capsid. c. bacteriophage. d. tail sheath. ____ 25. A viral capsid functions to a. bind the virus to the surface of a host cell. b. transcribe viral genes. c. force a host cell to make copies of the virus. d. destroy a host cell. ____ 26. What is the basic structure of a virus? a. DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat b. a capsid surrounded by a protein coat c. a tail sheath surrounded by tail fibers d. a tiny cell surrounded by a cell wall ____ 27. A lytic infection concludes with the a. embedding of viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA. b. production of a prophage. c. bursting of the host cell. d. production of messenger RNA. ____ 28. Bacteriophages infect a. other viruses. b. bacteria only. c. any available host cell. d. cells undergoing the lytic cycle. ____ 29. Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT a. inject their genetic material into the host cell. b. enter the lytic cycle. c. lyse the host cell right away. d. infect host cells. ____ 30. Viruses cause infection by a. producing toxins that harm the body. b. reproducing independently inside the body. c. forming endospores in the body. d. entering body cells and replicating.

True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. Darken “A” for true of “B” for false.

____ 31. Many archaebacteria live in extreme environments, such as in Utah’s Great Salt Lake. Figure 19-2

____ 32. Figure 19-2 shows the three shapes of viruses. ____ 33. The spiral-shaped organism labeled B in Figure 19-2 is an example of a spirillum. ____ 34. Plants and animals benefit from nitrogen-fixing bacteria. ____ 35. Bacteria can be used to synthesize drugs through genetic-engineering techniques.

Completion For # 36 - 45, complete each sentence or statement using the word bank below. If the answer is a letter combination, darken all of the letters that make up the combination. One of the words is used twice. a. disinfectant d. cell wall ac. tail fiber b. capsid e. nitrogen fixation ad. photoautotroph c. prophage ab. bacillus ae. sterilization

Figure 19-1

36. According to Figure 19-1, the structure called the ______determines whether a eubacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative.

Figure 19-2

37. The organism labeled A in Figure 19-2 is an example of a(an) ______. 38. The process of converting nitrogen to a form plants can use is called ______. 39. Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of green plants and are called ______. 40. The process by which bacteria convert nitrogen into a form plants can use is known as ______. 41. Destroying bacteria by subjecting them to great heat or to chemical action is called ______. 42. A chemical solution that is used in hospitals to kill bacteria is called a(an) ______. 43. In a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA that is embedded in a host cell’s DNA is called a(an) ______.

Figure 19-3

44. In Figure 19-3, the structure labeled D is a(an) ______. 45. The structure labeled A in Figure 19-3 is the ______.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS A student placed a disk of filter paper in each of the following solutions: disinfectant 1, disinfectant 2, disinfectant 3, and distilled water. While the four disks were soaking in their respective solutions, she streaked a sterile nutrient agar dish with a culture of E. coli bacteria. Then, she placed each disk carefully onto the nutrient agar dish, placed the lid on the dish, taped it shut, and incubated the dish at 37°C for several days. Figure 19-4 shows how the nutrient agar dish looked on Day 1 and Day 4. Figure 19-4

46. Designing Experiments Based on Figure 19-4, what is the student probably trying to test? a. the solution that each disk is soaked in b. the type of Petri dishes c. the effectiveness of different disinfectants d. not enough information 47. Controlling Variables What is the control in the experiment shown in Figure 19-4? a. The disk soaked in disinfectant 1 is the control. b. The disk soaked in disinfectant 2 is the control. c. The disk soaked in disinfectant 3 is the control. d. The disk soaked in distilled water is the control. 48. Drawing Conclusions How can the student measure the effectiveness of each disinfectant shown in Figure 19-4? a. Smell the contents of the Petri dish. If there is no smell, the disinfectant worked to kill the bacteria. b. The student can measure the width of the area around each disk where bacteria have not grown to determine the effectiveness of the solution in which each disk was soaked. c. Measure the amount of water vapor produced. The dish that has more water vapor has more bacteria so the disinfectant did not work to kill the bacteria. d. not enough information 49. Inferring Look at the dishes in Figure 19-4. Which disinfectant was the most effective at controlling the growth of E. coli? a. Disinfectant 1 b. Disinfectant 2 c. Disinfectant 3 d. distilled water 50. Drawing Conclusions Look at the results of the experiment shown in Figure 19-4. Why do you think the different disinfectants are not equally effective against the E. coli bacteria? a. Disinfectants act differently to combat bacterial growth. b. Some disinfectants are more effective at controlling one species of bacteria than another. c. Bacteria differ greatly from species to species. d. all of the above

USING SCIENCE SKILLS Composting is the process of breaking down organic materials under controlled conditions. A student set up three different compost bins using the setup shown in Figure 19-5. Into each compost bin, he added an identical combination of wood shavings, shredded paper, nitrogen, and bacteria. He mixed the materials in each bin and adjusted the insulation around the bins to maintain the daily target temperatures. He then monitored the temperature, moisture, and amount of decomposition of the compost in each bin over an eight- week period. Some of his data are shown in the graph.

Figure 19-5

51. Designing Experiments Based on Figure 19-5, what is the student probably trying to test? a. type of wood chips b. the effect of temperature c. the type of gas produced d. not enough information 52. Controlling Variables According to Figure 19-5, which compost bin is the control? a. Compost bin A b. Compost bin B c. Compost bin C d. cannot tell 53. Inferring Look at the graph in Figure 19-5. How do you account for the 50ºC temperature in compost bin A? a. The 50°C temperature in bin A is generated by the bacteria and other decomposers in the compost. b. The 50°C temperature in bin A is generated by the type of wood chips used. c. The 50°C temperature in bin A is generated by the type of air being pumped in by the aerator. c. not enough information 54. Drawing Conclusions At the end of eight weeks, the student found that the materials in which bin had undergone the most decomposition? a. Bin A b. Bin B c. Bin C d. all decomposed at the same rate 55. Predicting According to Figure 19-5, suppose a fourth compost bin were added to the experiment. This bin was kept above 80°C. Predict how the decomposition in this bin would compare with that in bins A, B, and C. a. The organic materials will decompose even more quickly than those in bin A. b. However, it is more likely that these materials will break down very little, if at all, because high temperatures kill bacteria. c. both (a) and (b) d. none of the above

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 19-6

56. Interpreting Graphics What does Figure 19-6 represent? a. the fermentation of wine b. infection cycles of a lysogenic virus c. the making of cheese d. none of the above 57. Comparing and Contrasting Look at both cycles shown in Figure 19-6. During which cycle is the host cell destroyed? a. lytic cycle b. lysogenic cycle c. both d. neither 58. Interpreting Graphics Each stage of the cycles shown in Figure 19-6 is labeled with a letter. Which letter indicates the stage at which the bacteriophage’s DNA becomes a part of the host cell’s DNA? a. Stage A b. Stage B c. Stage C d. Stage D 59. Interpreting Graphics Which letter in Figure 19-6 indicates the stage at which a host cell begins producing new bacteriophages? a. Stage C b. Stage D c. Stage E d. Stage F 60. Interpreting Graphics Which letter in Figure 19-6 indicates the stage at which a bacteriophage injects its DNA into a host cell? a. Stage D b. Stage E c. Stage F d. Stage G