DOCSLIB.ORG

The Scope of Protection of Patent Claims in Europe and the UPC Paul England*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Scope of Protection of Patent Claims in Europe and the UPC Paul England* Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2016, Vol. 11, No. 9 ARTICLE 689 The scope of protection of patent claims in Europe and the UPC Paul England* Article 69 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) The author states that the extent of the protection conferred by a Paul England is a senior associate and PSL at Taylor European patent or a European patent application shall Wessing. He is the editor of the forthcoming book be determined by the terms of the claims, using the de- UPC: A Practitioners’ Guide to the New European scription and the drawings to interpret the claims. Patent Litigation System (Hart Publishing, 2016) and Article 69 is to be interpreted according to the Protocol the consulting editor of Intellectual Property in the Downloaded from on Interpretation of Article 69 of the EPC (the Life Sciences (Globe Law and Business, 2015). ‘Protocol’). Article 1 of the Protocol states: This article Article 69 should not be interpreted in the sense that the ex- tent of the protection conferred by a European Patent is to Article 69 of the European Patent Convention links be understood as that defined by the strict, literal meaning of the scope of protection conferred by a patent to its http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ the wording used in the claims, the description and drawings claims. The Protocol on Interpretation of Article 69 being employed only for the purpose of resolving an ambigu- EPC clarifies that courts should interpret the claims ity found in the claims. Neither should it be interpreted in adopting an approach that combines a fair protec- the sense that the claims serve only as a guideline and that tion for the patentee with a reasonable degree of the actual protection conferred may extend to what, from a certainty for third parties. In this perspective, the consideration of the description and drawings by a person claims should not be interpreted strictly, nor skilled in the art, the patentee has contemplated. On the con- trary, it is to be interpreted as defining a position between should they be treated as mere guidelines. these extremes which combines a fair protection for the pat- National courts have taken different paths towards by guest on November 29, 2016 entee with a reasonable degree of certainty for third parties. the application of Article 69 EPC. This article ex- The Protocol requires a middle way to be found between amines the approaches taken by courts in the UK, the two extreme approaches that it describes. These ex- Germany, France and the Netherlands, highlighting tremes are based on different philosophies: the first adopts their similarities and differences and examining the a literal approach where the words used in the patent are outcome of two parallel cases. restricted to their literal meaning, as interpreted by the pat- The UPC will need to build a coherent approach, ent and surrounding circumstances (contextual), or alter- seeking common grounds between the various na- natively ‘the meanings assigned to the words by a tional approaches and identifying appropriate solu- 1 dictionary and to the syntax by a grammar’ (acontextual). tions for areas of divergence. According to this philosophy, the words used by the patent draftsman are intended to mark out the claims of the pat- ent precisely. This approach provides a reasonable degree that the patent protects. This approach will provide a of certainty for third parties, as required by the Protocol, fair protection for the patentee, but it leaves third par- but also risks an injustice to the patentee if something he ties in doubt as to the activities that may infringe. thought he had claimed is excluded by a strict and unfor- The difficulty that has been encountered in applying giving construction of the language of the claim. the Protocol is finding the middle way between these The second approach is more liberal. According to two approaches: this approach, the wording of the claims is only taken Like the hippopotamus, the median position is difficult to as a guideline, to be read together with the specification define but the hope is that the man skilled in the art will and drawings. It aims to identify the ‘inventive concept’ recognise it when he sees it.2 * Email: [email protected]. 2 Ibid, 30. 1 H. Laddie, ‘Kirin Amgen – the end of equivalents in England?’ (2009) 40(1) IIC 3. VC The Author(s) (2016). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw116 690 ARTICLE Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2016, Vol. 11, No. 9 A particular concern with the literal approach is that it art, the scope of protection is limited to the means pre- is likely to exclude immaterial variants—so-called sented in the claim. An example is the claim to detect ‘equivalents’.3 An equivalent is generally understood to HIV with a particular DNA fragment probe, using a spe- be a small variation to a product or process, which en- cific means of DNA/RNA hybridization.5 The function ables it to effectively use the patented inventive concept, of this specific means was known to the art at the prior- without literally infringing the language of the patent ity date. It followed that the claim could not be inter- claim—the product or process lies outside the claim, preted as protecting other methods of hybridization that strictly construed. To expressly address equivalents, the are not claimed but achieve the same function. Protocol was revised to add Article 24: [...] for the purpose of determining the extent of protec- Role of the prosecution file tion conferred by a European patent, due account shall be In the French approach to the scope of protection of taken of any element which is equivalent to an element claims, the prosecution file will form part of the general specified in the claims. factual context by which scope is determined. It has an How ‘due account’ is given to immaterial variants in a additional significance for claims that were narrowed dur- ing prosecution, especially when the claims were nar- clear and structured way goes to the central issue of Downloaded from how patent scope should be determined. rowed in order to secure the grant of the disputed patent. With the Unified Patent Court (UPC) expected to In these cases, a non-ambiguous claim with narrow scope come into force in 2017, this article examines the ap- cannot be given a general scope through interpretation, in proach taken to these issues in four jurisdictions experi- particular when the patentee has been forced, in order to distinguish the invention from the prior art, to limit the http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ enced in patent litigation—France, Germany, the 6 Netherlands and the UK—and addresses whether there scope of the claim in the context of the granting process. is any common ground shared between them that might guide the UPC on this issue. The UK General principles France The specific mention of equivalents in Article 2 of the General principles Protocol was a source of interest in the UK because a by guest on November 29, 2016 Article 69 of the EPC, as amended by the EPC 2000, is ‘doctrine of equivalents’ had never been considered codified in French law by Article L.613-2 of the part of English law. However, even before the provision Intellectual Property Code. The doctrine of equivalents came into force in the UK, the House of Lords held in Kirin-Amgen that Article 69 EPC ‘shuts the door on any is not codified but has been widely adopted and under- 7 stood by the courts to mean that the scope of protec- doctrine which extends protection outside the claims’. Thus, any determination of patent scope must be lim- tion of claims includes variants that have the same 8 function and achieve the same result as those embodi- ited by the extent of the claims and no further : ments within the express language of the claim. Although art. 69 prevents equivalence from extending pro- Whether the doctrine of equivalents applies depends tection outside the claims, there is no reason why it cannot on whether the claims in question are drafted broadly to be an important part of the background of facts known to cover general means (moyens ge´ne´reaux)ornarrowlyto the skilled man which would affect what he understood the cover particular means (moyens particuliers). For the claims to mean. That is no more than common sense. It is doctrine to apply to moyens particuliers, the court must also expressly provided by the new art. 2 added to the Protocol by the Munich Act revising the EPC [...] first assess the function of that means to establish whether it is new. If it is new, a variant that has the same Since Kirin-Amgen, the Court of Appeal has sought to function and achieves the same result will be equivalent. organize the principles laid down by the House of On the other hand, if the means is already known to the Lords in a list of eleven guidelines.9 The ninth item on 3 For the purposes of this paper, the terms are used interchangeably. 6 Cour d’Appel, Paris, Case No. 08/00882 Hewlett Packard GmbH v Agilent 4 Munich Amendment Act to the European Patent Convention dated 29 Technologies Deutschland GmbH of 27 January 2010. November 2000. 7 Kirin-Amgen Inc v Hoechst Marion Roussel Ltd. [2004] UKHL 46; [2005] 5 Cour de Cassation, Appeal S 09-15668 Institut Pasteur v Chiron RPC 9. Healthcare of 23 November 2010. Compare Cour de Cassation, Appeal 8 Ibid, para 49.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inter Partes Re-Examination: a Low Cost Alternative to Litigation in The
    Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP Inter partes Re-examination: a Low Cost Alternative to Litigation in the US and Prosecution Strategies in View of the Historically Low Allowance Rate at the by USPTO Anthony C. Tridico, and Carlos M. Téllez Los Lunes de Patentes, Madrid, 30 November 2009 Disclaimer • These materials are public information and have been prepared solely for educational and entertainment purposes to contribute to the understanding of U.S. intellectual property law. These materials reflect only the personal views of the panelists, are not individualized legal advice, and do not reflect the views of Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P. It is understood that each case is fact-specific, and that the appropriate solution in any case will vary. Therefore, these materials may or may not be relevant to any particular situation. Thus, Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P., and the panelists cannot be bound either philosophically or as representatives of their various present and future clients to the comments expressed in these materials. The presentation of these materials does not establish any form of attorney-client relationship with Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P., and the panelists. While every attempt was made to insure that these materials are accurate, errors or omissions may be contained therein, for which any liability is disclaimed. 22 Outline • Re-exam as a low cost alternative to Litigation in the U.S. • Obviousness and KSR as major factors in rejection of applications • Strategies for dealing with KSR in various types of applications • General prosecution tips – If there is time – tips for avoiding inequitable conduct… 33 Monitoring and Detective Work • Time and money is spent monitoring your competitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Patenting Life in the European Community: the Proposed Directive on the Legal Protection for Biotechnological Inventions
    Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal Volume 4 Volume IV Number 2 Volume IV Book 2 Article 1 1993 Patenting Life in the European Community: The Proposed Directive on the Legal Protection for Biotechnological Inventions Janice McCoy Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj Part of the Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Janice McCoy, Patenting Life in the European Community: The Proposed Directive on the Legal Protection for Biotechnological Inventions, 4 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 501 (1993). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj/vol4/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES Patenting Life in the European Community: The Proposed Directive on the Legal Protection for Biotechnological Inventions Janice McCoy' INTRODUCTION Technology has once again overtaken the law. Ever since the United States Supreme Court concluded in 1980 that anything un- der the sun that was made by man could be patented,' and especial- ly since the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") announced in 1987 that it considered nonnaturally occurring non- human animals to be patentable subject matter,2 legislative bodies in both the United States and the European Economic Community ("EEC") have been debating to what extent living matter should be patentable.
    [Show full text]
  • Patents and the Public Domain: Improving Patent Quality Upon Reexamination
    Patents and the Public Domain: Improving Patent Quality Upon Reexamination Prepared by Policy Intern Raeanne Young [email protected] May 2008 ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION eff.org Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................3 PATENTS AND THE PUBLIC DOMAIN .....................................................................................................4 The Problem With Patent Quality ..................................................................................................4 Policy Rationale: Encouraging Innovation .......................................................................................4 PATENT REEXAMINATION ...................................................................................................................6 Ex parte and Inter partes .............................................................................................................6 OVERALL REEXAMINATION TRENDS ......................................................................................................8 Ex Parte Reexamination Filing Data: July , 98 - December 3, 2007 ...............................................8 Inter Partes Reexamination Filing Data: November 29, 999 - December 3, 2007 .............................0 Comparison of Ex Parte and Inter Partes ......................................................................................0 PROMOTING FAIRNESS IN THE PATENT SYSTEM THROUGH REEXAMINATION .............................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Do Applicant Patent Citations Matter?
    Do Applicant Patent Citations Matter? Christopher A. Cotropia Professor of Law University of Richmond School of Law Mark Lemley William H. Neukom Professor, Stanford Law School partner, Durie Tangri LLP. Bhaven Sampat1 Associate Professor, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University 1 Corresponding author. 600 W 168th Street, New York, NY USA; [email protected]; Phone: 212-305- 7293 1 Do Applicant Patent Citations Matter? Abstract Patent law both imposes a duty on patent applicants to submit relevant prior art to the PTO and assumes that examiners use this information to determine an application's patentability. In this paper, we examine the validity of these assumptions by studying the use made of applicant-submitted prior art by delving into the actual prosecution process in over a thousand different cases. We find that patent examiners rarely use applicant-submitted art in their rejections to narrow patents, relying almost exclusively on prior art they find themselves. Our findings have implications for a number of important legal and policy disputes, including initiatives to improve patent quality and the strong presumption of validity the law grants issued patents—a presumption that makes patents more difficult to challenge in court. Keywords: Patents; citations; patent examination; bibliometrics Highlights: • Patent examiners rarely use applicant-submitted art to narrow claims before patents issue, relying almost exclusively on prior art they find themselves. • This is not simply because the applicants have drafted around the art they submitted. Nor does the explanation appear to be that applicant art is uniformly weak. • The findings have implications for a number of important legal and policy disputes, including initiatives to improve patent quality and the strong presumption of validity the law grants issued patents.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues of Patentability
    DIGITAL HEALTH ISSUES OF PATENTABILITY Recent changes in US patent law have made protecting and enforcing patents directed to digital healthcare inventions more challenging, as Marsha Gillentine and Michelle Holoubek of Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox explain. igital healthcare, the confluence of amount to “significantly more“ than the abstract medical and other biological fields idea, such that all uses in the abstract idea are not Dwith digital technology, is a vital part of pre-empted. patient treatment and healthcare management. Much of the confusion surrounding software- This article discusses five of the current top based claims is due to the first part of the test, intellectual property concerns for digital since there has been no guidance regarding how healthcare companies. to properly define an abstract idea. The Supreme Court explicitly declined to provide this guidance 1. Will the changes in US software in the Alice decision, and the federal circuit has WH[LU[SH^HќLJ[`V\Y07& not offered clear guidance on this point either. On June 19, 2014, the US Supreme Court issued What does this mean for patent applicants its decision in Alice Corp v CLS Bank, holding and owners? For starters, that a review of that computerised abstract patent ideas are not your existing IP may be needed to make sure patent-eligible. The post-Alice patent world has that no eligibility issues have arisen due to been filled with uncertainty and understandable the current (and retroactive) flux in the law. fears regarding the patent eligibility of software For new IP, additional details about specific patent claims. implementations, advantages that differentiate Digital healthcare companies have not your invention from the state of the art, and been spared this angst, since much of their examples may all be useful in mitigating innovation is protected by software patents eligibility challenges down the road.
    [Show full text]
  • Can I Challenge My Competitor's Patent?
    Check out Derek Fahey's new firm's website! CLICK HERE Can I Challenge My Competitor’s Patent? Yes, you can challenge a patent or patent publication. Before challenging a patent or patent publication, an analysis should be conducted by a registered patent attorney to determine if challenging a patent or patent publication is necessary, and to evaluate the legal grounds for challenging the patent or patent publication. As a registered patent attorney, I evaluate patents and patent applications to determine the risk of developing competing goods. Below are three important questions that must be answered by a registered patent attorney to evaluate the risk of competing against a patented good. 1. Does a particular good infringe on a patent? Typically, a registered patent attorney will conduct a “freedom to operate” opinion to determine if a business owner can commercialize a particular good without infringing on another’s patent. First, a patent attorney will determine if the patent is enforceable. Next, a patent attorney will perform an infringement analysis to determine if a particular good infringes on any of a patent’s claims. To perform an infringement analysis of a patent and a possibly infringing product, first, the patent’s scope must be analyzed. Second, the patent’s claim terms must be interrupted using the specification, prosecution history and extrinsic evidence to understand and construe the meaning of the claim terms. After the claim terms have been construed, then the elements of a particular good must be analyzed to determine if the particular good practices each and every claim element taught by a patent’s claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Ipq: Enhancing Your IP IQ
    IpQ ENHANCING YOUR IP IQ TM Vol. IV, No.3 SPRING 2012 WHAT’S THE USE? A BRIEF BREAK Due to a patent infringement trial I first-chaired UNDERSTANDING METHOD VS. APPARATUS in Alabama and the DRI Business Litigation & USE INFRINGEMENT Intellectual Property Annual Seminar (I chair the Committee), IpQ took a brief break from publica- Every patent lawyer knows unauthorized use of a patent is infringement. Use, therefore, tion. I am happy to be back writing about IP quirks may sound simple enough, but it’s not. Just what does constitute infringing use may vary, and questions in IpQ. Thank you for your patience depending on whether a method/process or system/apparatus claim is involved. Plus, use during this hiatus, and keep those queries coming. may affect the damages a patent owner can recover. Savvy patent litigators must understand - Peter the sometimes-subtle differences to properly position a claim or defense. Statutory Infringement by “Use” KEY IDEAS: By statute, a patent owner has the “right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” a patented invention.1 As a consequence, 35 U.S.C. § 271(a) (2000) provides Statutory Infringement by “Use” ...............1 that, “[W]hoever without authority makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented invention, Courts Define “Use”......................................1 within the United States or imports into the United States any patented invention during the term of the patent therefore, infringes the patent.” Meaning of “Use” Depends on Nature of Claim-in-Suit ................................................1 Courts Define “Use” Distinguishing Types of Patents ............2 Case law appears obvious: “[T]he use of a patented invention, without either manufacture or 2 “Use” Infringement of Method/Process sale, is actionable.” The statute does not define use, so its meaning has become a matter of 3 4 Patents ...........................................................2 judicial interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Claim Drafting
    Claim drafting Invention-Con 2019 Pre-Conference Session September 12, 2019 Overview • Questions to ask regarding your invention • Laws and required parts of a claim • Example Claims • One possible approach to drafting claims 3 Review information • Prior to writing claim(s) answer these questions: • What is the invention? • What are the elements that make up the invention? • How do the elements relate to one another? • Do you have more than one invention? • Tangible: Apparatus, machine, composition • Method: Making or Using • Are there multiple embodiments of the same invention? 4 What the law says • A nonprovisional patent application must have at least one claim particularly pointing out and distinctly defining the invention. • A claim may be written in independent or dependent form. • An independent claim is a standalone claim that contains all the limitations necessary to define an invention. • A dependent claim must refer to a claim previously set forth and must further limit that claim. 5 What the MPEP says • A claim in dependent form incorporates by reference all the limitations of the claim to which it refers. • Claims must be fully supported and enabled by the disclosure • Claims must be drafted as a single sentence • Claims should be arranged in order of scope so the first claim presented is the broadest • Consistent terminology should be used in both the patent disclosure and the claims 6 Claim(s) • Defines the invention and what aspects are legally enforceable • Must conform to the invention as set forth in the remainder of
    [Show full text]
  • The Supreme Court of Canada First Wrestled with the Patentability Of
    SCHMEISERV. MONSANTO 553 SCHMEISER V. MONSANTO: A CASE COMMENT EDWARD (TED) Y00 AND ROBERT BOTHWELL• I. INTRODUCTION The SupremeCourt of Canada first wrestledwith the patentabilityof higher life forms in the Harvard mouse case.1 Their decision to refuse patents claiming genetically modified animals, and by extensionplants, was a major disappointmentto many in the biotechnology industryin Canada. Canadastood alone amongstits GS partnersas the onejurisdiction where such patents could not be obtained. Dire predictions about the future of biotechnology research and developmentin Canada were made. Whenthe SupremeCourt granted leave to appeal2to Mr. Schmeiserin his legal battle with industry giant Monsanto, it was thought by many that the rights of patentees could take another blow, and further set back Canada's growing biotech industry. Others more optimisticallybelieved that the SupremeCourt had an opportunityto expand patent rights in the biotech field. 2004 CanLIIDocs 149 II. FACTS The respondents, Monsanto Company and Monsanto Canada Inc., are the owner and Iicensee respectively of a patent titled"G lyphosate-ResistantPlants." The patent was granted in 1993 and is directed to a chimeric3 gene that confers upon canola plants resistance to glyphosate-basedherbicides. The resulting plant is named "Roundup Ready Canola" by Monsanto, referring to the resistance demonstrated by the modified canola plant towards Monsanto'sown glyphosate-basedherbicide "Roundup." Monsanto licenses its Roundup Ready Canola to farmers for a fee, provided they sign a Technology Use Agreement(TUA), which entitles the farmer to purchase Roundup Ready Canola from an authorized Monsanto agent. The TUA restricts the farmer from using the seed to plant more than one crop and requires the crop to be sold only for consumptionto a commercialpurchaser authorized by Monsanto.The farmer is also prohibited from selling or givingthe seed to a third party.
    [Show full text]
  • The Null Patent
    William & Mary Law Review Volume 53 (2011-2012) Issue 6 Article 5 May 2012 The Null Patent Sean B. Seymore Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Repository Citation Sean B. Seymore, The Null Patent, 53 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2041 (2012), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol53/iss6/5 Copyright c 2012 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr THE NULL PATENT SEAN B. SEYMORE* ABSTRACT Failure is the basis of much of scientific progress because it plays a key role in building knowledge. In fact, negative results compose the bulk of knowledge produced in scientific research. This is not a bad thing because failures always produce valuable technical information—whether it be a serendipitous finding, an abundance of unexpected technical data, or simply knowledge that an initial hypothesis was totally wrong. Though some have recognized that the dissemination of negative results has many upsides for science, transforming scientific norms toward disclosure is no easy task. As for patent law, the potentially important role that negative results can play in determining patentability has heretofore been overlooked. This Article addresses these issues by proposing a new medium of disclosure called the null patent. Whereas null patents would lack claims and therefore not confer a right to exclude, they would strongly resemble other patent documents in substantive technical content and bibliographic information—thus making them amenable to technology-based classification, indexing, and open-access searching.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Patent Preparation and Prosecution Matthew S
    Volume 4 AUTM Technology Transfer Practice Manual ® 3rd Edition Page 1 Understanding Patent Preparation and Prosecution Matthew S. Rudd, JD, and William E. McCracken, JD Matthew S. Rudd, JD, is an associate and William E. McCracken, JD, is the managing partner at McCracken & Frank LLP in Chicago. Introduction A patent can be a useful tool for protecting intellectual property. A well-written patent can keep competitors from copying successful products and can also help lure potential investors. At the same time, rattling the proverbial patent saber may lead to royalty in- come from licensing agreements. Successfully litigating a claim for patent infringement can cripple a competitor, solidify your market position, bring in significant awards from damages, and even lead to further licensing agreements. It is important for those seeking patent protection to understand what goes into a well- written patent application. Of particular importance is the tension between the standards for patentability and the desirability of maintaining a range of coverage that is adaptive to meet future needs. While it may be relatively easy to produce a patent application that scrupulously complies with statutory and judicial guidelines, following these guidelines while, at the same time, building in interpretative adaptability and breadth may be a far less trivial matter. Claim Drafting The crux of any patent lies in its claims. Patent claims define, in technical terms, the ex- tent of the protection conferred by an issued patent or the protection sought in a patent ap- plication. Claims are often compared to the recitation of boundary lines in a deed for land because both identify the property that the owner has the right to exclude others from.
    [Show full text]
  • Patent Infringement Under Japanese Patent Law: Comparative Study with Chinese Patent Law
    Asian JournalJournal ofof InnovationInnovation andand PolicyPolicy (201(2018)) 7..3::606--624 DOI: http//dx.doi.org/10.7545/ajip.2018.7.3.606 Patent Infringement under Japanese Patent law: Comparative Study with Chinese Patent Law Wanli Cai* Abstract Patent infringement is defined as implementing a whole patent product without authorization, which is called literal infringement. However, the alleged infringer sometimes does not directly produce the same product with the patented invention, but they simply replace some claimed elements with new materials, or they only produce a certain part of the patent product. Therefore, there is an issue on whether the above cases should also be deemed as patent infringement. This paper uses specific cases to analyze the formation and development process of the doctrine of equivalents and indirect infringement theory in Japan. Then, by discussing the interpretation of Article 101 of the current Japanese patent law, this paper makes it clear that whether it constitutes direct or indirect infringement in some particular cases. The objective of this paper is to clarify the specific requirements of patent infringement under Japanese patent law by case studying and comparing with the patent legal system of China. Keywords Patent infringement, literal infringement, the doctrine of equivalents, indirect infringement, subjective indirect infringement, objective indirect infringement I. Introduction Under the irreversible trend of economic globalization, cross-border trade of products and services become more frequent, many companies set up factories abroad to manufacture and sell products. However, when building factories and selling products abroad, it is necessary to understand the legal environment of the country, especially in the case of high-tech fields, in order to avoid patent infringement disputes, it is necessary to grasp the provisions on patent infringement in the patent law of the country where the product be produced or sold.
    [Show full text]