Abraham, Nathaniel, 149

Abraham, Nathaniel, 149 Add Health, 5, 61, 64 Adjudication, 20, 38, 44, 111, 112, 114, 178, 204, 208, 223 Adult court, 6, 8, 19-21, 29, 35, 47, 100, 104, 110, 112, 115, 124, 143-148, 150-160, 166, 173, 187, 215 Alexander, Karl, 125 Annie E. Casey Foundation, 220, 221 Anti-Drug Abuse Act***** Arrests statistics, 5, 7, 8, 53, 56, 57, 60, 163 Asian, 25, 58, 63, 85, 101, 102, 104, 110, 112, 116, 146, 180, 192-194, 200 Attachment, 87, 171 Attribution theory, 7, 8, 37-40, 46, 48, 50, 129, 131, 136, 157, 159 Bail, 20, 104, 110 Baltimore, MA, 84, 125 Basement tapes, 128 Belief, 14, 19, 24, 40, 87 Bishop, Donna, 36, 45, 48, 49, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108-113, 115, 118, 120, 155, 159- 161, 178, 184, 203, 210 Black codes, 17, 26 Black Lives Matter Campaign, 84 Blalock, Hubert, 40, 49, 127, 140 Blameworthy, 33-36, 156 Breed v. Jones, 20, 28 Brief Strategic Family Therapy, 181, 182 Brutality, 85 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 5, 9 California’s Healthy Kids Survey, 125 Catholic Church, 13 Chesney-Lind, Meda***** Chicago Public Schools, 83 Child Savers, 10, 14, 29 Chivalry, 179, 185, 188, 203, 205 Cholas, 171, 172 Chronic runaways, 164 Ciavarella, Mark, 117 Civil War, 17, 27, 216 Coalition for Juvenile Justice, 205, 206, 210 Columbine, 128, 140 Commitment , 86, 87, 113, 116 Community ties, 86, 95, 129 Community-level factors***** Conahan, Michael, 117 Confinement, 6, 11, 19, 24, 25, 27, 39, 40, 100, 113, 114, 120, 137, 151, 152, 221, 223 Conflict theory, 41-44, 46-48, 82, 126, 127, 138, 185, 222 Connecticut, 91, 180, 207, 209, 212 Constitution, 15, 16, 27, 68 Constructionist theory, 174, 175 Convict leasing system, 17 Cook County, 3, 14, 148 Crack cocaine, 42 Criminal court, 19, 20, 24, 29, 41, 100, 102, 104, 110, 115, 143-145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 156, 157, 159-161, 185, 191, 194, 202, 210 Criminal victimization, 86, 97 Curfew laws, 192-195, 201, 202 Curfew violations***** Custody, 20, 48, 56, 57, 68, 100, 204 Dangerous, 35, 37, 152, 219 DARE***** DC/Beltway Snipers, 31 Decertification ***** Decision-making, 68 Declaration of Independence, 15, 16 Deinstitutionalization, 3, 205 Denver Youth Survey, 169 Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights, 197 Detention, 4, 55, 129, 136, 137, 209, 220 Deviant peers, 86, 164 Differential offending, 7, 45, 53, 59, 61, 71, 115 Differential selection, 7, 53, 59, 71 Direct file, 144 Disadvantage, 21, 39-41, 51, 64, 69, 107, 124, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 160, 166, 196, 208, 221 Discretion, 3, 7, 20, 48, 54-56, 59, 65, 72, 105, 112, 124, 144, 158, 203 Discrimination-Disparity Continuum***** Dismissal, 114 Disposition, 4, 7, 20, 32, 38, 45, 48, 51, 99, 112-116, 118, 119, 121, 131-133, 136, 141, 144, 149, 203, 217, 219 Disrespectful, 38, 40, 57, 65, 78, 84, 179, 218 Diversions, 100, 101, 104, 109, 121, 139, 140 Disproportionate Minority Contact, 6, 11, 24, 27, 100, 120, 152 Dred Scott v. Sanford, 15, 28 DuBois, W.E.B.***** Elite’s position of power, 127 Esbensen, Finn-Aage, 67, 73, 79, 86-88, 95, 98, 169, 185 Escalate, 191, 194 Essentialism, 167 Ethnic threat, 7, 40, 41, 46, 47, 49, 52 Ethnographic methodologies, 60 Eunick, Tiffany, 147 Ex Parte Crouse, 14 External attributes, 38, 39, 46, 219 External factors, 7, 37, 38, 157 Extra legal factors, 36, 44, 49, 59, 103, 110, 126, 144, 160 Families in Need of Services***** Families with Service Needs, 207, 208 Family Keys, 207 Fear of crime, 86, 88 Feld, Barry, 8, 21, 28, 69, 70, 73, 106, 113, 115, 120, 131-133, 138, 140, 155, 160, 174, 185, 189, 223 Female-headed households***** Feminine, 167, 203 Feminine behaviors***** Ferguson, MO, 84 Field stops***** Fifth Amendment***** Focal concerns, 33, 36, 37, 45, 46, 48, 156 Formal arrests statistics***** Formal legal perspective, 48, 217 Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 124, 140 Frisks, 78 Gabbidon, Shaun, 18, 28, 29, 102, 121, 222, 223 Gang affiliation, 66, 67, 82 Gang membership, 7, 66-68, 72, 74, 88, 185, 187 Gang Resistance Education and Awareness Training, 169 Gangs, 9, 62, 66, 67, 73, 97, 164, 168-171, 184, 185, 187, 188 Garner, Eric, 215 Gatekeepers, 53, 94 Gender gap, 174, 177, 188 Gender –neutral program***** Gender specific, 170, 179, 183 Geographic location, 7, 82 Girls’ arrests statistics, 8, 163 Girls’ perceptions of police, 82 Gothic subculture, 128 Gray, Freddie, 215 Group membership, 72, 82 Group-position thesis***** Hagan, John***** Harris, Eric, 128 Hawkins, Darnell, 28, 42, 43, 47-51, 72, 73, 120, 122, 159, 215, 219, 223, 224 High school students, 79, 89, 128, 165 House of reform, 3 House of Refuge, 13-15, 17, 26 Idea of childhood, 12 In re Gault, 19, 20, 29 In re Winship, 20, 29 Indirect experience, 79 Individual-level factors***** Inequality, 43, 44, 51, 127, 134, 135, 141 In-school violence***** Intake, 7, 33, 35, 48, 55, 99-101, 103-106, 108, 121, 135-137, 140, 178, 203, 204, 215, 219, 221 Internal attributes, 37-39, 46, 219 Internal factors, 7, 37, 38, 157 International Association of Chiefs of Police, 70, 71, 73 Interrogations, 7, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75 Intersectionality perspective, 163, 166, 167 Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 152, 186 Involvement, 5, 7-9, 23, 45, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 82, 85-87, 95, 115, 164, 165, 168-171, 180, 181, 188, 195, 197, 200-203, 208, 216, 218 Jim Crow, 17, 19, 26 John Hopkins University***** Judicial waiver***** Justice by geography, 8, 10, 120, 131, 140 Juvenile Court Act, 14, 209 Juvenile Defendant in Criminal Court, 145 Juvenile Detention Alternative Initiative, 220 Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention Act, 24, 25 Juvenile peer groups, 129 Juvenile transfer, 8, 19, 144, 156-160 Kent v. United States, 19, 20, 29 Klebold, Dylan, 128 Kraska, Peter, 32, 50 Labeling theory, 46, 74, 165 Las Cruces, NM***** Laub, Steve, 24, 28, 43, 44, 51, 127, 133-138, 141 Legal cynicism, 93, 95 Legally relevant factors, 46, 47, 49, 59, 114, 148 Legislative waiver, 160 Leiber, Michael, 36, 49, 50, 78, 79, 85, 87, 97, 100, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 120, 121, 137, 138, 140, 178, 186, 212 Lincoln, NE***** Liquor law violations***** Low peer aspirations, 168 Lynching, 220 Macrostructural perspective, 127, 133 Malvo, Lee Boyd, 31 Maricopa County, 39, 107, 136 Marijuana, 59, 61, 139, 141, 200 Marshall, Thurgood, 27 Martin, Trayvon, 84, 88, 215 Marx, Karl, 41 McKay, Henry***** McKiever v. Pennsylvania, 20, 29 Mentoring programs, 195 Minority overrepresentation, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 15, 21, 49, 53, 59, 71, 100, 120, 197, 208, 222 Miranda rights, 68, 69, 72 Monitoring the Future, 5, 174 Moral panic, 143, 144, 158 Moralists, 12, 13, 16 Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for Juvenile Offenders, 181 National Center for Health Statistics, 201 National Crime Victimization Survey, 5, 187 National Incident-Based Reporting System, 60, 176 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 61, 66 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey***** Native American***** Negative police perceptions, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85-87, 89, 90, 94, 95, 218 Negative police views, 79, 83-86, 88, 89, 92, 94 Normative theory, 173 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency, 25, 73, 102, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 160, 163, 164, 173, 187, 194, 212, 213, 217 Officer-initiated police contacts***** Omaha, NE***** Order maintenance, 54 Out of school suspension***** Out of sight and sound, 3 Out-of-home placement***** Parens patriae, 3, 6, 14, 19, 38, 105, 112 Paternalism perspective, 183 Paternalistic attitudes, 202, 203 Patrol officers, 57, 147 Patrols, 54, 56, 57, 62, 67, 85, 147 Pennsylvania Supreme Court***** Perceptual shorthand***** Petition, 108, 110 Philadelphia, PA, 185, 187 Phoenix, AZ***** Physical abuse, 164, 189, 199 Pittsburgh Youth Survey, 62 Platt, Anthony, 3, 10, 14, 26, 29, 205, 212 Police discretion, 7, 54-56, 59, 65, 72 Police encounters, 57, 64-66, 72-74, 78, 80, 84, 85, 94, 96, 97, 218 Police fairness, 79, 85, 92 Police harassment, 80 Police interrogation***** Police misconduct, 82, 83, 85, 98 Police-juvenile encounters***** Police-officer initiated encounters***** Police-Schools Liaison***** Poverty, 14, 41, 43, 107, 110, 124-126, 129, 130, 134-138, 157, 168, 169, 217 Poverty line, 135 Powerless members of society, 126 Predisposition reports***** Probation, 4, 19, 26, 38, 39, 55, 90, 112, 114, 130, 131, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 167, 168, 179, 180, 186, 198, 203, 207, 219, 221 Probation officers, 147, 150, 168, 198 Problem-oriented policing***** Procedural justice, 84, 93, 96, 97 Pro-delinquency attitudes***** Prosocial, 87, 129, 164 Prostitution, 5, 54, 199, 200 Protective factors, 70, 114, 152 Public order, 53, 54, 56, 134, 194 Racial and ethnic heterogeneity, 129 Racial divide, 85, 94 Racial inequality, 43, 44, 127, 134, 135 Racial order, 41, 82, 170 Racial threat, 41, 127 Racially mixed neighborhood, 81 Reaffirming Young Sisters’ Excellence, 179, 180, 186 Reality television shows, 85 Referrals, 39, 48, 102-104, 118, 132, 222 Reform, 6, 221 Reintegrative shaming, 165 Residential mobility, 129 Residential placement***** Reunification, 200, 213 Risks factors, 152 Risky lifestyle, 164 Rodriguez, Nancy, 37-41, 46, 48, 51, 107, 120, 121, 136-138, 141, 157, 160, 167, 186 Relative Rate Index, 101, 103, 107, 109, 110, 117-119, 146 Runaway, 164, 199-201, 206, 214 Rural courts, 107, 121, 131, 161 Rural youths, 88, 96, 133 Sampson, Robert, 43, 44, 51, 127, 129, 133-138, 141 Schall v. Martin, 20, 29, 104, 105, 121 School-to-prison pipeline***** Seattle, 63, 67 Secure detention facilities, 45, 118, 131-134, 185, 205, 207-209, 221 Selective chivalry, 203, 205 Self-report surveys***** Sentence, 8, 34, 51, 148, 152, 157, 159, 217 Separate but Equal, 19 Sex trafficking, 199, 200, 210 Sexual abuse, 164, 184, 188, 189 Sexually victimized***** Shaw, Clifford, 129, 141 Single-parent households***** Slavery, 15-17, 26-28, 216, 220, 222 Slenderman, 32, 172, 173, 183 Social bonding theory, 86 Social bonds***** Social disorganization theory, 129 Social systematic observations, 7, 56, 60, 64, 66, 67 Social threat, 40, 46, 49, 127 Southern justice, 26 Stakeholders, 221, 222 Stereotype, 35, 36, 40, 49, 127, 159, 168, 217, 222 Stereotypical images, 129 Stigmatization,***** Stigmatized shaming, 165 Sting operations***** Structural disadvantage, 41, 134, 136, 137 Students Talking it Over with Police, 92, 96, 129, 205, 207 Subcultures, 7, 82, 85 Subordination, 83, 186, 222 Substance abuse, 55, 74, 130, 132, 141, 180, 182, 200, 213 Substance use, 195, 201, 211, 213 Superpredator, 158 Symbolic threat, 8, 41, 51, 127, 135, 136, 138, 222 Taney, Roger, 15 Tate, Lionel, 147 Taylor Greene, Helen, 28, 29, 73, 93, 96, 97, 102, 121, 222, 223 Thirteenth Amendment, 17 Till, Emmett, 22, 23, 28 Tobacco, 5, 191, 192, 200 Traditional female expectations, 179 Treatment services, 132, 138, 208 Truancy, 191-196, 198, 205, 206, 210-213 Truancy Intervention Program, 198 Tunette Powell, 198 Tyler, Tom, 78, 84, 94, 96-98 U.S. Census Bureau, 130 U.S. Sentencing Commission, 42 U.S. Supreme Court, 11, 15, 19, 20, 110, 220 Ungovernability***** Uniform Crime Reports***** Uniform Crime Statistics***** Urban courts, 120, 131, 223 Urbanization, 8, 120, 131-133, 135, 140 Victimization surveys, 5, 174 Victimizations, 5, 9, 78, 88, 164, 165, 201, 202 Victimized, 56, 155, 164, 165, 171, 174, 199, 201 Violating a court order (VAC), 205 Ward, Geoff, 3, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 30 Warren, Earl, 19, 47, 49 Weber, Max***** West, Cornel, 216 White ascendancy, 127 White domination, 83 White privilege, 83, 186 Wilson, Darren, 84 Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory***** Youths’ perceptions of the court, 93 Zero tolerance, 197, 198 Zimmerman, George, 84, 88, 89