Nutrition & You, 4E (Blake)

Nutrition & You, 4e (Blake) Chapter 9 Alcohol

1) Moderate alcohol consumption is no more than ______alcoholic drink(s) daily for adult women and up to ______drink(s) daily for adult men. A) 1; 1 B) 2; 3 C) 1; 2 D) 1; 3 Answer: C Page Ref: 343 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.2 Section: 9.2

3) Which of the following factors does not affect how quickly the body absorbs and metabolizes alcohol? A) whether you are male or female B) the amount of food in your stomach C) the time of day you drink D) the amount of alcohol you drink Answer: C Page Ref: 345 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the A) stomach. B) small intestine. C) liver. D) pancreas. Answer: C Page Ref: 346 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

5) The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is located in the A) mouth and throat. B) stomach and liver. C) intestines and colon. D) gallbladder and kidneys. Answer: B Page Ref: 345 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

6) A blood alcohol concentration above ______will often result in death. A) 0.11 B) 0.21 C) 0.31 D) 0.41 Answer: D Page Ref: 348 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

7) Which of the following areas of the brain is affected first by alcohol? A) brain stem B) cerebral cortex C) cerebellum D) All of these areas are affected at the same time. Answer: B Page Ref: 348 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 8) Compounds in alcoholic beverages that enhance flavor and appearance but may contribute to hangover symptoms are called A) resveratrols. B) alcohol-based toxins. C) congeners. D) acetaldehydes. Answer: C Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

9) Which of the following statements concerning a hangover is correct? A) Drinking more alcohol mixed with orange juice can be an effective remedy for hangover symptoms. B) Time is the only true remedy for hangover symptoms. C) Drinking a mixture of congeners can be an effective remedy for hangover symptoms. D) Consuming a raw egg can be an effective remedy for hangover symptoms. Answer: B Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

11) Drinking too much alcohol can interfere with the absorption and/or use of A) protein. B) zinc. C) fat-soluble vitamins. D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D Page Ref: 353 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) The effects of fatty liver can be reversed by A) consuming more vitamin C in the diet. B) stopping the consumption of alcohol. C) drinking more fluids. D) eating more dairy products. Answer: B Page Ref: 354 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

14) In addition to chronically drinking too much alcohol, which of the following lifestyle behaviors heightens the risk of esophageal cancer? A) smoking cigarettes B) eating a high-fat diet C) inactivity D) obesity Answer: A Page Ref: 353 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 16) Which of the following statements regarding the third stage of alcoholic liver disease is incorrect? A) It is reversible. B) Liver cells die. C) Scar tissue is formed. D) It is also known as cirrhosis. Answer: A Page Ref: 354-355 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

17) Which of the following substances is released by intestinal bacteria, travels to the liver, and initiates further liver damage? A) endotoxin B) free radicals C) acetaldehyde D) MEOS Answer: A Page Ref: 354 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

18) Which of the following recommendations regarding alcohol use during pregnancy is safe? A) Do not drink at all during pregnancy. B) Drink only moderately during pregnancy. C) An occasional drink is perfectly fine during the third trimester. D) An occasional drink is okay during the first trimester. Answer: A Page Ref: 355 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

19) Binge drinking is the consumption of ______or more alcoholic drinks by men or ______or more drinks by women, in a very short time. A) 3; 3 B) 4; 3 C) 5; 4 D) 5; 2 Answer: C Page Ref: 357 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) Approximately how many college students die every year from binge drinking? A) 800 B) 700 C) 1,300 D) 1,825 Answer: D Page Ref: 357 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

21) For adults in the United States, the legal limit for driving is a blood alcohol content of A) 0.04. B) 0.08. C) 0.10. D) 0.20. Answer: B Page Ref: 359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

22) Which of the following conditions is a symptom of alcohol use disorder? A) craving alcohol B) an inability to limit alcohol intake C) withdrawal symptoms D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D Page Ref: 356, 357 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

23) The people who gain health benefits from moderate alcohol consumption are A) women age 21 and older and men age 18 and older. B) women age 35 and older and men age 25 and older. C) women age 55 and older and men age 45 and older. D) women and men of all ages. Answer: C Page Ref: 343 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.2 Section: 9.2

6 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 24) Which of the following substances, when consumed during and after alcohol consumption, has been shown to cause liver damage in some cases? A) caffeine B) endotoxin C) acetaminophen D) ibuprofen Answer: C Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

25) Which of the following statements about alcohol is incorrect? A) It promotes a good night's sleep. B) It can damage heart tissue and increase the risk of hypertension. C) It can increase estrogen levels in women. D) It is associated with sexual dysfunction in males and females. Answer: A Page Ref: 349 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

26) Which of the following statements indicates what will occur if you consistently add extra calories from alcoholic beverages to a diet that is already meeting your daily caloric needs? A) You will lose weight because alcohol raises your metabolism. B) You will remain at the same weight because the calories in alcohol are negligible. C) You will gain weight because the extra calories are converted to fat. D) It depends on whether the alcohol beverages consumed are wine or beer. Answer: C Page Ref: 347 Skill: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

27) Which of the following body systems in the fetus is seriously damaged when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol? A) respiratory B) nervous C) gastrointestinal D) reproductive Answer: B Page Ref: 355 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 28) Which of the following statements about binge drinking is incorrect? A) It can cause blackouts. B) It can increase the chance that unprotected sex will occur. C) It is a normal part of the college experience. D) It can be associated with heart attacks. Answer: C Page Ref: 357 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

30) The chemical category called "alcohol" includes which of the following substances? A) isopropanol B) ethanol C) methanol D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

31) Which of the following conditions has occurred when the body's BAC levels rise to extreme levels and breathing and heart rate are interrupted? A) FAS B) alcoholism C) alcohol tolerance D) alcohol poisoning Answer: D Page Ref: 359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

8 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 32) Which of the following conditions can occur when a child is exposed to alcohol prenatally? A) FASDs B) alcohol use disorder C) alcohol poisoning D) alcohol tolerance Answer: A Page Ref: 356 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

34) Which of the following terms describes a person who continues to drink even though it causes that person social, legal, and/or health problems? A) FASDs B) alcohol use disorder C) alcohol tolerance D) alcohol intolerance Answer: B Page Ref: 356 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

35) Which of the following conditions occurs when chronic drinking causes the body to become less sensitive to alcohol? A) FASDs B) alcohol use disorder C) alcohol tolerance D) alcohol poisoning Answer: C Page Ref: 359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

36) Which of the following substances are compounds in alcohol that may contribute to hangover symptoms? A) alcohol dehydrogenases B) fermenters C) congeners D) acetaldehydes Answer: C Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

9 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 37) In which of the following processes does yeast convert sugars in fruit into ethanol? A) distillation B) fermentation C) congenation D) metabolization Answer: B Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

38) Which of the following processes describes the collection and condensation of a vapor produced by heating an alcohol-containing liquid? A) fermentation B) oxidation C) accumulation D) distillation Answer: D Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

39) Which of the following compounds is an alcohol-metabolizing enzyme found in the stomach and liver? A) aspartate transaminase B) acetaldehyde C) alcohol dehydrogenase D) aspartate aminotransferase Answer: C Page Ref: 345 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

41) The majority of ingested alcohol is absorbed in the A) stomach. B) small intestine. C) liver. D) large intestine. Answer: B Page Ref: 345 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

11 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 45) A research study of more than 700 college students found that more than half of them had blacked out at least once in their lives. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 357 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

46) Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe of the FASDs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 356 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

48) Women have more alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomachs than do men. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 348 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

49) A healthy liver can metabolize about one alcoholic drink in about 1 1/2 to 2 hours. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 346 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

51) Among the effects of alcohol on the body are infertility in women and impotence in men. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

54) The sugars in grains that yeasts ferment to produce alcohol are fructose and glucose. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

55) Wine is made by a process known as distillation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 342

58) Routinely drinking too much alcohol can interfere with the absorption and/or use of protein, zinc, magnesium, certain B vitamins, and the fat-soluble vitamins. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 353 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

59) AUD is characterized by continued alcohol consumption even though consumption has caused social, psychological, and/or physical health problems. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 356 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

60) The earlier in life a person starts drinking, the higher the chances that alcohol will become a problem later in life. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 360 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

61) In general, time is the only true remedy for hangover symptoms. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 349 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

62) In addition to the alcohol dehydrogenase system, the liver must employ MEOS when chronically elevated alcohol levels are present there. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 346 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

63) Binge drinking can cause blackouts, which are episodes in which the intoxicated individual is in fact conscious but cannot recall any events associated with that time period.

68) Alcohol contains 7 calories per gram. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

14 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 69) Advertising for alcoholic beverages is associated with increased alcohol consumption among adolescents. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 350 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

70) Compounds in alcohol that may contribute to hangover symptoms are called flavonoids. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 351 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

71) Ethanol is produced when yeast ferment the natural sugars in grains and fruits. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

72) Liquors, such as rum and scotch, are made through a process known as distillation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

73) A standard drink is 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or a 3-ounce shot of liquor. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 342 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.2 Section: 9.2

74) Red wine contains resveratrol, a congener that has antioxidant properties. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 344 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.2 Section: 9.2

15 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 75) The alcohol-metabolizing enzyme found in the stomach and liver is alcohol dehydrogenase. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 345 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

76) Your sex, your body type, the amount of food in your stomach, and the quantity of alcohol you consume affect the rate of alcohol absorption and metabolism in your body. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 345 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

77) One study showed that an alcoholic drink consumed after a meal is absorbed about three times more slowly than alcohol consumed on an empty stomach. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 345-346 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

78) Alcohol poisoning occurs when the BAC rises to such an extreme level that breathing and heart rate are interrupted. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

79) In most states in the United States, it is illegal for adults to drive with a BAC of 0.05. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

80) As the brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, more is needed to get the same intoxicating effect. This phenomenon is called alcohol tolerance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5

16 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 81) Moderate alcohol consumption can increase levels of the "good" cholesterol, LDL. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 344 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.2 Section: 9.2

82) What is the difference between fermentation and distillation? Answer: Fermentation is the process by which yeasts convert sugars in grains or fruits into ethanol and carbon dioxide, resulting in an alcoholic beverage. Wine and beer are made by fermentation. Distillation is the vaporization of ethanol in a liquid by heating, followed by the condensation of the vapor to produce a concentrated liquid called liquor. Page Ref: 342 Skill: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 9.1 Section: 9.1

83) What are the two main factors that render women generally more susceptible to the effects of alcohol than men? Answer: Women have about 20 to 30 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomachs than men, so more alcohol enters the blood immediately through women's stomachs. Women have less muscle mass, and thus less body water, than men. Because alcohol is diluted in water, people with more muscle are able to distribute more of the alcohol throughout their body than people who have more fat. Page Ref: 348 Skill: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

84) Explain how food affects the absorption of alcohol into the body. Answer: The amount and type of food in the stomach determines how long alcohol remains there before entering the small intestine. The presence of food in the stomach delays the passage of alcohol out of the stomach compared to the presence there of a beverage only. Foods high in fat also slow down the emptying of food from the stomach, and so fatty food in the stomach delays the arrival of the alcohol in the small intestine. Page Ref: 345-346 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

17 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 85) Describe the identities and locations of two major enzyme systems that metabolize alcohol in the body. Answer: Alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes alcohol within the stomach and liver, and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) is responsible for alcohol metabolism within the liver. Page Ref: 345-346 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

86) Discuss the progressive effects of alcohol on the body as BAC increases. Answer: The progression of effects of increasing BAC is relaxation, sense of well-being, and loss of inhibition; pleasure, numbing of feelings, nausea, sleepiness, and emotional arousal; mood swings, anger, sadness, and mania; aggression, reduced sensations, depression, and stupor; unconsciousness, coma, and possibly death. Page Ref: 348 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.3 Section: 9.3

87) Define and briefly explain the "French Paradox." Answer: The "French Paradox" is the idea that even though alcohol intake can be associated with heart disease, drinking modest amounts of red wine was reported to be protective against heart disease. The basis for the apparent paradox is that the French—who drink more red wine than do Americans—have lower rates of heart disease despite the fact that their saturated fat intake is similar to those of Americans. In fact, regardless of any protective effects moderate alcohol consumption might convey, the source of alcohol is unlikely to make much difference. Page Ref: 343-344 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.2 Section: 9.2

88) Explain why dehydration is a common outcome of drinking alcohol. Answer: Alcohol produces a diuretic effect by inhibiting the release of antidiuretic hormone, which causes the kidneys to excrete water in the urine, causing dehydration (and electrolyte imbalances). Additionally, vomiting and sweating during and after consuming too much alcohol further contribute to dehydration. Page Ref: 349 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

18 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 89) Describe the differences among the stages of alcoholic liver disease. Answer: The first stage, fatty liver, can result from even a few days of excessive drinking. The liver metabolizes alcohol first and is thus unable to metabolize all of the arriving fat, so fat accumulates. In the second stage, alcoholic hepatitis, the liver becomes chronically inflamed by some by-products of alcohol metabolism, such as acetaldehyde, which are toxic to the liver. In the third and final stage of liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cells die, forming scars that prevent the liver from performing its normal metabolic functions. Page Ref: 354-355 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

90) Describe fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Answer: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is the most severe of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), is a collection of physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities that occur in children exposed to alcohol in utero. FAS is physically characterized by a variety of facial abnormalities, including thin upper lip, flattened face, small midface, small eye openings, small head circumference, skin folds over the eyes, low nasal bridge, short turned-up nose, and indistinct philtrum. Among the mental and behavioral difficulties observed are reduced attention span and memory as well as learning disabilities. Page Ref: 356 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.4 Section: 9.4

91) Discuss binge drinking, including the risks involved with this behavior. Answer: Binge drinking is the consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks by men, or four or more drinks by women, in a very short time. Increased risks associated with binge drinking include unplanned and unsafe sex, sexual aggression and assaults, missed classes, motor vehicle accidents, unintentional injuries such as accidental falls, hypertension, heart attack, STDs, unintended pregnancies, sexual dysfunction, and blackouts. Page Ref: 357-359 Skill: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 9.5 Section: 9.5