Library Manual

1 Table of Contents

Introduction 1 General Information About The Library 1 General Rulers And Regulation 1 Opening And Closing Hours 1 MSU Libraries And Their Locations 2 Library Sections and Their Services 2 Reader Services 2 Registration Procedures 3 Borrowing Procedures For Long Term Books 3 Borrowing Procedures For Reserve Books 3 Loan Periods – Long Term Books 3 Loan Periods – Reserve Books 3 Loan Rules 4 Special Collections/Periodicals Department 4 Locating Periodicals 4 The Electronic Resources Centre 5 User Conduct 5 Responsibility 5 Sanctions 6 Disclaimer 6 Electronic Resources 6 Information Skills Literacy 8 Arrangement of Books 8 Searching For Books Using The M3 Opac 9 Finding Information Within A Book 11 Reference Materials 11 The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) 12 Browsing Articles 12 Basic Searching 13 The Internet 16 How to Search the Internet Effectively 16 Search Engines 16 Getting Started 17 Keywords 17 Use of Phrases 17 Punctuation and Capitalization 17 Boolean Basics 18 Quick Tips 18 Library Security 21 Appendix 1 – Glossary of Common Library Terms 22 Appendix 2 – Library of Congress Outline 27

2 Midlands State University Libraries Users’ Manual

Introduction

Welcome to Midlands State University Library, your gateway to information for study, teaching, research and lifelong learning. We have fully qualified staff who will be eager to assist you in meeting your information needs.

General Information About The Library

General Rulers And Regulation

The main purpose of these rules is to safeguard the common interest of all library users and to enable the library to function as efficiently as possible. Here is a brief outline of MSU Library Rules and Regulations.  Users must show a valid MSU or Approved Readers ID card to the security personnel upon entering the library.  For security reasons bags and cases may not enter the library – they should be left in the baggage room just by the library entrance.  Smoking, eating and consumption of beverages in the library is strictly prohibited.  Readers are expected to observe silence in the library. Readers found making disturbances in the library will be asked to leave.  Mutilation of library materials by marking, underlining, removing pages or portions of pages is not allowed.  All items taken in and out of the library are subject to security check at the library exit.  Library clearance will not be given to staff and students with overdue materials and unpaid fines. Students’ payouts may be debited to recover the cost of lost books and unpaid fines.  It is an offence to possess more than the stipulated amount of library pockets.

Opening And Closing Hours

During Semester

o Monday to Thursday 09:00am – 22:30pm o Friday 09:00am – 16:45pm o Saturday 8:00am – 12noon o Closed on Sundays & Public Holidays

3 During Vacations

o Monday to Thursday 08:00 am – 16:45 pm o Fridays 08:00 – 16:15 pm o Saturday closed o Sunday Closed o Closed on public holidays

MSU Libraries And Their Locations

Midlands State University library operates on three sites.

o Main Library

The Main Library is located at the main university campus.

o Batanai Library

This library is located at Batanai campus about 2 km from the main campus. Its collection is strong in the following disciplines

 Tourism and Hospitality Management  Home Economics  Food Science  Banking and Finance o Graduate School and Law Libraries

These libraries are situated at the Graduate School of Business.

Library Sections and Their Services

The library is divided into several sections, each offering specific services. The sections are outlined below:

o Reader Services o Electronic Resources o Special Collections/Periodicals Collections o Technical Services

Reader Services

The following user groups are entitled to use the library’s facilities:

4 o Registered students of the Midlands State University o Staff of MSU o Approved readers from other Universities, colleges and organizations

Admission into the library is upon production of a valid MSU identity card.

The Reader Services section deals with all issues concerning books and other bibliographic materials. It handles all the loaning of books in the library. The services it offers are listed below:

o Photocopying Services o Loan services o Reference services o Current awareness services

Registration Procedures

Registration of new students is done at the beginning of each semester and to register with the library a student need to be a registered student of the university.

Borrowing Procedures For Long Term Books

Upon library registration each student is issued with 3 borrowing pockets, 1 pocket for borrowing a reserve book and 2 for borrowing long-term books. You can borrow 2 long- term books at any one time from the Circulation desk. For the desired book you produce your borrowing pocket and a genuine MSU student ID card. Read the stamp at the back of the book to check the due date.

Borrowing Procedures For Reserve Books

o Search for the book title you want from the online catalogue. o Write down the call number, the book title and author of the book on a slip of paper. o Present this to staff manning the reserve section together with your MSU ID card and reserve-borrowing pocket. o If the book is there, it will be provided with minimum delay only if you provide the above details.

Loan Periods – Long Term Books

Students - One (1) week

Staff - 30 days

Loan Periods – Reserve Books

5 Between Monday and Thursday, reserve books can only be borrowed for a two-hour session for in-house use. They may be borrowed out for overnight use between 3pm and 10pm. Books borrowed for overnight use must be returned to the library before 9am the following day. Books returned after 9am will attract a fine charged per hour.

Books borrowed on Fridays and Mondays must be returned the following Monday before 9am.

Loan Rules

o Borrowers are required to produce their valid MSU ID card and borrowers’ pockets when borrowing books o Borrowers’ pockets are not interchangeable o No books or other library materials are to leave the library before all the borrowing procedures are completed – breaching this rule is considered a serious crime o Borrowers will be held responsible for materials issued on their pockets o Books or other materials must be returned on or before the due date

Special Collections/Periodicals Department

o Periodicals also called serials are continuous publications such as journals, newspapers and magazines o They are issued regularly (daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly). o In the meantime, the periodicals are under closed access and you can only access the journals by contacting the Periodicals Librarian.

Locating Periodicals

o You need to use the library’s online database located in the main reading hall o You can search periodicals by the following fields Periodical title/Article title Subject/keywords Author o Take the following details of the journal you want to access - Periodical title - Call number - Date of publication i.e. year, month and Vol. number

Now with the information above, you need to present it to staff manning the Periodicals Department and you will be given your journal.

6 The Electronic Resources Centre

MSU Library provides information for research and learning through electronic and online journals and databases. These resources are meant to complement the traditional printed books and journals. At every library site, there is a computer lab that provides access to computers and below is a few guidelines about computer usage:

Computers in the Electronic Resources Centre shall be used for the following:

 Use of computers is through prior booking using one’s e-learning account details.  Users are allowed to use only one slot per day; each slot is 1 hour long  Accessing full text documents from electronic journals subscribed by the library  Accessing full text scholarly documents from electronic databases subscribed by the library  Internet searches by those doing their dissertations  Group and individual instruction on the use of electronic resources available in the library.

User Conduct

Users shall not :

. Change software configurations or settings, e.g. add, delete or modify system files, screen savers default home page etc. . Download onto the library computer hard disk. You may download onto your personal floppy diskette. . Use or install personal software on library computers. . At any point attempt to rectify hardware or software problems. . Attach any equipment on the computers. . Carry out programming on the computers.

Responsibility

. It is the responsibility of every library user to ensure that computers are operated within the stipulated regulations regarding their use. Users are urged to report any misuse of computers to library staff. . Any equipment malfunction must be reported to library staff immediately. . Users must at all times:  Respect the copyright laws and licensing agreements  Respect the privacy of others  Use virus free diskettes

7 Sanctions

Access to the library computer facilities is a privilege and not a right. The library has the right to revoke that privilege for misconduct and violation of the rules governing the use of Internet facilities.

Disclaimer

The MSU Library has no control over information accessed through the Internet and it is important to note that not all information accessed from the Internet is complete, accurate or Legal. As a result MSU Library may not be held responsible for any damages caused by the use of such materials.

Electronic Resources

Below are the online resources that the library currently subscribes to. For an updated list you may check the library website. Please take not that most journals are accessed through a campus wide IP address. This means you do not need a user name and password if you are on campus. For those online resources that need usernames and passwords visit the Electronic Resources Centre at your MSU Library.

 African Journals OnLine (AJOL)  Agora  American Chemical Society  American Society of Agricultural Engineers  Bentham Science Publishers - Bentham Science Journals Online  Blackwell – Synergy (Also Available under Agora and Hinari)  Annual Reviews  British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC)  British Library Inside Web  CABI Publishing - CAB Abstracts  CABI Publishing - CAB Compendia  CABI Publishing - Global Health Database and Topics in International Health  Cochrane Library  Directory of Open Access Journals  Duke Press  EBSCO Host  Economic PerspectivesNew  Emerald Publishing Group Limited *  Foreign Policy Agenda New  Global Issues New  Gale Thompson *

8  Global Development Finance Online *  Institute of Physics  Institute for Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)  Issues of Democracy New  High Wire Press (requires individual registration to view full text)  Hinari *  JSTOR – Journal Storage  International Forestry Review - Commonwealth Forestry Association  Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers  Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland - MinAbs Online  Multilingual Matters  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Source OECD  Oxford University Press - Oxford Journals *  Palgrave Macmillan Journals  Royal Society for Chemistry - RSC Journals Online  Royal Society of London - Royal Society Journals Online  Sage Publications * (Also Available under Agora and Hinari)  Society and ValuesNew  SourceOECD  Springer  Taylor Francis * (Available under Agora and Hinari)  Wiley Interscience - John Wiley and Sons * (Available under Agora and Hinari)

9 Information Skills Literacy

Information literacy has been known by many different names: library orientation; bibliographic instruction; user education; information skills training. Each has built on the other. Library orientation concentrates on how to use a physical building and bibliographic instruction and user education on the mechanics of using particular resources. Information skills training and finally information literacy concentrates on cognitive and transferable skills, such as problem solving, evaluation and communication skills.

The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals defines Information Literacy as:

"knowing when and why you need information, where to find it, and how to evaluate, use and communicate it in an ethical manner."

This section of the manual will introduce you to ways of finding information that you will need for your research and lifelong learning. We will start with the way in which books are arranged in the library.

Arrangement of Books

At MSU Libraries, we use a classification system called Library of Congress Classification system (LC). With this system books are arranged according to their subjects so that it is easy for you to locate books with related subjects and also to browse the shelf easily. On the spine of each book you will see a label beginning with letters, followed by a number and then other letters e.g.

HF 5415.5 MAT

You do not need to memorize the LC itself because you simply need the number to locate the book on the shelves. Appendix 1 outlines the summary of Library Of Congress Classification system.

10 Searching For Books Using The M3 Opac

You can search for books using the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). There are dedicated computers in the library that serve specifically as catalogues. If you are on the internet, you can also use the web version of the online catalogue. Books can be searched using title, author or subject

To go to the online catalogue if you are in the library follow these simple steps:

o Press Start – All Programs – Mandarin M3 - OPAC

The OPAC will pop up on the screen and it looks like this:

Subject Field

Title Field

Author Field

Lets say you want to search a book by its author e.g. Joan Dray, just type in the Author field the author’s name and hit the Search button. The results will look like the picture below.

11 Double click here

o Double click the on the record and you will be taken to a detailed bibliographic record that looks like the one below:

Book location Call Number

Bar code number

Book status

Full Record

o You will need to check on the book status to see whether the book is available in the library or not. If the book is available you nee to take down the call number and also check the location of the book.

12 Finding Information Within A Book

You can find information within a book very fast if you use the following tools: o The book index – most modern books have an author index and a subject index. The index will also give you the page number of the information that you are looking for. o The table of contents will also give you a quick reference point to check out whether the information you are looking for is available in the book.

Reference Materials

At times you will need to find specific peaces of information for your research work. Reference books are used to give you small factual peaces of information. In other words a reference book is a compendium of information, usually of a specific type, compiled in a book for ease of reference. That is, the information is intended to be quickly found when needed. Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information, rather than read cover to cover. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use of the first person, and emphasize facts. Indexes are commonly provided in many types of reference work.

Examples of reference works:

 Almanac - a tabulation of information in specific fields, often by date  Atlas - a set of maps, often of geographical locations  Citation index - lists which publications cite other publications  Concordance - a list of every word in a book, and where it is used in that book  Dictionary or Lexicon (the latter generally provides more grammatical analysis) - an alphabetical listing of words and their definitions  Directory - a list of references, used for ease of locating their subject  Encyclopedia - a comprehensive compendium  Gazetteer - a geographical dictionary  Handbook - a manual which summarizes a subject  Mathematical tables - a tabulation of mathematical results  Periodical index - a list of topics for a periodical publication, organized by date  Scientific tables - a tabulation of scientific results  Thesaurus - a list of words with similar, related, or opposite meanings

13 The TEEAL Library

TEEAL stands for The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library. It is a collection of over 140 peer reviewed agriculture related journals digitized on CD-ROMs. The TEEAL collection contains a comprehensive list of current journals published by some of the world’s renowned publishers and covers the following scholarly areas of research and education:

 Agricultural Economics  Agricultural Engineering  Crop Improvement  Environment and Natural Resources  Food Processing and Nutrition  Forestry  Livestock Production  Plant Protection  Range Management  Rural Development  Soil and Water Management  Sustainable Agriculture  Veterinary Medicine

This digitized library of journals comes with a search engine that is able to search full text articles and display the results for you.

Browsing Articles For you to be able to search and browse TEEAL, you need to install the TEEAL Information Retrieval System on your computer. You can obtain the installation disk from the Library. o On the desktop, double click this icon

TEEAL Collection.lnk o The following screen on the next page will pop up :

14 List of Available Journals

o On the left hand side, there is list of digitized journals which you can search and browse, each journal title is preceded by an image of a small green book which if you click it, will show the years of publication from the latest to the earliest. o Click on the year to reveal a list of volumes and issues. o Click on a volume to browse articles.

Basic Searching

o Click on the search tab and a menu will come with some options : o Choose basic search

o The following dialogue box will pop up:

15 o The above dialogue box has several fields which you can search independently or in combination. o Type in the keywords all fields textbox “tobacco classes”, you will notice that on the left side there is a word wheel that will automatically bring out words that are near your search term. o The Boolean operator will show the number of hits and the combination of terms, in our “tobacco classes” search we have 11 hits. o Click on the search button at the bottom and your search results will be displayed in the following way:

o Each result will contain the following brief information :- Title, Source,Year, Author(s), CD number,Abstract. o You can use your mouse to click on each result to highlight it. Hit the enter button on a highlighted result to view a detailed bibliographic record of the hit. o Take note of the CD number, approach staff at the Electronic Resource Centre and request for the CD. o Insert the CD-ROM in the computer, and click here to read the full article.

16 o Take note that you can only read the article or print it. You cannot cut and paste.

You have just searched a journal article using BASIC search, you can also search using the advanced search. The searching criteria for advanced search and Basic Search are all the same.

For more information and help visit the Library Electronic Resource Centre.

17 The Internet

The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet users can share information in a variety of forms. It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).

The Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous. The Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. In contrast, the Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the Internet, along with various others including e-mail, file sharing, online gaming and others.

Unlike many computer networks, the Internet consists of not one but multiple data systems that were developed independently. The most popular and important systems are:

 E-mail, for exchange of electronic mail messages.  USENET newsgroups, for posting and responding to public "bulletin board" messages.  File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a system for storing and retrieving data files on large computer systems.  Gopher, a method of searching for various text-based Internet resources (largely obsolete).  TELNET, a way of connecting directly to computer systems on the Internet.  Internet Relay Chat (IRC), a system for sending public and private messages to other users in "real time"—that is, your message appears on the recipient's screen as soon as you type it.  CU-SeeMe, a videoconferencing system that allows users to send and receive sound and pictures simultaneously over the Internet.  The World Wide Web.

How to Search the Internet Effectively

The internet can be searched using different tools such as search engines and subject directories.

Search Engines

Internet search engines can search enormous databases of Web pages, using titles, keywords or text. You can maximize the potential of search engines by learning how they work, and how to use them quickly and effectively.

18 The challenge is to ask your question the right way, so that you don't end up overwhelmed with too many search results, under whelmed with too few, or simply unable to locate the material that you need. As with most skills, practice makes perfect!

Getting Started

Before doing a search, it's important to define your topic as completely and succinctly as possible. Write down exactly what information you're looking for, why you're looking for it, and what you're not looking for. This will help you to discover the best keywords for your search.

Keywords

With the exception of search engines such as AskJeeves.com, which will take questions in the form of actual queries, most work best if you provide them with several keywords. So how do you determine which keywords will work best?

Most users submit 1.5 keywords per search, which is not enough for an effective query - the recommended maximum is 6 to 8 carefully chosen words, preferably nouns and objects. (Search engines consider articles and pronouns clutter.) Avoid verbs, and use modifiers only when they help to define your object more precisely - as in "feta cheese" rather than just "cheese."

Now you have your keywords. How do you enter them into the search engine?

Use of Phrases

Your most powerful keyword combination is the phrase. Phrases are combinations of two or more words that must be found in the documents you're searching for in the EXACT order shown. You enter a phrase - such as "feta cheese" - into a search engine, within quotation marks.

Some searches provide specific options for phrases, while others don't allow them at all; but most will allow you to enter a phrase in quotation marks. Check the "Help" files of the search engine you're using to be sure what it accepts.

Punctuation and Capitalization

Most search engines are insensitive to case: you can type your queries in uppercase, lowercase, or a mix of cases. If you use lowercase, most engines will match on both upper and lower case; so for general searches, lowercase is the safest form to use.

Not all search engines handle punctuation the same way. When in doubt, consult the "Help" file.

19 Boolean Basics

"Boolean" searching (named after George Boole, the 19th-century mathematician who founded the field of symbolic logic) is a powerful technique that can narrow your search to a reasonable number of results, and increase the chance of those results being useful. Boolean searches are simple to learn and tremendously effective. The three most commonly used Boolean commands (or "operators") are AND, OR and AND NOT.

AND means "I want only documents that contain both/all words." For instance, the search "Harare" AND "First Street Mall" AND "Bulawayo" AND "Africa Unity Square" would return only documents that contained all four keywords or phrases. AND is the most frequently used Boolean command.

OR means "I want documents that contain either word; I don't care which." The query "Harare" OR "Bulawayo" OR "First Street Mall" OR "Africa Unity Square" would return all documents that contained even one of these four keywords or phrases. Use OR to string together synonyms; be careful about mixing it with AND.

AND NOT means "I want documents that contain this word, but not if the document also contains another word." The query "Harare" AND "Bulawayo" AND NOT "Africa Unity Square" would return documents that include Harare and Bulawayo, but not those that also include Africa Unity Square. Remember that AND NOT only applies to the word or phrase that immediately follows it.

Most search engines support the AND NOT command. It is sometimes called BUT NOT or NOT, and is sometimes indicated by placing a minus sign (-) before the term or phrase to be removed. (Check the search tips of the engine you're using to see which form of AND NOT it accepts). Before you apply AND NOT, see what results you get from a simpler search. AND NOT is a great way to weed out results you don't want, such as pornography.

Quick Tips

 Use nouns as query keywords. Never use articles ("a," "the"), pronouns ("he," "it"), conjunctions ("and," "or") or prepositions ("to," "from") in your queries

 Use 6 to 8 keywords per query

 Where possible, combine keywords into phrases by using quotation marks, as in "solar system"

 Spell carefully, and consider alternate spellings

 Avoid redundant terms

 Check the "Help" function of the particular search engine you're using, since they all have their own quirks and preferences

20 A successful Internet search can take several tries. But remember: it's estimated that there are between 200 and 800 million documents online - with no master system for organizing this information! No wonder effective searches take know-how, patience and ingenuity.

What do you need to find, and what do What is the best resource to make use of? you already know? Google is always a good bet, since it has the largest index. I know what I'm looking for, and I can Yahoo Search is useful if Google doesn't do it for you. describe it with some key words MSN (Live) Search is getting better and may provide results if the other two don't work. I have an exact phrase that I want to Any of the above, with "double quotes" around the phrase search for will do the trick. Microsoft Encarta provides factual information to questions Ask can sometimes be worth asking, if you tightly phrase your question I want a quick factual answer Brainboost is new, but seems to work quite well. Factbites is also new. Good for very specific search terms Answers.com Good standby. Viewed by many as the resource for facts Dogpile's missing pieces Google, Yahoo, Ask Jeeves Thumbshots Ranking compares results from Google, I want to compare results from different Yahoo, Alltheweb, AltaVista, MSN, Teoma, Wisenut. search engines TurboScout allows you to type in the search once, then run it across 23 different search engines. WebFetch Same as Dogpile's missing pieces Yahoo Directory provides 14 main categories Google Directory provides access to 16 main categories I want an overview of a subject. The Open Directory Project provides access to 16 main categories Ask IQ Top searches, movies, news, advancing searches of the week I want to know about trends in searching Yahoo Buzz Index Various options, mainly entertainment. Google Trends Searchable, but not amazingly impressive. Lycos Top 50 Various listings. I want some suggested categories to Clusty suggests narrower topics to search under narrow my search Ask suggests narrower and broader categories (Very good indeed!)

21 Exalead has related term suggestions and other methods of narrowing your results eBingBong lets users rate results. ChaCha employs guides to help users find what they need. Insuggest add a site you know, this shows others that relate to it. Very good. I want people moderated results Sproose is another 'vote for this page' engine, which has been around a while. There are also book marking sites such as Technorati and Digg available as well.

22 Library Security

All library materials are electronically protected by a protection system called 3M. You need to carefully follow all the procedures in borrowing books or other items. If an item is unprocedurally checked out, the 3M-system alarm will be activated and the exit points will be closed. So please follow all the procedures when borrowing books.

23 Appendix 1 – Glossary of Common Library Terms

Abstract - a brief summary of an article or a book that includes bibliographic information such as author, title, source, subject headings or descriptors, etc.

Accession Number - a unique number or combination of letters and numbers that are assigned to each book in a database.

Almanacs - annual publications that contain calendars, facts, statistics, and other miscellaneous information.

Annotation - a note that describes, explains, or evaluates a particular document.

Atlases - Collections of maps.

Archives - an organized body of documents made or received in connection with the function of the institution or the library. Archives are maintained and preserved as a part of the record-keeping process and usually collected in a separate physical location.

Barcode – This is the number appearing on the front of the title page and its used to charge, discharge, and renew books on the online computer system.

Bibliography - a list of books, periodical articles, government documents, or other materials systematically arranged by author, title, date and place of publication, publisher, details of edition, and page numbers. Published bibliographies on specific subjects are often found in the reference collection.

Biography - a written account of a person's life or the group of literature concerned with people's lives.

Boolean Operators - words such as AND, OR, and NOT that are called "logical operators" and are used to combine search terms to either broaden or narrow the retrieval results of a search. Boolean Searching describes the method of searching in which terms are combined to either recall more documents or to retrieve a more precise set of documents.

CD-ROM - a computer-based format that means Compact Disk-Read Only Memory and is used for storing and retrieval of information from a compact disk using a CD player and a personal computer. The information on a compact disk is in a Read Only format and cannot be amended or altered by the user.

Call Numbers - a combination of numbers or letters and numbers that indicates the address or location of an item in the library. Materials in the library are organized by call number into specific groups according to the Library of Congress (LC) classification system. MSU Libraries uses LC call numbers that combines letters and numbers like PQ 1756 JEF

24 Circulation Desk - the service desk where books and other materials are loaned or checked out. Reference and periodicals do not circulate and are available for use only in the library. They may also be found on the circulation desk.

Citation - a reference to a text or publication that includes the bibliographic information-- author, title, name of journal or name of publisher, date, pages, volumes and other information that is necessary to locate a book, a magazine or journal article, or some other material.

Cross Reference - a term used in catalogs, thesauruses and indexes that leads to another term or name where additional or similar information may be found as in "Use" or "See Also." (eg. Computer Programs - See Also under topical headings and titles of actual software programs.

Database - a collection of data or file of information in a form accessible by computer or indexed in machine-readable form. In a sense, a database is a computerized library in which individual records can be retrieved.

Descriptors - A word or a group of words used as a subject to describe the content in books, articles, and other materials for the purpose of indexing or organizing these items by topic. As an important element of effective research, descriptors are needed to determine the correct headings for a specific database or catalog. See also Subject Headings and Thesaurus.

Directory - a systematically organized list of persons, businesses, organizations, or associations that provides addresses, affiliations, telephone numbers, and similar information.

Field - a portion of a record used for a the storage of a defined category of data such as title (TI) which displays the title for each record in the database or author (AU) which displays the author of each record. Other fields are journal (JN), descriptor (DE), and abstract (AB).

Format - the organization or arrangement of information in a particular display or print mode; the type or manner in which information is provided, displayed, or retrieved.

Gazateer - a dictionary of geographical information and data about places.

Gopher - a computer software developed at the University of Minnesota that enables an individual searcher to locate information at remote computers at other sites. Many former gopher sites are now set up as HyperText Markup Language (HTML) documents on the World Wide Web and are not as useful as they had been in the past.

Government Document - a publication or any printed matter originating or printed by the authority of any office of a legally organized government body.

25 Holdings - a set of fields in a record that shows exactly which years and volumes of are available.

Internet - a worldwide network of computers that allows the "sharing" or "networking" of information at remote sites from other academic institutions, research institutes, private companies, government agencies, and individuals.

Journal - a periodical collection of articles or other material such as reports, proceedings, or transactions issued by a society, an organization, or an institution. See Magazine.

Keyword Searching - a method or strategy of construct a search by looking for a word or combination of words that describe a document in a natural language as opposed to the controlled language of subject of descriptor searching.

Magazine - a periodical publication for general interest such as news, current events, and popular material. See Journal

Microforms - a general term used to describe the microfilm, microfiche, or microform formats used for the storage of documents that have been photographed and reduced in size to reduce in order to conserve space or to preserve materials that deteriorate rapidly.

Periodicals - publications issued in successive parts at regular intervals, including journals, magazines and newspapers. Current periodicals are ones that have arrived recently within the last six months to two years. Bound periodicals are back issues which have been sent to the bindery, covered with a binding, and placed in the stacks. See also Serials.

Periodical Index - an access tool that locates and lists articles, which have appeared in journals, magazines, or newspapers, that is organized by subject. A periodical index lists the author, title, name of periodical, volume, pages and date of publication. Some indexes supply abstracts that summarize the content of articles. Both indexes and abstracts are located in the reference department and are available by using print volumes, CD-ROMs, the Internet, or an online database.

Primary Source - Manuscripts, records, or documents providing original research or documentation. See Secondary Source.

Recall - a notification that is sent out to inform a borrower that material currently checked out has been requested by another individual. Recalled materials should be returned as soon as possible or usually within a week.

Renewal - an extension of the loan period for material that has been previously checked out. Renewals can be made in person at the circulation desk or by phone.

26 Reserve Reading - a selection of specific books, periodical articles, and other materials that a faculty member has set aside for all students to read for a particular course. These materials are usually kept together in one area of the library and circulate only for short periods of time.

Reference - a department within the library where librarians can provide assistance or help in locating information or researching a topic. The reference department also contains a selection of materials such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, almanacs, directories, or statistical sources as well as periodical indexes, and subject bibliographies.

Record - a collection of related data that is arranged in fields forming a unit. The data for a book in the M3 catalogue or for an article in a CD-ROM database such as TEEAL makes up a record.

Search Strategy - a logical series of steps for planning and preparing an efficient way to collect pertinent information on a given topic. A search strategy varies depending upon the topic, the nature of the subject, and what types of information is needed.

Secondary Source - materials or sources that contain information that has been cited, translated, or based upon another--primary or original source. See Primary Source.

Serials - publications issued at regular intervals--daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, or biennally-- and are generally intended to be continued indefinitely. Serials include Periodicals as well as annual publications, proceedings, and transactions.

Stacks - the sections or areas of the library where the collection is stored. Books and periodicals are arranged on shelves in the stacks and grouped by call numbers.

Subject Guides to Literature - a list of sources--directories, indexes, journals, and other reference works--for the literature of a specific discipline or subject area. See Bibliography.

Subject Headings - a word or groups of words that are assigned to books, articles, and other materials in order to indicate the subject matter and to group or organize similar materials by topic. As an important element of effective research, subject headings are needed to determine the correct headings as indexed within a specific database or catalog. See also Descriptors and Thesaurus.

Terminal - an electronic device such as a computer or a workstation that communicates with a host computer or system. The terminal can send or receive data as well as display output in either on screen or in a print format.

Thesaurus - a list of words or group of words that can be used as subject headings or descriptors in a particular database, catalog, or index.

27 Truncation - The method of using a special symbol at the end of a word to retrieve the stem or the root and all possible endings of that word. To truncate a word while searching M3 Catalogue, use an asterisk (*). In other databases, the question mark (?), the pound sign (#), or the dollar sign ($) can be used to truncate terms. In M3 Catalogue, entering comput* will retrieve compute, computes, computing, computer, computers, and so on.

World Wide Web - a client-server information system that uses the Internet to access computers containing millions of hypertext documents.

28 Appendix 2 – Library of Congress Outline

A General works B Philosophy, Psychology, Religion B Philosophy BC Logic BF Psychology BL-BX Religion C-F History CC Archaelogy CS Genealogy CT Biography DA Great Britain DC France DD Germany DE Classical Antiquity DK Russia, Poland DL Scandinavia DP Spain, Portugal DS Asia DT Africa E America (general) & United States (general) F United States (local), Canada, Latin America G-H Social Sciences G Geography (general) GN Anthropology GV Physical Education, Recreation HA Statistics HB-HJ Economics & Business HM-HX Sociology J Political Science JC Political Theory JF-JQ Costitutional History, Public Administration JS Local Government JX International Law K Law K Law (general) KF Law of the United States L Education LA History of Education LB Theory of Practice LD-LG Colleges & Universities M Music M Scores

29 ML Literature MT Musical Instruction N Fine Arts NA Architecture NB Sculpture NC Drawing ND Painting NE Print Media NK Decorative P Language and Literature P Philosophy PA Classical Language & Linguistics (general) PC Romance Languages PE English Language PF German Language PG Slavic Languages & Literature PJ Oriental Languages & Literature PL Asian, African Languages & Literature PM American Indian Languages PN Literary History & Collections (general) PQ Romance Literature PR English Literature PS American Literature PT German Literature Q Science Q Science QA Mathematics QB Astronomy QC Physics QD Chemistry QE Geology QH Natural History QK Botany QL Zoology QM Human Anatomy QP Physiology QR Bacteriology R Medicine (General) RA Public Aspects Medicine RC Internal Medicine RM Theraputics, Pharmacy RT Nursing S Agriculture SB Plant Culture SD Forestry SF Animal Culture

30 SH Fish Culture & Fisheries SK Hunting, Wildlife Management T Technology TA Engineering (general), Civil Engineering TC Hydraulic Engineering TD Environmental Engineering TE Highway Engineering TH Building Construction TJ Mechanical Engineering TK Electrical Engineering TL Motor Vehicles, Aeronautics TN Mining, Metallurgy TP Chemical Engineering TR Photography TS Manufactures TT Handicrafts TX Home Economics U Military Science V Naval Science Z Bibliography and Library Science