Barriers to Participation

BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION

June 2013

The Active People Survey 5 showed that the proportion of males participating in physical activity was 20.5%, whereas participation among females was 12.4%. What social and economic barriers may account for the lower participation rate of women in physical activity. (4)

Badminton is a popular physical activity amongst women. Suggest reasons why female participation rates are relatively high in this activity. (4)

January 2013

The Active People Survey (2010-11) conducted by Sport England, found that less than 10% of disabled people regularly took part in physical activity. Discuss the suggestion that disabled participants have equal opportunities to take part in sport. (5)

May 2012

There is a lower rate of participation in certain sporting activities by ethnic minority groups in the UK. Discuss the suggestion that solutions to overcome discrimination in sport in order to increase participation have been effective (6)

A. Discrimination – to make distinction and treat people unfairly

Yes – effective B. Increased range of activities among minorities C. eg Asian Cricket, Afro-Caribbean football, women’s rugby, Paralympics D. More role models in UK sport E. Campaigns/sport equity targets by NGBs/Kick Racism Out F. Use of the law by individuals/bans for ‘racist’ actions/’Suarez’/’Terry’ etc G. Awareness education/effects of discrimination for teachers/ coaches in schools/youth clubs H. Sports Development Officers promote increased minority participation I. PE programmes cater for minority preferences/Muslim women only classes/eg relaxed kit/ showering rules J. Sport England/eq programmes/YST programmes/Top Sportsability/ Sporting Equals promote equality

No – not effective K. Minorities from lower socio-economic groups/lack of time/money L. Participants may be subject to racist/ sexist comments/abuse/stereotypical expectations/discrimination M. Membership by invitation/vetting may exclude minorities N. Sport has a lower social status within certain communities cultural/religious requirements may discourage sport participation O. Lack of administrators/coaches/role models for minorities

January 2012

National Governing Bodies try to provide “equal opportunity” through advertising campaigns and by improving access to facilities. Suggest other solutions that NGB’s could use to overcome discrimination and to increase participation in physical activity. (4)

A. Develop specific policies to target minority groups/community projects/sport equity targets; B. Target funding at grass roots for minority groups; C. More minority sport development officers (SDOs)/employment opportunities; D. More minority coaches; E. Concentrate resources in inner city/ socially disadvantaged areas; F. Make activities more available/ attractive/classes for specific groups; G. Charge/lower admission/membership cost/taster days H. Change attitudes/raise awareness/ use of role models;

June 2011

How can schools encourage more females to take part in physical activity? (4)

A. Make PE interesting/fun/enjoyable/ rewards; B. Single sex/female only groups; C. Offer a wider range of activities/noncontact/ non-competitive sports; D. Other roles and leadership/coaching opportunities; E. Suited to modern/fashion/cultural/image needs/relaxed dress code; F. Offer clubs/extra curricular activities; G. Advertise/posters; H. Inspirational teachers; I. Improve links with local clubs/ associations; J. Emphasise importance of a healthy lifestyle; K. Sports Ambassadors/role models;

January 2011

The UK Government is encouraging organizations to increase participation in sport and active leisure. How can schools and community sports clubs work together to increase participation in physical activity (4)

A. Publicise/advertise/notice boards; B. Increase links between the two/visits/ liaison/school-club links/personnel/ coaches; C. Dual use/sharing facilities; D. Local/Government policy/eg PESSCLS/ sports colleges/sport development officers/SSCOs; E. Offer discounts/membership/subsidised use of facilities/youth sections; F. Offer (increased) range of activities/ roles/extra curricular activities; G. Come and try days/taster sessions/ holiday scheme; H. Increased awareness of health and fitness issues.

Some groups in society are less involved in sport and physical activity than other groups. Give three reasons for the lower participation rates among some ethnic minority groups. (3)

A. (Racial) discrimination/prejudice; B. Not encouraged/actively discouraged by parents/peers; C. Low status/priority given to sport; D. Links to lower socio-economic status/finance/transport; E. Conflict with religious customs/ observance/dress code; F. Lack of role models/lack of media coverage/fewer coaches; G. Stereotyping/channelling.

January 2007

3 (c) Since the 19th century, how and why did the Church develop leisure opportunities for the British public? (4 marks)

4 marks for 4 of: Why 1. Social control / occupy peoples time in acceptable activities 2. Wanted to improve morals of working classes 3. Improve health 4. Tried to make church attractive / recruitment 5. Encouraged rational /civilised Activities How 6. Allowed Sunday school clubs / teams e.g. Everton 7. Boys Brigade / Scouts / Guides 8. Provided facilities e.g. church halls / fields 9. YMCA developed volleyball and basketball 10. Encouraged link between Christianity . military . physical / muscular Christianity 11. Clergy / vicars etc took an active role 12. Services put on for ramblers/ cyclists

The opportunity for sporting and recreational activities has varied since the 19th century. 4 (a) (i) Why were many National Governing Bodies, such as the Football Association, established in the 19th century? (2 marks)

2 marks for 2 of: 1. Sports were becoming more popular/lots of people participating; 2. More and more clubs were being formed; 3. A nationally recognised set of rules was needed/to make competition fair/codification; 4. Sports needed organising/administrative structure/to organise leagues/competitions; 5. Old boys wanting to continue participation/maintain amateur tradition; 6. Working class establishing own control.

B (ii) Explain the social and cultural factors that have led to an increase in the opportunities for women to participate in activities such as football. (4 marks)

4 marks for 4 of: 1. Equal opportunities/more sports generally being made available/women have fought for the right to participate/Sex Discrimination Act/war effort; 2. Media coverage increased; 3. Therefore increase in role models/more female coaches/PE teachers; 4. School PE curriculum/extracurricular programmes encouraged opportunities; 5. FA/more clubs/more approving/actively encouraging/opening up of traditional men only clubs to include female teams/more male coaches for female teams; 6. More participation = more money for the game; 7. Reduce stereotypes/socially acceptable e.g. football not a medical threat to female anatomy; 8. More leisure time/more income

(iii) What are the benefits and possible problems associated with having a high proportion of ethnic minority groups participating in football in the United Kingdom? (4 marks)

4 marks for 4 of (max 3 per section):

Benefits 1. Opportunity for upward social mobility/way out/escape/earn money; 2. Role models / encourages younger performers/pride/self esteem; 3. Inner city schemes to control youth/social control/keep off streets/give skills traditional British game/integration into mainstream culture; 4. Increased talent pool.

Problems 5. Reaffirm stereotypes/cultural clash/increases racism/separation 6. Reaffirms expectation that the route out is through sport and not educational attainment; 7. Can lead to channelling / labelling / stacking by teachers . coach

January 2006

1(b) Dry ski slopes are an example of an urban adaptation of an outdoor and adventurous activity. (i) Give two other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment. (3 marks)

ACTIVITY (sub max 2 marks) ADAPTATION (max 1 mark) 1. Climbing/abseiling/mountaineering 7. Climbing Wall 2. Orienteering 8. Park/school grounds 3. Canoeing/rafting pools/boating 9. Swimming pools / boating pools / pools/canals/resevoir canals / reservoir 4. Windsurfing/Sailing 10.Reservoir / gravel pits 5. Mountain biking 11. Country parks / parks / indoor 6. Para-gliding/hang-gliding 3 marks track

(ii) Outdoor and adventurous activities have been adapted for people with disabilities. What factors have allowed these developments to occur? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of: 1. Equal opportunities/opening up sports for all sections of society/legislation; 2. Developments in technology/inventions; 3. More knowledge of disabilities/coaching/sport science; 4. Higher expectations of people with disabilities/high level competition; 5. Appreciation of benefits of these activities to everyone; 6. Special school programmes/special centres set up for people with disabilities; 7. Sport England/NGB/DSE. (only credit if qualified) 3 marks

1(c) Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between ‘real’ and ‘perceived’ risk ? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of: 2 max per section Real risk 1. Risk from the natural environment/avalanche etc/increases with skill level; 2. Should be avoided at all costs; 3. Poses risk of injury or death; 4. Can be planned for/plan a route/fitness/equiv. Perceived risk 5. Sense of danger that participant gets/they think there.s a risk; 6. Can provide the excitement but everything is under control e.g. a harness; 7. Encouraged by leader for the learning experiences it offers; 8. Importance of developing risk assessments. 3 marks

1(d) What factors have led to the increased popularity of outdoor and adventurous activities since the beginning of the 20th century? (5 marks)

5 marks for 5 of: 1. Escape from urban environments/appreciation of countryside; 2. Increased access by transport to isolated parts of country/railways/later cars; 3. Media interest/better advertising/role models e.g. Bonnington; 4. Fashion/youth culture; 5. Put into school PE programmes/extra curricular/trips; 6. Growth in organisations/Youth hostel/ PGL/schemes/organisations/D of E/national parks; 7. More sedentary lifestyles/need for adrenalin rush/vertigo/excitement/danger; 8. More affordable/disposable income/hiring of equipment; 9. Wider range of sports/technology/safety; 10. Urban/disabled adaptations. 11. Does not have to be competitive/individual/no rules/overcoming the environment. 5 marks

2(c) What are the potential barriers to participation in active recreation for individuals from ethnic minority groups? (4 marks)

4 marks for 4 of: 1. Background can affect values/e.g. lower value given to sport/more emphasis on academic subjects; 2. Can be affected by parental preferences; 3. Female participation lower in ethnic minority groups/patriarchal societies; 4. Discrimination may prevent access to clubs/racism; 5. Lack of information getting to these groups who do not already participate; 6. Preferred/traditional cultural activities may not be offered/religious codes; 7. Lack of media coverage/lack of role models; (not channelling/labelling/money/facilities etc) 4 marks

3(e) During the past decade there has been an increase in membership of private fitness clubs. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this for the general population? (4 marks)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1. More choice 6. More costly 2. Better quality facilities/sport 7. Some may not be able to & social afford/exclusive/elitist 3. Elitist/feel special/personal trainer 8. .Get out. for local 4. More opportunity to keep fit and authorities/government healthy 9. Public services could suffer 5. Competitive market = deals for Customers

4a(ii) How do schools help to increase the interest and participation of girls in physical activities? (2 marks)

2 marks for 2 of: 1. Carry out/develop (specific) policies/Girls in sport YST; 2. Increase range of activities/offer non-traditional female activities/offer activities such as aerobics/yoga/Pilates; 3. Increase extra curricula; 4. Link with clubs; 5. Recreational focus not just competitive; 6. Varied classes of mixed PE/co-educational and single sex; 7. Break down stereotypes/improve publicity of opportunities/notice boards/relaxed kit. 2 marks

4(c) How might women experience discrimination in recreational and sporting activities? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of: 1. Less clubs/facilities/activities/competitions; 2. Less funding/sponsorship/financial reward; 3. Less access to positions of decision making/coaching/employment/clubs/activities; 4. Less media coverage/less role models to inspire; 5. Stereotyping/social expectations/members don.t want them there. 6. Verbal/sexual harassment/abuse. 3 marks

(d) What are the advantages and disadvantages for females competing in the same competitions as men in sports such as cricket and golf ? (3 marks)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1. Status/equality/opportunities/raise 5. Physical disadvantage/ hit ball awareness/expectations harder/unfair characteristics 2. Equal funding/reward 6. Less women may be able to money/sponsorship participate/break through 3. Equal/higher media coverage/role 7. = less role models in reality models 8. If they fail seem to prove/original 4. Could help/combat/reduce view/stereotype/lose status/esteem counter discrimination in wider 9. Experience discrimination/abuse society

June 2004

2 (c) Decisions regarding provision and opportunity in sport are made by influential individuals and organisations. (i) Why has there been increasing provision of football for girls in the United Kingdom? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of: 1. Now socially acceptable/perceptions changed; 2. Perception that men/FA banned it as an activity in 19th century; 3. Equality of opportunity/equal rights/Sex Discrimination Act; 4. Popular with females/fastest growing sport in UK/more teams/increased media coverage; 5. Technically non-contact game/indirect contact; 6. Suitable for primary/secondary schools/co-education classes/National Curriculum; 7. Facilities and resources already in place/cheap to implement; 8. More played at higher level/increasing role models; 9. National league for women in UK; 10. Sport development officers/NGBs/Equity policies/funding (must be qualified)/more female coaches. 3 marks

(ii) Why are there still comparatively few coaches and managers from ethnic minority groups in the professional game of football in the United Kingdom? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of: 1. Discrimination by selectors/boards/committees/employers/chairman; 2. (Stereotyping) valued for physical skills rather than cognitive and decision making; 3. Not being in game long enough; 4. Lack of role models; 5. Perception of self/fear of discrimination/reason inhibit application/self-fulfilling prophecy. 3 marks

3 (ii) Many organisations promote equal opportunities in sport. What is the role of the Women’s Sports Foundation in this respect? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of:

1. Information: educating/advising on key issues/providing access to research/commissioning further research/participation figures/trends/raise media awareness/quality of media coverage; 2. Lobbying Parliament/Sport England creating and promoting .best practice.; 3. Campaigns/influencing change/The Brighton Declaration on Women in sport/From Brighton to Windhoek; 4. Initiatives e.g. WSF Women . Get So Go, A Sport Leadership Access Programme/Women into High Performance Coaching/Young Elite Sportswomen.s Seminars; 5. Magazine .Women in Sport.. (Do not accept funding/facilities) 3 marks

4 The government’s neighbourhood regeneration scheme helps to finance the development of sport and leisure opportunities in deprived areas. (d) How does this help the individual and the local community? (3 marks)

3 marks for 3 of: 1. Health [physical and mental]/fitness/reduce health costs; 2. Less crime/social control/off the streets; 3. Lower long term unemployment/job creation; 4. Qualifications/sense of achievement/individual.s potential/self esteem/develop life skills; 5. Community identity/collective effort/integration/bringing community together/social friendships; 6. Economic impact/sport and leisure big business/infrastructure. 3 marks January 2004

1 (d) Why is it that girls have a tendency to drop out of sport and physical activity in greater numbers than boys? (3 marks)

1 Lack of role models; 2 Perception that sport is not for females/stereotyping/society’s perception; 3 Not encouraged by peers/parents/family; 4 Fewer clubs/teams/facilities/opportunities available; 5 Sport/physical activity fails to meet aspirations of girls/women/body image/muscular; 6 Lack/nature of media coverage/images. 3 marks

f) What are the advantages and disadvantages to a performer with a disability taking part in an integrated sports programme? (4 marks)

Advantages 1 Helps to break down stereotypes about the disabled/do not feel left out/different/inclusion; 2 Improves awareness about the disabled among the able bodied/non disabled; 3 Provides the disabled with challenge; 4 May improve self-esteem among the disabled if they experience success; 5 Would have wider access to coaches/facilities/equipment Sub max 3 marks

Disadvantages 6 Possibility of unfair competition/too hard/not adapted; 7 Risk of reduced self-esteem among the disabled if they experience failure; 8 May interfere with specialisation in adapted activity/development of excellence in adapted sport; 9 Incompatibility in terms of equipment/safety concerns/risk of injury; 10 Resentment from non-disabled/non-disabled being held back. Sub max 3 marks (Only credit self esteem once unless qualified) 4 marks

2 At the beginning of the 20th Century, the extent and nature of a person’s participation in sport were influenced by their social class and gender. (c) Why were women discouraged from taking part in many competitive sports at the beginning of the 20th Century? (3 marks)

1 Sexual discrimination by men; 2 Based on gender stereotyping/don’t compete with male role; 3 Women considered as weaker sex/deemed unable to take part in strenuous activity/physiological reasons; 4 It was believed that strenuous activity might interfere with women’s fertility; 5 Women required to take care of children/home; 6 Women thought not to possess the need/drive/motivation to take part in sport/psychological reasons. 3 marks (d) Today, some groups in society are less involved in sport and physical activity than others. Give three reasons for the lower participation rates among some ethnic minority groups. (3 marks)

1 Racial discrimination; 2 Not encouraged/actively discouraged by parents/peers; 3 Low status/priority given to sport; 4 Conflict with religious customs/religious observance/dress code; 5 Lack of role models/fewer coaches. 3 marks

(e) Why does the government promote sport within socially and economically deprived areas? (3 marks)

1 Raise community spirit/develop sense of community/pride/togetherness; 2 Offset crime/anti-social behaviour; 3 Provide aspirations/jobs/acquire new skills/life skills; 4 Improve infrastructure/improve facilities/encourage regeneration/national strategy; 5 For neighbourhood renewal/social inclusion/increase equal opportunities; 6 To increase participation/health; 7 To widen the base of talent identification/talent spotting; 8 To increase government popularity. 3 marks

June 2003

2 (c) Today, social and economic conditions can restrict opportunities to participate in sport. How and why is Sport England supporting participation projects in deprived areas? (5 marks)

How (c) 1. Community action initiatives/’Active Communities’programme; 2. Funding/allocation of Lottery money; 3. To help provide/develop/improve facilities; 4. To pay for work of development officers/coaches; 5. Training of sports leaders/coaches; 6. Setting up of clubs/schemes/local initiatives/NGB Schemes Sub max 3 marks Why 7. Because it can be much more difficult for organisations in these areas to raise funds for capital project than it is in relatively prosperous areas; 8. To help achieve regeneration; 9. To help achieve social inclusion; 10. Contribute to closing the gap in the provision of sports facilities between derived areas and other areas; 11. Help raise levels of participation; 12. Value to health/promote active lifestyles; 13. Educational outcomes/development of personal/social skills; 14. Community safety and cohesion/reduce crime; 15. Sport England making its contribution to the Government’s social agenda; 16. Discover/develop potential elite performers/link to specific sport schemes. Sub max 3 marks (5 marks)

3 (c) Historically, women have faced barriers when attempting to participate in sport or physical activity. (i) What factors have been responsible for the advancement in opportunities for women in sport and physical activity since the end of the Second World War? (4 marks)

1. Recognition of the need for greater equality of opportunity/equality legislation; 2. Following roles played by women to support war effort; 3. Health/fitness/recreation considered a right for all; 4. Increase in leisure time/improvement in child care facilities; 5. Increase in disposable income/independence; 6. Influence of school PE encouraging/exposing to activities; 7. Development of women specific/appropriate/only activities/more alternatives; 8. Creation of more clubs/opening up of more clubs; 9. Development of role models/media/body image/fashion; 10. Womens right movements/feminism/WSF. (4 marks)

(ii) What social and economic barriers do women still face today? (4 marks)

General point about sexual discrimination;

Social 2. Sport not included under sex discrimination act; 3. Gender role/psycho-social needs/stereotyping; 4. Appropriate/inappropriate activity/physiological stereotyping/myths; 5. Sport as a male preserve/keep women out.

Economic 5. Lower income; 6. Less time; 7. Less resources/lower funding/fewer facilities. 8. Effects of lack of media coverage/role models. (4 marks)

4 (b) The National Curriculum for Physical Education is designed to provide equal opportunity for all pupils in schools. (i) How might ethnic background affect a child’s participation in a school-based physical activity? (4 marks)

1. Overt racial discrimination abuse/harassment/from other pupils; 2. Lack of parental support/encouragement/unable to stay after school-based physical activity/sport not considered supportive; 3. Cultural/religious observance restrictions/fasting/reduces opportunities; 4. Covert racial discrimination/not selected/denied opportunity 5. Pushed towards certain activities by teachers/coaches/stereotyping/stacking; 6. Lack of local facilities due to economic/social deprivation; 7. Lack of role models in particular sports/self-fulfilling prophecy/pulled towards some sports. (4 marks

(ii) How can children with disabilities be encouraged to take part within a school- based physical activity? (3 marks)

1. Improve physical access to facilities; 2 Adapt sports to meet special needs; 3. Develop clubs/teams/regular competition; 4. Promotion/campaigns/role models/inclusive policies/SE/NCPE; 5 Employment/training of specialist teachers/coaches; 6 Integration/ segregation approach linked to any points above (3 marks)

January 2003

3 Figure 1 shows the increase in the number of women participating in sport and physical activity over the last 100 years.

(a) What factors have been responsible for the growth in women’s sport during the period shown in Figure 1? (4 marks)

4 marks for any four from: 1 More time available for women due to reduced demand to perform domestic chores; 2 Greater financial independence for women; 3 More provision, facilities, clubs for women; 4 Wider range of activities available for women; 5 Improved child care facilities, crèches, more sensitive provision/ women only classes; 6 Change in social relationships, erosion of earlier sexual stereotypes, new role models/ due to World War I/ II; 7 Equality legislation, rise in women’s rights/ women’s liberation movement/contraceptive pill; 8 Campaigns, promotion, WSF, Sport England; 9 Diversity/equality in Physical Education programmes; 10 Role models/due to increased media coverage in women’s sport; 11 Women took control and developed their own sports. 4 marks (b) In the past, women lacked opportunities to become involved in sport owing to sexual discrimination. Describe two ways in which sexual discrimination may still occur today. (2 marks)

2 max for two of the following 1 Rules/regulations/preventing women/girls playing with/against men; 2 Limited membership rights of clubs/membership restrictions/men only section; 3 Sexual harassment/verbal abuse discourages participation; 4 Sexual stereotyping channelling girls/women into female appropriate sports; 5 Overlooked for top sport jobs/coaching/ management/ administration; 6 School-based PE programmes limiting activities available for girls; 7 Less tournament earnings eg Wimbledon/ lack of media coverage/ denigration of media. 2 marks

(c) Swimming is a popular form of physical recreation for many women. Identify three characteristics that make it a preferred activity for women. (3 marks)

3 marks for three from: 1 No physical contact; 2 Can be pursued non-competitively/ self paced; 3 Considered a suitable/appropriate activity to develop fitness/toning/equiv; 4 Can be pursued in an all female environment; 5 No requirement to join a club/team/individual activity; 6 Family friendly/can do with children; 7 Flexible time opportunities. 3 marks

4 During the 19th and early 20th centuries, very clear distinctions were maintained between social classes in terms of their participation in sport and physical activity. (a) With reference to sporting activities, explain how such distinctions were maintained. (3 marks)

3 marks for three from: 1 Membership rules of clubs devised to exclude working class/exclusive to ‘old boys’; 2 Use of Amateur regulations for competitions in order to prevent ‘professionals’, from competing; 3 Role specialisation within sport/lower classes performed supporting/specific roles with the sport; 4 Restricted access to facilities/club house/weekday matches; 5 Distinction made between ‘Gentlemen’ and ‘Players’/professionals and amateur/ high class gentlemen/working classes (need both); 6 E.g. from Cricket, Golf, Rowing, Tennis/ Rugby criteria, (Union/League)linked to any relevant criteria, Boxing, Athletics; 7 Membership fees kept high to exclude working class/insufficient leisure time/money/resources/facilities; 8 Encouraged to spectate. 3 marks

In the UK, a person’s participation in sport and physical activity may be influenced by a variety of social factors. (c) How might a person’s ethnic background influence their participation in physical activity? (4 marks)

4 marks for four from: 1 Ethnic stereotyping may discourage away from some sports and encourage towards others’; (Suitable examples accepted) 2 Some ethnic groups are dominant in areas that lack sports facilities; 3 Some values/practices associated with sports may conflict with religious observances; 4 Racial discrimination/abuse/threat. of/may deter participation; 5 Development of sporting ability not seen as important s development of other aspects of life, such as education, career/work, family/religious duties: 6 Few role models in some sports/role models only exist in a limited number of sports; 7 Perception/belief of cultural aspects/traditions/peer pressure/low self esteem/inferiority/fear of being rejected/not accepted; 8 Ethnic groups set up/ start their own/different clubs/leagues. 4 marks

(d) Disability Sport England has a responsibility to promote participation in sport for people with all forms of disability. (i) Physical disability is one major category; state two other categories of disability. (2 marks) two marks for two from: 1 Sensory impairment/blind/deaf; 2 Mental /learning difficulties; 3 Cerebral Palsy; 4 Transplant patients. 2 marks (ii) Some sports have been adapted to meet the requirements of people with particular disabilities. In order to retain the nature of sport, what factors need to be considered? (3 marks) three marks for three from: 1 Adaptations are based on the physical abilities of people to engage in physical activity/ability to move/execute skills; 2 Which results in the modification of equipment; 3 Modification of rules; 4 Modification of environment; 5 Consideration of safety; 6 To suit the disability, but retain the distinctive nature of the sport/ maintain challenge/ competitiveness 1 mark for one of more unqualified reference to modifications (2 – 5) 3 marks

(iii) Apart from adaptations, in what other ways can the participation of people with disabilities be increased? (3 marks) three marks for three from: 1 Improving physical access to/within sports facilities/special times/sessions for disability; 2 Setting up clubs/teams/competitions; 3 Training of coaches/provision of specialist coaching; 4 Use of campaigns/promotion/paralympians/Special Olympians to inspire/role models/media. 5 Increased awareness of needs/abilities in specialised training/courses/PE Programmes. NB: Any unqualified list, max 1 mark 3 marks

June 2002

1 Cricket was one of the first team games to be accepted by girls’ public schools and the first women’s club was founded in 1887. Table 1 shows cricket participation among males and females in England between October 1997 and September 1998. (a) Account for the reduction in girls’ participation in cricket from primary to secondary school. (3 marks) (b) What reasons, other than a school’s PE programme, might explain the increase in boys’ cricket participation from primary to secondary school? (3 marks) (c) Some sport organisations and sports clubs in Britain have been charged with breaking the Sex Discrimination Act (1975). (i) State the main principle behind the Sex Discrimination Act. Outline two different ways in which a sport organisation or club could be guilty of sexual discrimination. (3 marks) (ii) Competitive cricket among adult participants is commonly separated into male and female teams. Comment on the legality of this segregation and explain why it is usually accepted. (3 marks) (d) Attitudes towards women participating in sport and physical recreation became more positive during the latter half of the 20th century. (i) What social and economic changes contributed to this more positive attitude? (3 marks) (ii) What are the reasons for the continuing promotion of women’s sport? (3 marks) 3 (c) Historically participation in rugby union has been dominated by the upper and middle classes. Why was this a common feature of some sports? (3 marks) (d) Association football is a very popular competitive activity participated in by young UK Asian males, yet few have become professional players. What factors may have prevented UK Asian players from becoming professional footballers? (3 marks) (e) Outline initiatives that have been devised and implemented to promote wider participation in sport by people from ethnic minority communities. (3 marks) 4 (d) Inclusion is encouraged in schools today. This means that Physical Education programmes have to cater for increasing numbers of children with special needs/disabilities. State what you understand by the term inclusion, and give two different types of special needs/ disabilities. (3 marks) (e) The inclusion of people with special needs/disabilities within Physical Education and sport can be achieved through different approaches. How does the approach of integration differ from that of segregation, and what problems may occur with either approach? (4 marks) January 2002

1 (b) Games such as boxing and rugby have lower levels of participation by women compared to rounders and tennis. With reference to historical influences and current socio-cultural factors explain why this is the case. (5 marks) (c) Over the last 20 years women’s participation in conditioning activities such as aerobics has grown. Account for this growth. (5 marks) 2 Opportunities to participate in sport can be affected by racism. (a) With reference to sport or physical activity, explain the term racial discrimination and comment on its legality. (3 marks) (b) Describe three different types of racial discrimination that people may face when participating in sport. (3 marks) (c) Particular sports have high participation rates among people from certain ethnic groups. Using examples from sport or physical activity explain why this occurs. (4 marks) 3 (d) Early professional sportsmen often came from working class backgrounds and many sports developed regulations preventing professionals from competing in recognised events. (i) Give two reasons why such regulations were devised. (2 marks) (ii) Does social class affect participation in sport and physical activity today? Justify your answer. (4 marks) 4 (c) Improving physical access within sports facilities is one method of encouraging use by people with disabilities. What other initiatives need to be employed to increase participation for these user groups? (3 marks)

June 2001

January 2001