Maine S Strategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant

MAINE’S STRATEGIC PREVENTION FRAMEWORK STATE INCENTIVE GRANT

SUBSTANCE CONSUMPTION AND CONSEQUENCES

COUNTY PROFILE SUPPLEMENT: ANDROSCOGGIN

PREPARED FOR: MAINE OFFICE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE

BY: HORNBY ZELLER ASSOCIATES, INC. SUBSTANCE USE CUMBERLAND COUNTY

REVISED SEPTEMBER 2006

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. 2 DRAFT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE CONSUMPTION AND CONSEQUENCES ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

INTRODUCTION As part of the needs assessment, Strategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant Phase I grantees are asked to examine countywide consumption and consequence data in order to identify substance prevention priorities. The following pages contain charts and figures for Androscoggin County that come from a variety of sources and mirror the statewide epidemiological work done in the past year. This document provides a starting point for answering some of the key questions that are asked in the SPF SIG needs assessment process outlined in Maine’s Strategic Prevention Framework Guide to Assessment and Planning.

COUNTY POPULATION

Total population, by age: Total population, by age: Androscoggin County, 2003 Maine, 2003

0 t o 1 1 , 6 5 o r o l d e r , 0 t o 1 1 , 6 5 o r o l d e r , 1 2 t o 1 7 , 1 3 % 1 4 % 1 5 % 1 4 % 9 % 5 5 t o 6 4 , 1 2 t o 1 7 , 5 5 t o 6 4 , 1 0 % 8 % 1 1 % 1 8 t o 2 0 , 4 % 1 8 t o 2 0 , 4 % 2 1 t o 2 9 , 1 0 % 2 1 t o 2 9 , 3 5 t o 5 4 , 3 5 t o 5 4 , 3 2 % 1 1 % 3 0 t o 3 4 , 3 3 % 6 % 3 0 t o 3 4 , N = 106,115 6 % N = 1,305,732 Source: National Center for Health Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau, 2003. Source: National Center for Health Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau, 2003.

The residents of Androscoggin County are very similar to the State in terms of age. Therefore, observed differences between the county and the State are likely not attributable to a different age composition.

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. 1 SUBSTANCE CONSUMPTION: YOUTH ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

LIFETIME CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG 6TH TO 12TH GRADERS Lifetime misuse of prescription drugs among 6th through Lifetime alcohol use among 6th through 12th graders: 12th graders: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 t t 60 n

n 60 e e c c

50 r 50 r e e P P 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 10 or m ore 0 occasions 1-2 occasions 3-5 occasions 6-9 occasions 0 occasions No Use 1-2 tim es 3-5 tim es 6-9 tim es 10 or m ore

Androscoggin 57.1 13.5 7.9 5.4 16.1 Andros coggin 88.3 4.9 2.4 1.1 3.4 Maine 52.3 13.9 8.8 5.6 19.4 Maine 88.0 4.9 2.3 1.0 3.7

Source: MYDAUS, 2006 Source: MYDAUS, 2006 Lifetime marijuana use among 6th through 12th graders: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 90 80 70 t

n 60 e

c 50 r e

P 40 30 20 10 0 10 or m ore 0 occasions 1-2 occasions 3-5 occasions 6-9 occasions occasions Androscoggin 76.3 5.5 3.1 1.9 13.2 Maine 75.0 5.6 3.3 2.1 14.1

Source: MYDAUS, 2006

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. DRAFT2 – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE CONSUMPTION: YOUTH ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

LIFETIME CONSUMPTION AMONG 6TH TO 12TH GRADERS, BY GRADE

Lifetime alcohol use, by grade: Lifetime misuse of prescription drugs, by grade: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 t t

n 60 60 n e e c c

r 50 r 50 e e P 40 P 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Androscoggin 13.5 22.0 36.8 47.9 54.6 61.2 69.3 Androscoggin 3.3 5.6 8.0 13.9 13.5 17.2 22.3 Maine 15.2 24.1 36.7 50.1 61.3 69.2 73.8 Maine 3.5 4.6 7.2 11.9 15.7 19.5 19.7

Source: MYDAUS, 2006 Source: MYDAUS, 2006

Lifetime marijuana use, by grade: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 90 80 70

t 60 n e

c 50 r e

P 40 30 20 10 0 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th

Androscoggin 1.7 6.6 12.0 28.4 31.7 40.8 48.0 Maine 1.9 5.0 12.3 24.0 34.8 45.1 49.7

PREVIOUS 30-DAY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG 6TH TO 12TH GRADERS

Previous 30-day use of alcohol among 6th through Previous 30-day misuse of prescription drugs among 6th 12th graders: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 through 12th graders: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 t t n 60 n 60 e e c c r 50 r 50 e e P 40 P 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 No Use 1-2 times 3-5 tim es 6-9 tim es 10 or m ore No Use 1-2 tim es 3-5 tim es 6-9 tim es 10 or more Androscoggin 74.0 14.7 5.8 2.4 3.1 Andros coggin 93.8 3.3 1.3 0.6 1.1 Maine 71.0 16.0 6.4 2.8 3.8 Maine 94.0 3.2 1.2 0.5 1.1

Source: MYDAUS, 2006 Source: MYDAUS, 2006. The symbol "-" indicates data were suppressed to protect confidentiality. Previous 30-day use of marijuana among 6th through 12th graders: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 90 80 70 t

n 60 e

c 50 r e

P 40 30 20 10 0 No Use 1-2 tim es 3-5 times 6-9 tim es 10 or more Androscoggin 86.6 4.5 2.2 1.2 5.5 Maine 85.9 5.0 2.3 1.2 5.5

PREVIOUS 30-DAY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG 6TH TO 12TH RADERS BY RADE G , G Previous 30-day prescription drug misuse, by grade: Previous 30-day alcohol use, by grade: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 100 90 90 80 80 70

t 60 70 n e t c 50 r

n 60 e e c P 40

r 50 e

P 40 30 30 20 20 10 0 10 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 0 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Androscoggin 1.5 3.3 3.7 8.5 7.7 7.2 12.0 Androscoggin 5.4 10.9 21.1 30.0 33.0 36.3 48.5 Maine 1.8 2.0 3.8 6.2 8.1 9.5 9.4 Maine 5.9 11.2 20.5 30.8 38.2 44.6 49.1 Source: MYDAUS, 2006 Source: MYDAUS, 2006

Previous 30-day marijuana use, by grade: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2006 100 90 80 70 t

n 60 e

c 50 r e

P 40 30 20 10 0 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Andros coggin 1.3 4.1 6.4 15.0 18.2 22.8 28.3 Maine 1.0 2.5 6.6 13.7 20.4 25.5 27.2

BINGE DRINKING AMONG 6TH TO 12TH GRADERS AGE FIRST TRIED ALCOHOL OR MARIJUANA

Percentage of students who participated in binge drinking within the last 2 weeks, by grade: Androscoggin County Age first tried alcohol (more than 1-2 sips), grades 11 and and Maine, 2006 12: Androscoggin County, 2002, 2004 and 2006 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 t t

n 60 n 60 e e c c

r 50 r

50 e e

P 40 P 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 2002 2004 2006 0 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 14 or older 49.8 51.2 49.5 Androscoggin - 4.3 6.4 14.5 18.3 22.0 28.8 Les s than 14 27.3 22.1 20.5 Maine 1.8 3.5 7.7 13.7 19.7 25.2 29.4 Never Used 22.9 26.7 30.1

Source: MYDAUS, 2006. The sym bol "-" indicates data were suppressed to protect confidentiality. Source: MYDAUS, 2002-2006

Percentage of students who participated in binge drinking Age first tried marijuana, grades 11 and 12: Androscoggin within the last 2 weeks, by gender: Androscoggin County County, 2002, 2004 and 2006 and Maine, 2006 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 t n 60 e t c

60 r 50 n e e P c 50 40 r e 30 P 40 20 30 10 20 0 10 2002 2004 2006 0 14 or older 35.2 32.3 30.7 Fem ale Male Less than 14 16.4 13.9 14.4 Androscoggin 13.0 12.7 Never Used 48.4 53.8 54.9 Maine 13.2 14.9 Source: MYDAUS, 2002-2006 Source: MYDAUS, 2006

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. DRAFT6 – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE CONSUMPTION: ADULTS ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

ALCOHOL AND DRUG CONSUMPTION AMONG ADULTS 18 AND OLDER Adults age 18 and older who have particpated in binge drinking*: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2004 Lifetime use among adults age 18 and older, by substance: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2004 100 100 80

n 60 e c r t 60 e n P 40 e c r e

P 40 20

20 0 Past 12 months Past 30 days Androscoggin 54.9 32.6 0 Alcohol Marijuana Prescription Drugs Other Drugs Maine 50.8 27.8 Androscoggin 93.5 37.9 0.0 15.4 Maine 91.8 40.5 4.9 14.3 *Binge drinking is defined as 5 or more alcoholic beverages for men in one occasion and 4 or more alcoholic beverages for women in one occasion. Source: Maine General Population Survey, 2004. Note: Prescription drug use refers to use that was not prescribed by a doctor. Source: Maine General Population Survey, 2004. Adults age 18 and older who have particpated in binge drinking* in the past 12 months, by gender: Androscoggin Past 30-day use of alcohol and marijuana among adults County and Maine, 2004 age 18 and older: Androscoggin County and Maine, 2004 100 100 80

n 60 e c t r

n 60 e e P c 40 r e

P 40 20 20 0 Male Female 0 Alcohol Marijuana Androscoggin 66.1 42.5 Androscoggin 55.2 4.2 Maine 57.0 44.4 Maine 56.6 4.0

*Binge drinking is defined as 5 or more alcoholic beverages for men in one occasion and 4 or more Note: For prescription drugs and other drugs, there were too few cases for a reliable estimate. alcoholic beverages for women in one occasion. Source: Maine General Population Survey, 2004. Source: Maine General Population Survey, 2004.

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. DRAFT7 – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE CONSUMPTION: ADULTS ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

PRESCRIPTION DRUG CONSUMPTION (ALL AGES)

Gender distribution of individuals who crossed the Median age of individuals crossing the threshold for threshold for prescription drug purchases, by county: 2004 prescription drug purchases, by county: 2004

100 60 90 80 50 70 40

t 60 e n g e a

c 50 r n

e 30 a i P

40 d e 30 M 20 20 10 10 0 AN AK CD FN HK KC KX LN OD PT PS SC ST WO WN YK ME 0 AN AK CD FN HK KC KX LN OD PT PS SC ST WO WN YK ME % Male 43.1 38.5 39.2 40.8 32.4 42.5 47.7 41.5 31.8 36.7 21.6 39.3 33.2 33.2 38.1 29.6 37.3 Median age 40 46 43 43 42 40 38 45 44 42 39 44 38 40 49 41 42 % Fem ale 56.9 61.5 60.5 59.2 67.6 57.5 52.4 58.5 68.2 63.2 78.4 60.7 66.8 66.8 61.9 70.4 62.7

Source: Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP), State Fiscal Year 2004. Source: Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP), State Fiscal Year 2004.

AN – Androscoggin OD – Oxford AK – Aroostook PT – Penobscot CD – Cumberland PS – Piscataquis FN – Franklin SC – Sagadahoc HK – Hancock ST – Somerset KC – Kennebec WO – Waldo KN – Knox WN – Washington LN – Lincoln YK – York

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. DRAFT8 – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE USE CONSEQUENCES: YOUTH ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

ALCOHOL- AND DRUG- RELATED ARRESTS

Juvenile arrests for alcohol violations, per 100,000 youth age 10- Juvenile arrests for drug violations, per 100,000 youth age 10-17: 17: Androscoggin County and Maine, 1991-2002 Androscoggin County and Maine, 1991-2002

1,400 1,400

1,200 1,200

1,000 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 800

, 800 0 0 0 0 1

1 r 600 r 600 e e P P 400 400 200 200 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Andros coggin 184 223 255 491 513 540 633 465 635 1,041 1,155 632 631 615 476 500 505 565 481 710 821 1,016 1,045 801 Androscoggin Maine 107 125 151 285 393 515 489 473 464 607 565 552 Maine 433 393 337 396 501 654 608 699 637 671 693 685 Notes : Data reflect all drug violations com bined (pos ses sion, sale, use, growing, m anufacturing). Source: OSA Indicator data. (Departm ent of Public Safety - Uniform crim e reporting), 1991-2002. Notes: Data reflect all alcohol violations combined (OUI, liquor law violations and drunkeness). Source: OSA Indicator data. (Department of Public Safety - Uniform crime reporting), 1991-2002.

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. DRAFT9 – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE USE CONSEQUENCES: YOUTH ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ALCOHOL ALCOHOL- AND DRUG- RELATED SUSPENSIONS/REMOVALS These results should be interpreted with caution as some estimates are based on low numbers.

Percent of all youth drivers* in fatal crashes who were Suspensions/removals (3-year average) due to alcohol or alcohol-involved: Androscoggin County and Maine, 1994 drugs per 100,000 youth ages 12 to 17: Androscoggin to 1998 and 1999 to 2003 County and Maine, 2001-02 to 2003-04 100 140 90 80 120

70 100 0

t 60 0 n 0 , e 80 0

c 50 r 0 e 1

r P 40 e 60 30 P 20 40 10 20 0 1994 to 1998 1999 to 2003 0 Androscoggin 6.3 22.9 Alcohol Marijuana Other drugs Maine 23.3 22.7 Androscoggin 11.3 22.5 3.8 Maine 12.6 48.4 34.0 *Youth drivers includes drivers under the age of 21. Source: Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) 1994-2003. Source: Lobster Book, Safe and Drug Free Schools (SDFS), 2001-02 to 2003-04.

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. 10DRAFT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTANCE USE CONSEQUENCES: ADULTS ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY

CRIME AND ARRESTS Adult OUI arrests, per 100,000 adults age 18 and over: Rate of reported crimes per 1,000 people: Androscoggin County and Maine, 1991-2002 Androscoggin County, 1994 to 2002 140 1,400 120 1,200 100 1,000 0 0 80 0 0 0 , 0 1

60 0 e 1 P

r 600 40 e P 20 400

0 200 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 0 Violent crime* 10.0 9.7 10.6 10.7 11.9 10.2 9.2 8.4 7.3 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Property crime* 29.3 31.4 34.5 28.1 27.7 25.7 26.1 28.1 26.4 Androscoggin 783 710 771 664 844 962 916 743 710 737 620 656 Maine 999 931 805 743 755 848 778 822 743 749 683 656 *Violent crim e includes aggravated assault, burglary and sexual ass ault. Property crime includes robbery, larceny, and car theft. Source: Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), 1994-2002. Source: OSA Indicator data. (Department of Public Safety - Uniform crime reporting), 1991-2002.

Arrests for alcohol violations, per 100,000 adults age 18 and over: Arrests for drug violations, per 100,000 adults age 18 and over: Androscoggin County and Maine, 1991-2000 Androscoggin County and Maine, 1991-2000

1,400 1,400

1,200 1,200

1,000 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 800 800 , 0 0 0 0 1

r 600 e e P P 400 400

200 200 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Androscoggin 361 316 370 358 434 408 485 442 658 783 Androscoggin 1,033 976 948 868 994 1,132 1,099 966 949 1,134 Maine 226 251 262 282 305 360 370 411 396 431 Maine 1,244 1,154 986 929 955 1,070 1,000 1,067 996 984 Notes: Data reflect all drug violations combined (possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing). Notes: Data reflect all alcohol violations combined (OUI, liquor law violations and drunkeness). Source: OSA Indicator data. (Department of Public Safety - Uniform crime reporting), 1991-2000. Source: OSA Indicator data. (Department of Public Safety - Uniform crime reporting), 1991-2000.

FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ALCOHOL These results should be interpreted with caution as estimates are based on low numbers.

Percent of total fatal crashes over 5 years that were alcohol- related, by County (all ages): 1994-1998 and 1999-2003 100 90 80 70

t 60 n e

c 50 r e

P 40 30 20 10 0 ME AN AK CD FN* HK* KC KX* LN* OD* PS PT* SC* ST* WO* WN* YK

1994-1998 34.4 26.6 36.5 35.3 30.4 37.3 35.7 27.3 37.0 55.5 25.1 32.9 32.4 29.8 28.5 34.9 43.7 1999-2003 31.6 34.1 23.3 39.0 40.4 26.5 23.9 27.1 35.8 22.6 28.4 31.3 27.3 29.8 21.2 35.8 42.7

*The total num ber of fatal crashes is 10 or less in each 5-year period. Source: Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) 1994-2003.

AN – Androscoggin OD – Oxford AK – Aroostook PT – Penobscot CD – Cumberland PS – Piscataquis FN – Franklin SC – Sagadahoc HK – Hancock ST – Somerset KC – Kennebec WO – Waldo KN – Knox WN – Washington LN – Lincoln YK – York

MORTALITY

Deaths by underlying cause, per 100,000 people: Overdose deaths per 100,000 people: Androscoggin County, 1999 to 2001 Androscoggin County and Maine, 1997- 2003

0 20 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,

0 15 0 1

0 15 r 1 e

P 10 e

P 10 5

0 5 Cirrhosis (Alcohol) Drug Use/Abuse Suicide Homicide

1999 2.9 0.0 9.7 1.9 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000 1.9 0.0 11.6 0.0 Androscoggin 2.0 2.9 1.9 3.9 5.8 6.7 8.5 2001 11.5 1.0 10.6 2.9 Maine 2.7 4.3 5.2 4.7 7.0 12.8 11.4

Note: It is estim ated that roughly 20 percent of suicides and 30 percent of hom icides are attributable to substance use (alcohol and/or drugs). Source: Maine Drug Enforcement Agency (MDEA), 1997-2003. Source: National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death Public-Use Files, 1999-2001.

TREATMENT Percent of total treatment admissions among adults (18 and Total treatment admissions (all ages) per 100,000: older) involving marijuana*: Androscoggin County and Maine, Androscoggin County and Maine, 2000-2003 2000 to 2004 100 1,400 90

1,200 80 70

0 1,000 0 t

0 60 n , e 0

0 50 r 1 e

r 600 P 40 e

P 30 400 20 200 10 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Androscoggin 702 710 980 1,223 Androscoggin 33.7 37.6 32.0 36.5 32.6 Maine 758 849 954 1,085 Maine 35.6 35.2 32.9 33.4 32.0

Source: Treatment Data System (TDS), 2000-2003 and U.S. Census Bureau. *Marijuana m ay have been the prim ary, secondary or tertiary substance for which tream ent was sought. Source: Treatm ent Data System (TDS) for state fiscal years 2000 to 2004.

Percent of total treatment admissions among adults (18 and older) involving alcohol*: Androscoggin County and Maine, Percent of total treatment admissions among adults (18 and 2000 to 2004 older) involving prescription drugs*: Androscoggin County 100 and Maine, 2000 to 2004 90 100 80 90 70 80

t 60 70 n e t 60 c 50 n r e e

c 50 P

40 r e

30 P 40 20 30 10 20 0 10 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Androscoggin 82.8 85.0 75.3 70.7 74.8 Maine 83.6 80.0 73.8 71.8 71.8 Androscoggin 6.5 6.6 8.9 9.3 11.0 Maine 13.3 15.8 20.3 21.1 24.0 *Alcohol may have been the primary, s econdary or tertiary substance for which tream ent was sought. *Prescription drugs m ay have been the prim ary, secondary or tertiary substance for which tream ent was Source: Treatment Data System (TDS) for state fiscal years 2000 to 2004. sought. Source: Treatm ent Data System (TDS) for state fiscal years 2000 to 2004.

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. 14DRAFT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROFILE:

Alcohol-involved is a driver who had alcohol in his or her total number of incidents within a small county comparable to the system, although the amount could be less than the legal limit. total number of incidents found statewide.

Alcohol-related is a fatal crash in which a driver was alcohol Removal from school is defined as long-term suspension or involved. expulsion (see below).

Alcohol violations include Operating Under the Influence (OUI), Suspension is defined as temporary removal from school greater liquor law violations and drunkenness. than 10 days; two types of suspensions are counted in this category: (1) a single suspension of more than 10 days, and (2) Binge drinking for adults is defined as 5 or more alcoholic multiple short-term suspensions of the same student totaling beverages for men in one occasion, and 4 or more alcoholic more than 10 days. beverages for women in one occasion. For youth, there is no distinction between gender and binge drinking is defined as 5 or Thresholds for prescription drugs are set by the State and are more alcohol beverages in one occasion. used every quarter to help identify patients who may be obtaining an unsafe level of prescription dispensing. Drug violations include possession, sale, use, growing and manufacturing. Violent crime includes aggravated assault, burglary and sexual assault. Lifetime use of a substance refers to whether a person has ever used the substance, even once. Treatment admission reporting is required for publicly funded treatment facilities, although some private facilities report Misuse of prescription drugs, for youth, means that a student voluntarily. The data included here includes all admissions and used a pharmaceutical that was not specifically prescribed by a does not distinguish whether a person returned more than once in doctor. For adults, misuse means that a person used painkillers the same year. or tranquillizers in any form that were not medically prescribed.

Previous 30-day use refers to whether the person used the substance within the 30-day period prior to the administration of the survey.

Property crime includes robbery, larceny and car theft.

Rate per 1,000 or 100,000 reflects a special kind of ratio that indicates the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a period of time. The components of a rate include the number of incidents (e.g., number of arrests) and the population in question. Performing this calculation helps make the

Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. 15DRAFT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION