Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations From Traditions and Encounters chapter 2 Key Terms Big Picture

The Epic of Gilgamesh Because of the agricultural transition, societies could sustain larger populations and could become increasingly complex. Thus urban societies emerged in the fourth irrigation millennium B.C.E., particularly in the region known as Mesopotamia ("the land city-state between the rivers") along the fertile river valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates. kingdom, regional Some of the world's earliest cities developed and prospered in that region. kingdom Mesopotamian prosperity and sophisticated culture attracted many migrants and influenced many neighbors, including the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, and the Indo- empire Europeans. Sargon of Akkad Hammurabi Content Objectives Hammurabi’s Codes/Laws  Discuss the early development of Sumer. Indo-Europeans  Compare and contrast the Mesopotamian empires. Stele  Describe the significant developments of specialization and trade in Hittites the Mesopotamian economy. Assyrians  Explain the emergence of a stratified patriarchal society. Hanging Gardens of  Outline the causes and effects of a written cultural tradition in Babylon Mesopotamia. economic specialization  Discuss the influences of Mesopotamian civilization on other regional societies. bronze and iron  Identify the key aspects and effects of the Indo-European metallurgy migrations. stratified patriarchal Language Objectives society pastoral nomads  Tell the early development of Sumer. elite, commoner,  Compare and contrast the Mesopotamian empires. dependent, slave  Describe the significant developments of specialization and trade in the Mesopotamian economy. Hebrews, Israelites, Jews  Explain the emergence of a stratified patriarchal society. cuneiform  Write the causes and effects of a written cultural tradition in Mesopotamia. Abraham  Discuss the influences of Mesopotamian civilization on other Moses regional societies. monotheism  State the key aspects and effects of the Indo-European migrations. polytheism Phoenicians cross-cultural interaction and exchange Essential Understanding

1. Mesopotamia means “Land between 2 rivers”. Which 2 rivers? In what modern country is a majority of Mesopotamia located?

2. How did the Mesopotamians utilize the rivers?

3. Finish this statement: Irrigation leads to ______, which in turn leads to ______.

4. What are semitic peoples?

5. How did Sumerian cities differ from the Neolithic villages that came before them?

6. What is a city –state? Name three Sumerian city-states.

7. What was a ziggurat?

8. What piece of infrastructure was bigger and more important than ziggurats?

9. Why did Sumerian cities have defensive problems? How did they solve these problems?

10. Briefly describe how Sumerian governments evolved.

11. Who was the first to unite northern and southern Mesopotamia into one empire?

12. Why did Sargon constantly travel around his empire?

13. How did Hammurabi improve on Sargon’s governing style?

14. What is Hammurabi’s most enduring legacy?

15. Take out your phone and google Hammurabi’s code (it’s okay…I told you to do it.). Which of his laws sticks with you the most?

16. Who ultimately conquers the Babylonians?

17. What made the Assyrian army such a formidable force?

18. Who took over Mesopotamia after the Assyrians?

19. List 3 things that made Babylon a grand city?

20. When did the last of the great Mesopotamian empires fall?

21. Why was copper unsuitable for weapons or heavy work tools? What metal replaced it? How was it made?

22. When did iron production begin in Mesopotamia? 23. What made iron preferable to bronze?

24. What use did people make of the wheel?

25. What travel technology did Sumerians take advantage of? Where did they go with it, and what did they do?

26. What two ways did people have to accumulate wealth?

27. How did the early Mesopotamian kings and nobles attain their position?

28. What was the job of the priests? How did temples generate income?

29. Where did slaves come from?

30. What does patriarchal mean? Name one way Mesopotamian society was patriarchal.

31. How did women exercise their power in Mesopotamian society?

32. What is cuneiform? Briefly describe it.

33. How were most people educated in Mesopotamian society?

34. How did Mesopotamians apply knowledge of astronomy? Math?

35. What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?

36. What is the difference between Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews?

37. Where did the Hebrews come from?

38. Who was the earliest known Hebrew leader, and where did he come from?

39. Where did the Hebrews go after Mesopotamia? What happened when they got there?

40. How many groups of Israelites settled in Palestine?

41. Who were 2 of the most well-known Israelite kings? What was their capital?

42. How was Moses different from the rest of the Hebrews?

43. Who is Yahweh?

44. How was Yahweh different from Mesopotamian gods the Hebrews had previously worshipped?

45. What is the Torah?

46. Did the Israelites conquer all of Palestine? 47. What happened to the Israelites after King Solomon’s death?

48. What happened to the kingdom of Israel? To Judah?

49. How did being conquered affect the Israelites spiritually?

50. What happened at the end of the Babylonian conquest?

51. Who were the Phoenicians?

52. How was Phoenician society set up and governed?

53. Since they were not militarily powerful, how did the Phoenicians influence Mediterranean society?

54. Why did the Phoenicians need to trade with other societies? What did they give? What did they get?

55. What was the Phoenicians’ primary method of trade? How far did they go?

56. Where did the Phoenicians get their cultural traditions?

57. What was the Phoenicians’ most enduring legacy? What made it so easy to use?

58. What have commonalities in many modern languages led scholars to believe?

59. Where did the Indo-Europeans come from?

60. What was the most useful animal for the Indo-Europeans to domesticate? How did doing so expand their power?

61. When did Indo-European society begin to break up?

62. Who were the Hittites? Where did they settle?

63. What two innovations made the Hittites great warriors?

64. The Hittites settled in Anatolia. Where did other Indo-European groups go?