Chapters 20, 21, 22, a Dash of 23, Thematic Questions, and Cumulative Review
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APUSH: Test 4 Chapters 20, 21, 22, a Dash of 23, Thematic Questions, and Cumulative Review
Section I: Givens
South Carolina secession document ● They were mad that Lincoln won the presidency, because they liked slavery. They claimed that if the government become “destructive,” then they have the right to alter/abolish it, so that is what they did. They claimed that only the North is deciding what is right or wrong in terms of slavery, and denying them the right of property in the constitution. Slaves are incapable of becoming citizens and their votes swayed Lincoln’s win anyways Lincoln’s speeches on secession ● Secession is only temporary and stupid. Lincoln isn’t going to interfere with slavery where it already exists. Also, the seceders aren’t acting rationally. There is a majority and minority and the minority has to go with the majority because it is impossible to please everyone. The answer is not secession - just go along with it Ft Sumter ● Union troops tried to deliver supplies to a Fort Sumter, in the South. The South attacked and opened fire, claiming that though it is a Union fort, it is in the South so it is theirs. Border states ● Were slaveholding states that did not secede. Very important because if they went to the South, their population would rise a lot. ● Maryland was very important because if it seceded, DC would be surrounded by the South Union and Confederacy advantages and disadvantages
North South ● Population ● Were on the defensive land-wise ● Industry and money ● Territory was familiar ● Railroad and navy ● Great generals ● Blockade on Southern cotton ports
King Cotton and Civil War ● The South hoped to get foreign aid because they supplied cotton to all the countries. This was not the case. Europe often liked civil war because the split made America weaker or supported the North because lot of Europe had already abandoned slavery. Europe also got a lot of cotton from India and Egypt, so they were not desperate for the south to provide America and Britain in Civil War Bread riots ● Without help from the North, the South realized that they could not be economically self- sufficient. There were bread riots in Richmond because people were running out of food Draft riots ● Though the initial plan for Union soldiers was to volunteer only, they soon ran short and forced the draft. However, the draft could be avoided with a fine. So poor people were angry (a lot in NYC) that they were forced when rich could just pay instead. Copperheads ● Portrayed by a snake, represented Northern Democrats that were sympathetic to the South and anti war and emancipation ● Northerners were also sometimes opposed because free blacks would mean less jobs for them (blacks would take their jobs) Habeas corpus ● Habeas Corpus is a rule that states that someone cannot be thrown in prison without knowing why (which enables you to have a trial). It frees people from the government locking them up without reason. But who can suspend it? ○ Section 1 of the Constitution implies that Congress has the power, but it is not directly stated, and since the president is “commander in chief,” maybe it is in the right of the president ● Lincoln tried to suspend habeas corpus and arrest people, but pro-slavery Judge Taney (#tbt Dred Scott?) argued that the president does not have such right West Virginia ● The “mountain people” (hillbillies) did not have slaves and therefore claimed they weren’t tied to Virginia, so they seceded Lincoln v Davis ● Jefferson Davis, Confederate president, could never be as strong a leader as Lincoln. By definition, the Confederacy was more loosely united, and Davis was never really popular. Lincoln was able to keep the country more united, it was a Union, and was much more popular Economic Changes During the Civil War ● Confederate currency became progressively worth less as the war drew to an end ● Internal Revenue Act - progressive income tax, meaning the more you make, the more you pay ● Legal Tender Act - created a stable currency and allowed for printing of paper money Key battles ● Ft Wagner (from Glory) -fortified defense made it difficult for Union to get land. Union lost at first, but blacks fought and got respect. North actually got this territory later on though because the corpses contaminated the water ● Antietam - extremely bloody battle in which Lee lost his battle plans which was found by the North, so the North won. It was a huge battle because it convinced Europe to not help the South, and also added the idea for the North of fighting not just to unite the Union but also to end slavery. It gave a platform for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation ● Gettysburg - Huge Northern victory. Union, lead by Meade was brave and were uphill and had bayonets. The South, under Lee, sent all his troops across an open field, which became known as Pickett’s Charge. This battle was crucial as it was the point where the North really began to win the war ● Vicksburg - The day after Gettysburg, Grant led the Union. He circled and captured Vicksburg and also took Jackson. This gave another Union victory and further discouraged Europe from sending aid to the South. It also gained the Mississippi River for the North which was huge, partially because it split the Confederacy in half. McClellan ● Did poorly in the early battles because he was too timid, so he was fired by Lincoln. He failed his Peninsula Campaign and was defeated by Lee in the Seven Days Battle ● As revenge, McClellan ran against Lincoln in 1864. He was more into appeasing the South and getting the Union back together, than Lincoln with his slavery stuff. Instilled a fear that if the blacks were free they would rape white women. Cold Harbor ● Battle where Grant was willing to just keep throwing in Union soldiers, even if they died, because he know he could defeat by outnumbering Lee Atlanta ● Burnt to the ground in Sherman’s March to the Sea. Even civilians were destroyed Emancipation Proc ● Stated that slavery in seceded states was not allowed. Since the states were seceded that didn’t actually do anything, but it was symbolic. It showed that the war had a moral cause for the North, which was to abolish slavery. ● Lincoln could not abolish slavery where it actually existed, in the Border States, because then the Border States would secede ● Was considered an executive order Bull Run and 90 day war ● Before the war, everyone thought the war would be short, only around 90 days ● In Bull Run, there was a lot of pushback from both sides. It showed that the war would be bigger than anticipated, and taught both sides the importance of organization Chamberlain ● General who defended Little Round Top; a crucial point in defending the wing in the battle of Gettysburg. He is the one that charged down the hill with bayonets after running out of ammunition, routing the confederates. Election of 1864 ● McClellan was mad at Lincoln because he was fired, so ran against him. McClellan was more sympathetic to the South ● Lincoln won by creating the Union Party which united Republicans and War Democrats and because the Union scored a lot of victories prior to the election Miscegenation Ball ● Was interracial reproduction, a real fear of people at the time. This was used by McClellan to sway people from being sympathetic to the blacks and vote for him Blockade ● Imposed on South to stop import of cotton Vallandigham ● Arrested for going against the Union. He fled to Canada and returned to Ohio 10% v 50% plan (Wade-Davis) ● 10% - Developed during the war, Lincoln proposed this plan that if 10% of a Southern state pledges loyalty to the Union and accepts emancipation, they can be readmitted. Followed by Johnson (he adds that the states must ratify the 13th amendment) ● 50% (Wade-Davis) - Proposed by Radical Republican who wanted to punish the South, turning the 10 percent to 50. Lincoln pocket vetoed this plan which highlights tension between the president and Congress. Johnson ● Lincoln’s successor after assassination, but not popular. He was from the South but did not join them, so both the North and South did not like him. He was only chosen as vice president to get Lincoln more votes. Impeachment ● Radical Republican in Congress didn’t like Johnson so they tried to impeach him. They created the Tenure of Office Act which stated that the president cannot fire anyone appointed by the Senate, because they knew Johnson was going to fire someone. Johnson fired his Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, and so he was tried for breaking the law. ● Johnson was impeached, however ⅔ Senate is needed for removal from office. The vote was one short due to fear of instability, so Johnson was ultimately not convicted. Civil Rights Act 1866 ● Was a response to black codes. Stated that states cannot make laws for discrimination. 13, 14, 15th Amendments ● 13th - Abolished slavery ● 14th - Defined citizenship (In Dred Scott, blacks were not “citizens.”) This gets rid of the ⅗ compromise, which increases representation in the South. Some others included: Congressional Representation would be cut if blacks were denied voting, Confederate leaders disqualified from Federal offices, debt was to be assumed by federal government. First use of the word “male” in the Constitution. ● 15th - said that you can’t exclude people from voting based on race (but you can make up other excuses). Beginning of black senators Military Reconstruction Act ● Divided the South into five military districts to enforce the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments Carpetbaggers ● People who came from the North to the South to profit. The South didn’t like them Scalawags ● Southern Whites who collaborated with the North KKK ● Southern whites were upset about anti-slavery laws, so they disguised themselves and went after blacks. They instilled a lot of fear and blacks did back off Election of 1876 ● Tilden fell 1 electoral vote short of beating Hayes, as questionable states didn’t vote Comp of 1877 ● Hayes got presidency in turn for removal of military occupation in the South Plessy v Ferguson ● Stated the “separate but equal” facilities between races was okay. Of course, the facilities were not actually “equal” Jim Crow ● Legalized segregation Black Codes ● Wanted to be passed by South to tie blacks to their white employers, which bound blacks to work for whites for a certain amount of time. Civil Rights Cases
Freedman’s Bureau ● Granted welfare to blacks and poor whites. Provided food, clothes, health care, education. Taught many blacks to read - biggest success. Alaska ● Seward bought Alaska from Russians. Initially criticized as “Seward’s Folly” but rewarded when gold and oil were found.
Section II: Chapter-By-Chapter Analysis
Chapter 20: Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff The Menace of Lincoln became president and has a main goal Main arguments were that division Secession bringing the nation back together would not work geographically, the South would have to take national debt and figure out how to deal with runaway slaves, and we shouldn’t allow Europe to benefit from our divided country South Carolina Southerners attacked a ship bringing supplies to Lincoln called together a military and Assails Fort Northern Fort Sumter in SC, and the Civil war ordered a naval blockade of Southern Sumter began ports , which caused 4 more states to secede Brother’s Blood Tennessee and Virginia both had mixed views that Indians also took sides and Border Blood caused a lot of conflict. The border states were slave states that hadn’t seceded and were crucial as they as they could potentially add population to the South (especially Maryland) The Balance of Both sides had pros and cons. The South had to Forces defend their land, had familiar fighting ground, and great generals. The North had a larger population, industry and money, railroads and navy, and blockaded the South’s ability to make any money from cotton. Dethroning the The South hoped to gain support from Europe as The North sent them lots of other Cotton King they supposedly relied on the South for cotton, but food, England had a lot of saved it wasn’t the case. England actually mostly rooted cotton due to a boom in India and for division of the US or supported the North. Egypt, and were already anti-slavery The Decisiveness England half-way supported the South which can of Diplomacy be seen in the Trent Affair, the Alabama, and the British building of raider ships for the south Foreign Flare-Ups There was a lot of conflict on the Canadian border with the addition of Laird Rams and on Mexico when the Monroe Doctrine was violated when a puppet king was put in place President Davis The confederacy was not as stable because by Versus President definition, it was less united. Davis was unpopular Lincoln and Lincoln was more relaxed and established Limitations on Lincoln took many liberties with the Constitution Some specifics included increasing the Wartime but claimed it was ok due to the split nation army, sent money to military citizens, Liberties suspended habeas corpus, swayed border states to his favor, and declared martial law in Maryland Volunteers and At first, the war was volunteer only, but then they Draftees: North had to draft. In both North and South, someone and South could pay to avoid the draft, so more poor people ended up fighting. There were riots from the poor over this in NYC The Economic The war brought a lot of economic difficulties Many steps were taken to try and fix Stresses of War the economy, such as the Morrill Tariff Act, use of paper money, bonds, and the National Banking System The North The North’s economy boomed, as millionaires Economic Boom were born, profiteers scammed the government, new machinery was utilized, and women began taking on roles A Crushed Cotton The Southern economy suffered a ton, but still Kingdom tried to fight back
Questions Why did the South fire the first shots of the Civil War? How did that assault and Lincoln’s call for troops galvanize both sides for war and lead to the secession of four more Southern states? ● The South fired the first shots because the North was trying to ship supplies to Fort Sumter, a fort in Southern territory. ● When Lincoln called for troops, it validated the war for both sides. He asked Northerners to be troops and showed the Southerners that the war was legit. It showed that he was completely taking the Northern side and so 4 more states seceded.
What were the strengths and weaknesses of both sides as they went to war, and why were the Border States so critical to the balance of forces?
North South ● Population ● Were on the defensive land-wise ● Industry and money ● Territory was familiar ● Railroad and navy ● Great generals ● Blockade on Southern cotton ports
● The Border States were crucial because though they had slavery, they were not yet ready to secede. If they joined the South, they would be giving the South a much needed population boost. Everyone wanted to please them to gain favor. Lincoln specifically used martial law with Maryland to maintain the state so as not to leave Washington DC stranded.
Why was the issue of British and French recognition of the Confederacy so central to the diplomacy of both sides? ● Foreign aid would overall give a lot of support ○ England - South tried to push for help, but it fell through often ■ Trent Affair - Northerner stopped the British ship the Trent and took 2 Southerners, which England got mad about and demanded their release. Lincoln did not want to fight with both sides, so he released them ■ The Alabama - was a Southern ship that was manned by Brits and never docked in the South. The situation made the North angry ■ The British planned to build raider ships for the South (though stopped out of fear that it would haunt them) ■ The British sent laid rams which were designed to destroy Northern ships, and there was a bit of fighting on the Canadian border ○ France ■ Violated the Monroe Doctrine, which had said that people could not come near America. They sent a puppet government in Mexico under Maximilian who was left behind when Americans set up to march to Mexico after the war.
How did Lincoln and Davis each mobilize their nation’s forces and shape the moral and political character of the struggle? ● Davis a had lot of trouble because by definition, the confederacy was weaker and loosely united. He was also unpopular and stubborn ● Lincoln was called “Honest Abe” and was head of a more legitimate, unified country. He did overstep the Constitution a lot though but justified it in saying that they were in a time of crisis
What were the economic and social consequences of the war for both sides, including its effects on the roles of women? Economic ● The Morrill Tariff Act raised the tariff ● The government printed green money - “greenbacks” ● Sales of bonds ● Establishment of the National Banking System, which standardized a money, enabled the government to regulate the quantity of money, and foreshadowed the Federal Reserve System today ● Lots of inflation ● Economic boom in the North due to new machinery, oil, and profiteers ● South suffered a lot economically ● Women often disguised as men and went to fight Social ● Some women took healthcare route. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female doctor, Clara Barton start the Red Cross, Dorothea Dix made nursing more profession in the North and Sally Tompkins did in the South
Chapter 21: Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff Bull Run Ends The Battle of Bull run showed that the war would not be This is where “Stonewall the “Ninety Day short as expected (90 days). Both sides were disorganized Jackson” got his name - the War” and therefore when the South eventually won, they could battle was back and forth but not further pursue he held his line “Tardy George” General McClellan was generally too hesitant and tried to The Northern plan was McClellan and do the Peninsula Campaign, in which he would capture blockade, divide, and conquer, the Peninsula Richmond. In the Seven Day’s Battle, Robert E Lee pushed also known and the Anaconda Campaign the North back which was a huge Southern victory Plan (Winfield Scott) The War At Sea The Northern blockade was imposed and Britain was The South tried to fight back annoyed but never skirted around it like Southern with the Merrimack ship, but smugglers. the North’s Monitor won which marked the end of wooden ships The Pivotal In the battle of Antietam, Lee’s battle plans were lost and Important effects: convinced Point: Antietam found by the North, which pulled a huge Northern victory Europe to not support South, gave North a moral fighting foundation, boosted morale, and allowed for Emancipation Proclamation A Proclamation The proclamation did not actually free anyone, as it only It really gave the North a cause Without applied to seceded states (not border states, so as not to - now they were fighting both Emancipation anger them), and states claiming not to be in the Union for Union unification and the would not have to follow Union law. Also, the president abolition of slavery. It also does not have authority to just free slaves - and the gave slaves hope and proclamation didn’t - if it did, there wouldn’t be a 13th encouraged them to run away amendment. from their masters. Blacks Battle Blacks joined the Union army but were treated especially Bondage harshly when fought by South. When North conquered territory, the slaves were emancipated Lee’s Last Lunge At Gettysburg, Lee was defeated and from there on the Three months later, Lincoln at Gettysburg South’s fortunes declined. gave the Gettysburg Address to boost morale The War in the In Vicksburg, Grant came in, circled the city and took both West Vicksburg and Jackson Sherman General William Sherman seized Atlanta, Georgia and burnt Scorches the land (civilians included - total war) from Atlanta to Georgia Savannah in his March to the Sea The Politics of There were many that opposed Lincoln’s decisions from all War ends. The Radical Republicans wanted Lincoln to be harsher, and the Peace Democrats opposed the war and punishing the South entirely The Election of In the election of 1864, Lincoln faced McClellan and his Took Johnson as his VP to 1864 supporters but won because the Union was succeeding and garner the support of he was pro unity so he got votes from all over Southern-leaning voters Grant Outlasts Grant was persistent in fighting despite heavy casualties Lee because he knew he could tried the South. Finally, the Confederate capital of Richmond was captured and Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse The Martyrdom Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth days after The South actually would have of Lincoln his victory, thurs becoming a “martyr” (dying a hero). been better off with Lincoln than with the Radical Republicans who replaced him The Aftermath The Civil war was bad because of cost, casualties, of the destruction to the South, and animosity. It was good Nightmare because it abolished slavery and set up the US on the world stage. Also helped strengthen the North as an industrial powerhouse.
Questions How did the Northern defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run and the Peninsula Campaign transform the Civil War from a limited struggle for the Union to a total war against slavery? ● First Battle of Bull Run - beforehand, people thought the battle would be short (90 days). At this battle, both sides were disorganized and unprepared, and went back and forth a lot. The South won but could not push further into the North because they were so disorganized. Both sides recognized the importance of planning and preparation, and the deep struggle on both sides throughout the battle showed that the war was going to be more intense ● Peninsula Campaign - McClellan wanted to capture confederate capital of Richmond. However, confederate Jeb Stuart’s army went around McClellan and Robert E Lee crushed McClellan in the Seven Days Battle. The North then realized that the battle would not be quick and easy as anticipated. It initiated the execution of the Anaconda Plan which focused on blockade, divide, and conquer. What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam, Vicksburg, and Gettysburg as key turning points of the Civil War? Antietam ● Finally gave the North a victory ● Convinced Europe to not send aid to the South ● Gave Lincoln a good time to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. With the proclamation, not only was the North trying to unify the Union, but now also fighting to abolish slavery Vicksburg ● Was the day after Gettysburg and pushed more for a Northern win ● Basically denied all chances of the South getting help from Europe ● Cut the Confederacy in half by conquering the Mississippi River Gettysburg ● Was the real turning point battle. After Gettysburg, the North really began to win most battles and the war turned to the North What were the strengths and limits of the Emancipation Proclamation, and what role did AAs play in the Union War effort? Strengths ● Gave the war another cause (abolition of slavery) ● Kept the Border States happy by allowing them to have slaves ● Gave slaves hope Limits ● Didn’t actually do anything. No slaves were actually freed until the 13th Amendment because it only made slavery in the Confederacy illegal (who wouldn't listen to the law anyways) and not in the Border States ● Only freed the slaves in the Confederacy, which Lincoln had no power over. He had to keep slavery in the Union because of the Constitution and the border states. AAs ● Eventually composed 10% of the Union Army but were executed when captured by Confederates What were Lincoln’s central political problems with the Copperheads and Peace Democrats, and how did he successfully outmaneuver them to win reelection in 1864? Copperheads ● Faced conflict when they went against him for reelection ● He won because he invented the Union Party which focused on uniting everyone, and he also scored victories for the Union which got him supporters Peace Democrats ● Didn’t like the war and were sympathetic towards the South. Noteworthy person was Vallandigham who was tried for treason How did Sherman’s “March to the Sea” and Grant’s 1864-1865 campaign in Virginia finally complete the Union’s grand military strategy and force Lee’s surrender? Sherman’s “March to the Sea” ● Complete the grand military strategy because it divided Georgia (part of “divide”) ● Cut off Lee from behind Grant’s 1864-1865 Campaign ● Were bloody battles that basically just tired out the South. Grant risked casualties but eventually got surrender and victory ● Led to capture of Richmond, the capital, which surrendered, leading to Union victory
Chapter 22: Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff The Now that the war was over, there were still many questions. Problems of What will happen to blacks? How will the country re-unite? Who Peace will make decisions? Freedman After the war, slaves were in a tough confusing situation about Blacks flocked to churches but Define their roles. Some stayed on the plantation, some fled North, and were not able to get education Freedom there was some violence. The The Freedmen's Bureau, started by General O.O. Howard, was Southerners were opposed Freedmen’s welfare to the blacks. It provided food, clothes, health care, and and Johnson tried to kill it Bureau education. The biggest accomplishment was literacy Johnson: Johnson was Southern, so Northerners didn’t like him, but still The Tailor didn’t want to secede, so Southerners didn’t like him. President Presidential Lincoln was in favor of the 10% Plan, which would readmit the When Johnson took over, he Reconstruct South if 10% of the South pledged loyalty and accepted obeyed the 10% plan with ion emancipation. Radical Republicans countered with the Wade- some additions: leading Davis Bill where 50% of South would need to take an oath and Confederates couldn't vote, safeguard blacks. secession ordinances repealed, Confederate debts repudiated, states had to ratify 13th amendment. The Baleful The South still needed a labor force, so they established black Also banned blacks from Blacks codes, which tied the free blacks slaves to their white owners by serving on juries and renting Codes stating that the blacks had to work for a certain time period (or land be punished) Congressio Southern Congressmen wanted to be admitted back, and the nal Radical Republicans were not happy. Johnson allowed them Reconstruct back and they actually had influence now that the ⅗ ion compromise was over (blacks now counted as full citizens, so popular and thereby representation from South went up) Johnson Johnson vetoed a lot of proposal from Congress such as the Civil The amendment gave civil Clashes Rights Bill and so Congress passed the 14th amendment rights and full citizenship to with blacks. This entailed not the Congress right to vote but the forbidding of denial to vote based on race Swinging Johnson went around the country to make speeches and gain Round the supporters, but Congress’s approach to Reconstruction overall Circle with triumphed Johnson Republican The Moderate Republicans supported less extreme Principles Reconstruction without interference of the Federal government. and The Radical Republicans wanted major and radical social change Programs in the South. Both wanted the blacks to get voting rights Reconstruct In the Reconstruction Act, the North divided up the South and ion By put military in there to make sure they obeyed laws. The South Sword had to ratify the 14th Amendment and accept black suffrage, and to ensure this, the 15th Amendment was passed No Women Though blacks got more rights, women did not. Stanton and Voters Anthony were upset that the 14th Amendment did not include discrimination against gender along with “race, color, and previous servitude” The Blacks became organized through Union Leagues, black women Realities of did not really get any rights, blacks began to serve in Congress, Radical and the white South had many carpetbaggers who were Reconstruct Northerners that came to the South and scalawags who were ion in the sympathetic to the North South The Ku Klux The South fought back. The Ku Klux Klan was established and Whites also tried to prevent Klan instilled fear to get blacks to back off blacks from voting with literacy tests. When whites were also illiterate, understanding clauses and grandfather clauses were performed to enable illiterate whites to vote Johnson The Radical Republicans disliked Johnson and plotted to Walks the impeach him. They knew he was planning to fire Edwin Stanton Impeachme so they passed the Tenure of Office Law which stated that the nt Plank president could not fire anyone approved by the Senate. When Johnson fired Stanton, they claimed he was breaking the law and voted to impeach A Not Guilty To impeach, ⅔ vote is needed. They fell one vote short because Verdict for of the fear of instability so Johnson stayed Johnson The William Seward bought Alaska from the Russians. He was Purchase of initially criticized but redeemed when oil and gold were found Alaska The The South hated reconstruction as it was shameful. Because the Heritage of whites tried to find sneaky ways to harm the blacks, the blacks Reconstruct suffered as well despite attempted civil rights movements ion
Questions What were the major problems facing the South and the nation after the civil war? ● What to do with freed blacks? ● How will South and North be reunited? ● Who will make decisions? ● How to rebuild South? How did AAs and whites, Southerners and Northerners, respond to the end of slavery and conduct race relations under new conditions of freedom? AAs ● Some stayed on plantations, some fled. Many turned to churches ● Began to serve in Congress Southerners ● Established black codes that tied free blacks to whites by forcing them to work for a certain period of time. They also set a lot of restrictions and punished them. ● Tried to regain power in Congress ● Establishment of the KKK to try and “set blacks in their places” Northerners ● Radical Republicans wanted many and major changes for blacks What were the actual effects of congressional reconstruction in the South, and how did militant white opposition and growing Northern apathy eventually bring an end to Reconstruction in the Compromise of 1877? Effects ● Johnson allowed Southern Congressmen to come back ● Blacks began to serve in Congress Opposition and apathy ● Radical Republicans upset that Southern Congressmen came back ● What were the primary successes and failures of Reconstruction, and what legacy did it leave for later generations of Americans? Success ● Restore and unified the nation ● Gave blacks rights ● Subdued the South ● Alaska? Failures ● South was ashamed ● Whites trying to sneak around law and persecute blacks
Chapter 23 (360-361): Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff The Hayes-Tilden Tilden was one vote short of the Presidency in Standoff 1876 1876, but the election was at a stalemate as 4 states did not vote` The Compromise of A compromise (from right) was that Hayes would Since nobody was winning, Congress 1877 and the End of get the presidency, but he would remove the passed an Electoral Count Act which Reconstruction military in the South. This left blacks alone without was a commission of 8 Republicans military protection and 7 Democrats. Democrats were annoyed and filibustered the process. The Birth of Jim Crow Blacks had to become sharecroppers, which in the Post- entailed never-ending debt. Then, Jim Crows laws Reconstruction South legalized segregation. According to Plessy v. Ferguson, they could have segregation for blacks as whites so long as it was “equal” (it wasn’t)
Section III: Thematic Questions
1. Describe the role the Supreme Court has played in shaping American life from 1800-1896. Choose 2 eras to make your points. Jefferson Era ● Marbury vs. Madison - established judicial review. Jefferson wanted to fire a justice appointed by Adams, and was granted this power by Marshall. Era of Good Feelings ● McCulloch vs. Maryland - states cannot tax the government ● Gibbons vs. Ogden - government is allowed to regulate interstate commerce ● Fletcher vs. Peck - must honor a contract despite state laws (bribery) ● Dartmouth vs. Woodward - must honor a contract despite the states Industrialization ● Commonwealth vs. Hunt - legalized labor unions ● Taney said that rights of a community is more important than contract Pre Civil War ● Dred Scott - slaves are property, and the court cannot revoke property. also, Congress cannot outlaw slavery Reconstruction ● Ex Parte Milligan - military court cannot try civilians when civil court are present ● Plessy v. Ferguson - “separate but equal” facilities for different races are legal
2. How did relations with the British change between 1792 and 1860? First, neutral ● The nation was split about supporting England or France in their war. Federalists wanted to support England because it would be economically advantageous and Democratic-Republicans wanted to support France because of the Franco-American alliance, since France helped them in the Revolutionary War. Washington put forth the Neutrality Proclamation which said that America would be neutral Growing tensions ● England was helping Indians and gave them guns against Americans and lots of impressment began (English seized US ships) ● John Jay was sent to England to smooth things over. In his treaty, war was avoided by America agreeing to pay off lasting debt to England, and England agreeing to leave posts and pay for past impressment damages. ○ This caused a lot of tension with America because the Democratic Republicans thought it was too nice to England and looked like we were surrendering to them ○ Spain got worried that America and England were becoming too close, and offered the Pinckney Treaty where America got rights to the Mississippi River and Florida ● Jefferson wanted to stay out of English/French war and passed the Embargo Act which forbade trade with anyone. Ended up only hurting America. War of 1812 ● War against England. Was a result of impressment, land possibility, resolving Indian issues (England helped Indians), and to prove American dominance to the world Road to Peace ● The war was solved with the Treaty of Ghent, where no side gained anything but both just agreed to stop fighting ● The Rush Bagot Treaty limited both sides’ navy power (after conflict with Canada, a British colony) ● The Treaty of 1818 was made over the Canada border ● In the Monroe Doctrine, US declared that all nations stay out of the Americas (England included) More tensions, but peaceful overall ● England flooded market with cheap good which hurt American economy ● Conflict with Oregon and potential war but agreed to split it ● Dispute with Canada over Maine border that led to the Aroostook War. However, it was solved peacefully with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the land was split ● Potential of dispute over Central America but the Clayton Bulwer Treaty said that neither England nor America would claim it Civil war ● There was the question of England helping the South because they depended on them for cotton, but it didn’t end up happening. Uncle Tom’s Cabin discouraged them from slavery and England got cotton elsewhere ● In the Trent Affair, a US ship stopped a British ship and took 2 Confederates. But they were released because Lincoln didn’t want to fight both the South and England ● Southern ship Alabama was manned by the British and the British almost built raider ships for the South. ● British built laird rams which were designed to destroy Northern ships. There was almost some conflict on the Canadian border
3. Choose ONE of the events listed below, and explain why your choice best represents the beginning of an American identity. Provide at least ONE piece of evidence to support your explanation and be prepared to argue against the others : The Ratification of the Constitution, Second Great Awakening and the election of 1860.
The Ratification of the Constitution ● Was identity: first successful democratic government? Had many new and liberal ideas that set America apart. ● Was not identity: It could be interpreted in many ways due to its intentionally vague language. It allowed America to become either agrarian or industrial. Second Great Awakening ● Was identity: It was where America began to develops its own culture. They began to pull away from depending on other countries’ art and developed their own: ○ Architecture - developed their own, based off Greek (Thomas Jefferson) ○ Women movement - women began to fight for rights. In Europe, women were treated far worse (rape was allowed) ○ Literature - started their own unique American writing (Knickerbocker group) ○ Ralph Waldo Emerson, famous transcendentalist, encouraged Americans to be independent from Europe in art, literature, and thinking ● Was not identity: Election of 1860 (cause of secession of South Carolina, then the Civil War) ● Was American identity: maybe because there are defined causes and passionate individuals. This is a big part of american culture. Also proved that America could hold on to democracy and withstand the “ultimate test” ● Was not American identity: the war tore us apart. It did not help build identify; rather, it reversed the identity that we had already developed 4. Which represented a greater turning point in American history – the election of Jefferson or Jackson? ● Jefferson - because of peaceful transfer of power between two opposing political parties ● Jackson- Era of the Common Man.. maybe not as big of a deal as a peaceful transfer of power?.. 5. Compare and contrast the causes of the American Revolution and the Civil War.
American Revolution Civil War ● Boston Tea Party ● Slavery Issue ● Boston Massacre ● Dred Scott ● All the acts, esp. the Intolerable Acts ● States Rights ● Mass Government Act ● Uncle Tom’s Cabin ● First Continental Congress ● Missouri Compromise ● Lexington & Concord ● John Brown & Harper’s Ferry ● Second Continental Congress ● Lincoln’s Election ● Southern Secession (South Carolina)
The causes of the American Revolution were mainly singular events and unfair laws passed by the British. The Colonists rebelled because they thought they were being treated unfairly (“no taxation w/o representation”) and wanted to be self-governing. Contrastingly, the Civil War began due to the opposing views of the North and South on slavery and states rights issues. Lincoln believed that the North should “fight for the Union for the sake of the Union” and prove that a government like theirs could function and could withstand some of its contingents disagreeing with its actions.
*Other notable changes: across the Atlantic, better communication and transportation, King George vs. Lincoln
6. Why did the Union win the Civil War but the British lose the Revolutionary War?
Union Won British Lost ● They had many more soldiers than the ● They were geographically too far from South the colonies ● Grant kept on sending out more and ● The colonists had more motivation to more soldiers until there were no more fight so they were able to defeat the Confederate soldiers left to live and fight British ● believed in their cause (unlike hessians) ● The British were fighting a bunch of other wars at the same time ● King George was a terrible commander
Section IV: Cumulative Review
On British-US Relations: Treaty of Paris - The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on 3 September 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. Boycott after Rev War - Jays treaty- lenient treaty with british before the rev war Impressment Chesapeake Affair- confederates captured a union ship War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Rush Bagot Monroe Doctrine Webster-Ashburton Oregon Texas Civil War issues
Section V: Terms
● Abraham Lincoln - Republican president whose election began the Civil War; president of the Union during the war ● Fort Sumter - Union fort in the South; sending supplies angered the South and triggered the Civil War ● Border States - states that had slaves but did not secede and were crucial for both sides because secession would give the South a population boost (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware) ● Martial Law - Military rule and suspension of civil authority during emergencies ● Five Civilized Tribes - Indians that fought for the South ● Volunteer State (Tennessee) - In Tennessee, many joined the South but some “volunteered” for the Union ● West Virginia - mountain people seceded from Virginia because they did not hold slaves and did not want to be a part of the Confederacy ● King Wheat and King Corn - bases of North economy; defeated “King Cotton” of the South ● Trent Affair - when the US stopped a British ship and took 2 prisoners, but then returned them as they did not want to upset the British ● Alabama - Southern ship manned by British and never docked in South ● Raider ships - ships designed to help the South ● Maximilian - puppet emperor in Mexico ● Confederacy - literally means “loosely bound;” name for the Southern side in the war ● Jefferson Davis - Confederate president that was generally unpopular ● Habeas Corpus - law that says that someone cannot be thrown into jail without knowing why; violated by Lincoln ● Morrill Tariff Act - raised the tariff and caused inflation ● National Banking System - established a standardized money system, regulated the quantity of money ● Profiteers - scammers of the government ● Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell - first female doctor ● Clara Barton - founder of Red Cross ● Dorothea Dix - made nursing more professional (North) ● Sally Tompkins - made nursing more professional (South) ● Battle of Bull Run/Manassas - first battle that was longer than anticipated; crushed ideas of having a short “90 day” war ● General Stonewall Jackson - Confederate general that held his line and won Battle of Bull Run ● General George McClellan - timid general that was fired; ran against Lincoln ● Richmond - Confederate capital ● Peninsula Campaign - plan by McClellan to capture Richmond ● Jeb Stuart - overstepped McClellan in Peninsula campaign ● Robert E Lee - very good Confederate general involved in a lot of the war ● Seven Days Battle - when Lee pushed McClellan back to sea; big Southern victory ● General Winfield Scott - deviser of the “Anaconda Plan” ● Anaconda Plan - plan to blockade, divide, conquer ● Ironclad - heavily ironed ship ● Merrimack - Southern ship that was chased away ● Monitor - Northern ship that won ● Second Battle of Bull Run - Lee victory ● Battle of Antietam - bloody battle that gave the North a morale cause and a platform to announce emancipation proclamation ● Emancipation Proclamation - states that slavery in rebellion states is not allowed (not every state so as not to upset border states) ● 13th Amendment - abolished slavery ● General Burnside(lost) - Northern general that was defeated at Fredericksburg ● General Hooker (lost) - defeated at Chancellorsville ● General Meade (won) - won at Gettysburg ● Battle of Gettysburg - huge Northern victory that boosted morale and began the real Northern victory; included Pickett’s charge ● Pickett’s Charge - where Lee sent soldiers across an open field; slaughtered ● Gettysburg Address - address where Lincoln boosted Northern morale following Battle of Gettysburg ● General Grant - won at Vicksburg ● Vicksburg - Northern victory that gained the Mississippi River ● General Sherman (total war) - divided the Southern land in “March to the Sea” ● March to the Sea - scorching of Georgia, even civilians ● Radical Republicans - extreme republicans who were very anti the South and slavery ● Clement Vallandigham - against Lincoln and tried for treason ● Copperheads - people who were against Lincoln and sympathetic to the South ● Butternut Region - where the Copperheads lived ● Union Party - party created by Lincoln to unite all parties and win the presidency ● Appomattox Courthouse - where Lee surrendered to Grant ● John Wilkes Booth - the man who assassinated Lincoln ● Martyr - a hero that dies fighting for a cause; Lincoln thought of this way when he died just days after the Civil war ● Freedmen - blacks that were freed after the Civil War ● Freedmen’s Bureau - welfare for blacks established to provide clothing, food, health care, and education ● General O.O. Howard - founder of the Freedmen's Bureau ● President Andrew Johnson - successor of Lincoln, disliked by all because he was Southern but did not secede with them ● Ten percent plan - plan devised by Lincoln during the war and executed by Johnson which said that states had to pledge loyalty and ten percent to be readmitted ● Wade-Davis Bill - devised by radical republican who thought ten percent was not harsh enough; same thing as ten percent plan, but with 50 ● Black codes - laws imposed on blacks to tie them to their owners that said that blacks had to work for whites for a certain amount of time ● Civil Rights Bill - made to undercut black codes ● Thaddeus Stevens - big radical republican that loved helping blacks ● Reconstruction Act - act that separate South into military districts to enforce the new amendments ● 13th Amendment - abolished slavery ● 14th Amendment - defined black citizenship and civil rights in general ● 15th Amendment - gave blacks right to vote ● Ex Parte Milligan - said that military courts could not try civilians when a civil court was present ● Stanton/Anthony - were upset about new blacks rights because women were not advocated for ● Union League - a groups of clubs established to inform blacks about stuff ● Hiram Revels - first black senator ● Scalawags - Southern whites that were sympathetic to the north ● Carpetbaggers - northerner that went to the South and were disliked by Southerners ● Literacy tests - tests done to prevent blacks from voting ● Understanding clause - if a white could understand something read but not read themselves, they were granted voting (done to prevent blacks from voting) ● Grandfather clause - if someone’s grandfather could vote, then they could vote (done to prevent blacks from voting) ● Tenure of Office Act - act passed to try and get Johnson impeached ● William Seward - bought Alaska ● Rutherford B Hayes - Republican candidate in election of 1876 (and eventual winner) ● Samuel Tilden - Democrat candidate in election of 1876 who almost won but was one electoral vote shy ● Electoral Count Act - where there was an assembly to try and resolve the election dilemma (8 republicans, 7 democrats) ● Compromise of 1877 - compromise for the president where Hayes got the be president but military occupation was removed in the South ● Sharecropping - where the blacks did not own land but paid big fees and worked on white land ● Jim Crow Laws - legalized segregation ● Plessy v Ferguson - said that “separate but equal” facilities were allowed for different races (but were not actually equal)