Documentation in Essays

Documentation in Essays:

How to FOOTNOTE

In academic research papers and in any other writing that borrows information from sources, the borrowed information (such as quotations, summaries, paraphrases, statistics or any facts of ideas that are not common knowledge), must be clearly documented.

WHAT ARE FOOTNOTES? Footnotes are used to give credit to sources of any material borrowed, summarized or paraphrased. They are intended to refer readers to the exact pages of the works listed in the Bibliography section. 1[1]

WHERE DO FOOTNOTES GO? There are TWO parts to a footnote:

1) immediately after a citation(s) (quote, statistic, etc.) a small number is inserted (each citation is given a number in chronological order)2[2]

2) at the bottom (foot) of the very same page where the direct citation(s) were made, a footnote is placed that consists of the same small number as the citation and all the publishing information. 3[3]

HOW DO I FOOTNOTE USING MY COMPUTER? Step 1: Click on insert Step 2: click on footnote Step 3: choose footnote Step 4: click OK Step 5: type in publication information as follows: Author’s First Name, Author’s Last Name, Title of Source. (Place of Publishing: Publisher, copyright date) page number. Step 6: scroll back up to your essay

HOW DO I INSERT QUOTATIONS IN MY ESSAY?

1) If the citation (quote, summary etc.) is 3 lines or LESS, then it is placed within the essay itself with quotations marks. EXAMPLE:

The high tariffs were put in place in order to protect the industries within the country but unfortunately, they also “choked off international trade”.4[4]

1. Book with one author or editor:

1[1] G. Wayne Miller, How to Footnote in Research Essays (New York: Oxford University Press) 245. 2[2] Alan Dundes, “Footnote”, World Book Encyclopaedia, 2000 ed. 3[3] I. Lee, “Sample Footnotes in MLA Style”, A Research Guide for Students http://www.aresearchguide.com/samplefootnote.html (September 30, 2004) 4[4] Bradley, Cruxton. Spotlight Canada: Fourth Edition. (Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2000) 185. 1 Frank Feather, Canada's Best Careers Guide 2000 (Toronto: Warwick, 2000) 152-3.

2. Book with two authors or editors:

2 R.D. Hogg and Michael G. Mallin, Preparing Your Income Tax Returns: 2001 Edition for 2000 Returns (Toronto: CCH Canadian, 2001) 969:519.

3. Book with three or more authors or editors:

3 Jack Canfield, et al., Chicken Soup for the Kid's Soul: 101 Stories of Courage, Hope and Laughter (Deerfield Beach, FL:

Health Communications, 1998) 68.

4. Book with no author or editor stated:

4 The 1990 Charlton Coin Guide, 29th ed. (Toronto: Charlton, 1989) 39.

5. Article from an encyclopedia with no author stated:

7 "Malcolm X," Encyclopedia of Social Issues, 1997 ed.

6. Article from an encyclopedia with one author:

8 Lawrence A. Presley, "DNA Fingerprinting," World Book Encyclopedia, 2000 ed.

7. Film or video recording:

15 The Pacifier, dir. Adam Shankman, perf. Vin Diesel, DVD, Disney, 2005. 15 A Simple wish, dir. Michael Ritchie, writ. Jeff Rothberg, perf. Martin Short and Mara Wilson, VHS, Universal, 1997.

19. Internet:

Note: First date = Web page creation or modification date. Second date = the date you accessed the Web page. If the Web page does not have a modification or creation date, leave it out, but always indicate your access date just before the URL.

19 Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs, "Aboriginal Peoples Survey: From APS I to APS II." Facts from Stats, Corporate

Information Management Directorate, Issue No. 15, Mar. 2000, 15 Dec. 2004 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Remember to include a bibliography at the end of your paper as well. It is in alphabetical order and double-spaced.

A bibliographical entry includes the same information as a footnote but the format differs slightly. The major differences are 1) the last name of the first author is listed before his or her given names, 2) periods separate the major parts of the entry, and 3) depending on the style, publication information is not enclosed in parentheses and does not include page numbers.