Biology I Lab - Genetics 1-08 Novak

Name______Period______Date ______PreAP BIOLOGY I LAB – DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis 1-10 Novak PAPLbDNA RNA ProteinSyn1-10.doc Prelab Most of the following introduction questions can be found in chapter 12, a dictionary and using Google. Match the following vocabulary words and prefixes to the definition below by putting the capitalize vocabulary word into its blank below. Each term is used just once. AMINO ACIDS, ANTICODON, BASE-PARING, CODON, DENATURE, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA, GENE, HYDROGEN, MESSENGER RNA (mRNA), NITROGENOUS BASE, NUCLEOTIDE, PEPTIDE, PROTEIN, REPLICATION, RIBOSE, RIBOSOMES, TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSFER RNA (tRNA), TRANSLATION, URACIL, ELECTROPHORESIS, LYSIS, ENZYME, RESTRICTION ENZYME, CENTRIFUGE, MICROPIPET, DNA EXTRACTION 1______The molecule in which genetic code is located within the nucleus 2______An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principle component of all cells 3______One of twenty different organic molecules that combine to form proteins 4______A type of chemical bond holding amino acids together 5______A section of DNA coding for one protein 6______A basic unit of DNA composed of three subunits 7______A type of chemical bond holding bases together in the center of the DNA double helix 8______A subunit of a nucleotide containing either adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine" 9______The DNA rule in which adenine always connects with thymine and cytosine always connects with guanine 10______The type of sugar in a DNA nucleotide 11______The process of making a copy of DNA 12______The process by which DNA is copied onto RNA 13______The molecule onto which the DNA code is copied during transcription 14______The type of sugar in RNA 15______The nitrogenous base of RNA that pairs with adenine" 16______A three nucleotide base sequence that encodes for one amino acid 17______The portion of protein synthesis that takes place in the cytoplasm and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids 18______The site in the cytoplasm of protein synthesis 19______During protein synthesis, a type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of the polypeptide chain in the ribosome 20______The triplet code on the transfer RNA that pairs with the codon on the messenger RNA during protein synthesis 21. ______A process of removing DNA from cells for testing 22. ______the movement of charged particles in a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field and is usually used to separate different sizes of DNA fragments for DNA analysis. 23. ______to modify the molecular structure of (such as a protein or DNA) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so as to destroy or diminish some of the original properties and especially the specific biological activity 24. ______A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reactions 25. ______An enzyme having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases. It is used as a “scissor” to cut DNA into various sizes.

Put the following terms related to protein synthesis in the correct order starting with DNA: ribosomes, amino acids, protein, DNA, mRNA, transcription, tRNA, translation______

PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 1 4/3/2018 1 In the following amino acids, give all possible codons in the mRNA (use the chart on page 303): 26. Glycine ______27. Trytophan ______28. Leucine ______29. Valine ______30. Serine ______31. Asparagine ______32. Tyrosine ______33. Aspartic Acid ______34. Glutamic Acid ______35. Arginine ______36. Cysteine ______37. Phenylalanine ______38. Proline ______39. Name the stop codons ______40. Name the start codon (see text on page 303) ______

PART I - A MODEL FOR DNA In this part of the lab you will construct a DNA molecule using push pins and soda straws. Materials: push pins (five colors), small paper clips, scissors, striped soda straws, solid color soda straws, “amino acid” cards, scotch tape, bookcover, piece of notebook paper The straws and paper clips will represent the sugar phosphate “backbone” on each side of the molecule. Cut all the soda straw pieces the same length. The push pins will represent the nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides. Blue push pins will represent thymine, green push pins will represent adenine, yellow push pins will represent cytosine, and orange or red push pins will represent guanine. BE CAREFUL WITH THE PUSH PINS, THEY ARE VERY SHARP. Put all push pins in the middle of the sada straw sections. According to your teachers directions construct one side or strand of the DNA molecule in this exact base sequence:

T A C A C A A T G A A G C T T T T A A C A G G G G C A C C A A T T

Lay this strand on a bookcover which represents the nucleus of the cell. Label the bookcover the nucleus. This above sequence of letters represents the DNA base sequence of one gene. What do you guess these bases code for? 1-1______How many bases are in this sequence? 1- 2______How many codons are in this DNA sequence or gene? 1-3______How many amino acids do you guess this sequence will assemble? 1-4______Which base is used the most in this DNA sequence or gene? 1-5______Which base is used the least in this DNA sequence or gene? 1-6______Where would this DNA sequence be located within the cell? 1-7______Show you teacher the assembled DNA strand you have just constructed. Next, assemble the complementary side of the above DNA sequence. Match the push pins of the first sequence above to the push pins on the complementary side by matching the colors. The blue with the green and the yellow with the red or orange. These matching or pairing bases in the DNA are matched together according to the 1-8______rule. In DNA, what always matches or joins with adenine? 1-9______In DNA, what always matches or joins with cytosine? 1-10______How many rungs do you now have in this DNA “ladder”? 1- 11______You’re your teacher the assembled DNA molecule you have constructed.

PART II – A MODEL FOR MESSENGER RNA DNA never leaves the nucleus. Instead it makes a copy of the code of the gene and sends it out of the nucleus to the 2-1______. This process of copying the DNA to mRNA is called 2- 2______. This copy of the DNA code is a molecule called 2-3______. This molecule acts as a template on which the protein molecule will be synthesized. Remove the second (complementary) strand of DNA you constructed so that the original strand can be “read” to make PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 2 4/3/2018 2 mRNA in this nucleus. Since RNA has a different sugar along the sugar phosphate sides use the solid color straws to assemble the mRNA strand. As you assemble the mRNA strand remember that RNA substitutes thymine found in DNA for a base called 2-4______. For the base uracil use white push pins. How many uracils will the mRNA have? 2-5______. How many bases does the mRNA strand have altogether in this gene? 2-6______How many codons does the mRNA strand have? 2-7______How many amino acids do you guess this strand of mRNA will code for? 2-8______Cut a piece of notebook paper into a large circle and label the circle the ribosome. Lay the mRNA strand onto the ribosome. As soon as you have finished, show your teacher your mRNA strand on the ribosome. What happens at this ribosome? 2- 9______

PART III – A MODEL FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS When the mRNA reaches the ribosome, it is ready to be used as a template for protein synthesis. The assembling of the protein at the ribosome using the mRNA as a template is called 3- 1______The mRNA attaches to the ribosome and the codons are matched with the anticodons of the tRNA as the tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA. After the match, the tRNA releases the mRNA and leaves the amino acid at the ribosome to be joined with the next amino acid brought in by the next tRNA. What type of bond joins amino acids? 3-2______obtain a sheet of amino acid cards and cut them along the lines provided. According to your teachers directions make tRNA molecules with anticodons attached to the amino acid cards. Then bring the anticodons with their amino acid to the mRNA. With each new tRNA attach the amino acid to the previous amino acid using scotch tape. Continue until all the codons on the mRNA have been read. Keep in mind, the first and the last codons on the mRNA do NOT code for an amino acid. What do they do? 3- 3______How many amino acids are in the chain? 3-4______Which of the amino acids are repeated? 3-5______In the following blank, give the sequence of the amino acids (in order). 3- 6______This chain of amino acids represents the 3-7______ADH. ADH is a hormone in human plasma that controls the fluid level of your blood. Show your protein molecule of ADH you made to your teacher. Now go back to the original DNA strand. Replace only one base. Replace the fourth base adenine with cytosine. How does this change of only one base change the eventual amino acid sequence in the protein molecule of ADH? 3-8______This is an example of a mutation which is a change is a 3-9______. Like a broken key that will not unlock its door, the substitution of only one amino acid changes the 3-10______of the protein molecule preventing it from working properly.

PART IV – VIRTUAL ELECTOPHORESIS Go to the following website: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ At this website we will learn some characteristics of DNA and methods making it possible to study it.

On this website find and click on the link titled “DNA EXTRACTION” then click on “start lab”. In each step of the experiment, click on the “next” arrow to advance. As you do, answer the questions below. Name three situations in which you would have to extract DNA from a person. 4- 1______How long is the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell? 4-2______One of the best places to gather cells for DNA extraction is inside of our 4-3______STEP 1 - We will collect the 4-4______cells STEP 2 - We will 4-5______the cells open to release the DNA STEP 3 – We will separate DNA from 4-6______and 4-7______STEP 4 – We will 4-8______concentrated DNA Name each piece of lab equipment you will use: 4- PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 3 4/3/2018 3 9______What is used to obtain the cell samples from the subject? 4-10______What is inside the check cells? 4-11______The cells will be put into a 4-12______tube. Next, using a micropipettor a 4-13______solution is added to the tube. Then the tube is put into a warm water 4-14______. The lysis solution now in the tube with the cheek cells, contains 4-15______which bursts the cells open and 4-16______which cuts apart the chromatin histones holding the DNA. The swab is remove since the DNA has been released from the cells. A concentrated 4-17______solution is added to the tube using the micropipettor. The salt solution causes 4-18______and other cellular 4- 19______to clump together. The tube is then placed into a 4-20______which then spins at high speeds resulting in the proteins and debris at the bottom of the tube while the 4-21______remains distributed through the liquid. Another micropipettor is then used to remove the top liquid containing only the 4-22______and place it into a clean tube. Using the micropipettor, 4-23______is now added to the tube with the DNA and the tube is slightly agitated. The alcohol causes the DNA to 4-24______so that it can be seen with the unaided eye. The tube is again placed into the 4-25______which causes the clumped DNA to go to the bottom of the tube. The liquid is then removed with a micropipettor and the DNA can be stored in a 4-26______for many years and can be re-dissolved at any time to test the DNA. This is how DNA is removed from cells to be tested. ======Next, click on the home icon which will take you back to the original web page.

Click on the link entitled “Gel Electrophoresis“. On this page, click on “Can DNA Demand A Verdict?” and answer the following questions Since the year 4-27______DNA analysis has made appearances in U.S. courtrooms. Every single cell in our bodies contains DNA, the genetic material that programs how cells work. 99.9 percent of human DNA is the same in everyone, meaning that only 4-28______percent of our DNA is unique! Our unique DNA, 0.1 percent of 3 billion, amounts to 3 4-29______base pairs. This is more than enough to provide profiles that accurately identify a person. At a crime scene, 4-30______is everywhere. It is present in all kinds of evidence collected at the scene, including blood, hair, skin, saliva and semen. Scientists can analyze the DNA in evidence samples to see if it matches a suspect's DNA. Below is the general process of DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis that makes DNA analysis possible. STEP 1 - Collect the DNA evidence from the crime scene STEP 2 – 4-31______the DNA from the evidence samples STEP 3 – Cut the DNA into fragments using specialized protein “scissors” called 4- 32______. For every person, the sizes of the cut fragments are unique – except for identical twins STEP 4 – Separate the negatively charged DNA fragments in a 4-33______by passing an 4-34______current through it. STEP 5 - Transfer the DNA fragments from the gel to a sheet of membrane STEP 6 – Probe with DNA fragments that complement the DNA sequence of the fragments of interest STEP 7 – Compare the fragment profile of the evidence DNA with those of the suspects, detective and victim to see if they match. STEP 8 – If the profiles from the evidence DNA and a suspect match multiple times, then it is very likely that the evidence DNA came from the suspect. According to the on the gel diagram, did the evidence DNA fragments match suspect 1, suspect 2, the victim, or the officer? 4-35______======Return to the original website and click on the large picture icon labeled “Gel Electrophoresis” again. In this part of the website, you will conduct an experiment to run a gel from a DNA sample to analyze it. Start the experiment and advance each step by clicking on the “forward arrow” and answer the

PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 4 4/3/2018 4 questions below. Gel electrophoresis is a method to sort DNA according to 4-36______. To sort the strands a 4-37______is used that acts like a filter. The DNA is placed in 4- 38______or wells at the end of the gel. The DNA is pushed through the gel filter by adding an 4-39______current. Because of the filter effect of the gel and the movement of the DNA, the different lengths of strands move to different distances from the holes. Which type of DNA strands moves the furthest from the holes? 4-40______4-41______the sorted groups of DNA makes them more visible to the naked eye. Although we can’t see a single DNA strand, we can see large 4-42______of stained DNA strands of the same length. These groupings of similar length DNA strands show up as 4-43______in the gel. In this experiment we will: STEP 1- Make the 4-44______STEP 2 - Set up the gel 4-45______STEP 3 - Load the DNA sample into the gel STEP 4 - Hook up the electric current and 4-46______the gel STEP 5 - 4-47______the gel and analyze the results Name the materials you will need to make the gel. 4- 48______Put a small amount of 4-49______into a flask then add some liquid 4-______which will help electrical 4-50______flow through the gel. A 4-51______is then used to heat the liquid to melt the agarose into the buffer. The melted agarose mixture is then poured into the 4-52______. A 4-53______is placed into the gel on one end and the gel is allowed to cool. The comb is then removed leaving empty 4-54______at one end for the DNA samples. The gel is ready to put into a 4-55______box after adding 4- 56______so that the gel is barely submerged. The buffer helps to conduct 4- 57______and keeps the gel from drying out. You are now ready for STEP 3. Name the materials you are using in STEP 3: 4- 58______Add loading buffer to the DNA sample using the micropipettor and a clean pipette 4- 59______. The loading buffer has 4-60______to make the DNA easier to see and heavier so it will sink into the 4-61______instead of floating away. Using the micropipettor, suck up some of the DNA sample into the pipette tip then inject it into the 4- 62______. Use a clean pipette tip to transfer DNA from the “DNA size standard” to the next 4-63______well. The “DNA size Standard” is a tube fill with DNA pieces of 4-64______length. Running it on the gel will give you a reference by which you can estimate the 4-65______of the DNA pieces in the original sample you are testing. You are now ready for STEP 4. Hook up the electricity and run an electrical 4-66______through the gel. DNA has an overall 4-67______charge. The 4-68______you observe is the proof that your current is running. Repelled by the negative charge, the DNA pieces 4-69______toward the positive end of the gel. The 4-70______strands of DNA move more quickly than the 4-71______DNA strands. Over time the 4-72______DNA strands move further away from the wells than the 4-73______strands of DNA. Even though we cannot see the DNA strands migrating, we can see the 4-74______that we put in the loading buffer. We are now ready for STEP 5. Remove the gel from the electrophoresis box. Put the gel into a 4-75______tray and stain the DNA pieces with ethidium bromide which binds to the DNA. Even though we cannot see the individual DNA strands, large groups of similar size DNA pieces sort out and show up as 4- 76______. It takes about 4-77______minutes to stain out the DNA bands. Remove the gel from the staining tray and put it on a fluorescent light apparatus, turn on the light and put on your 4-78______to protect your eyes. To determine the size of your sample DNA pieces, compare them to the “DNA size standard” sample. About how many base pairs were your largest DNA pieces? 4-79______About how many base pairs were your middle sized DNA pieces? 4-80______About how many base pairs were your smallest DNA pieces? 4- 81______You have now completed a gel electrophoresis analysis of a DNA sample.

PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 5 4/3/2018 5 PART V - DNA EXTRACTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS DNA is a complex molecule that is found inside cells. This molecule is so small that you can’t normally see it with the naked eye or even with a light microscope, but if you release the DNA of thousands of cells at the same time, the molecules become visible because of their sheer number of collected cells. We will collecting epithelial cells from one of your team members. What is an epithelial cell? 5-0______We will then in this part of the lab, collect some epithelial cells from the skin on the inside of the volunteer’s mouth, break the cells open, release the DNA and concentrate it in a liquid so you can see it. Materials: 500 milliliters of drinking water, 7 grams of cooking salt or table salt, 1 clear disposable drinking cup, safety goggles, 125ml of chilled rubbing alcohol, 1 eyedropper or spoon, 1 drop of clear dishwashing detergent, 1 stir-stick, graduated cylinder, scale STEP 1 - Add the salt to the water and stir until this grains of salt have disappeared (teacher prepared). Pour 15 milliliters of the salty water into a clear container STEP 2 - Pick one person in your team as the test subject. Have the test subject check on the inside of his/her checks, gargle and swish all the salty water from the cup around your mouth for about 30 seconds. Do NOT swallow the water. Spit the salt water back in the cup. STEP 3 - Dip the stir-stick in the drop of dishwashing detergent and gently stir it in the cup. Less froth in the cup is better so stir only two or three times . What is the purpose of the detergent? 5-1______STEP 4 – Add two or three drops of food coloring to the cold rubbing alcohol and stir well. What is the purpose of the food color? 5-2______STEP 5 – Put on your goggles (for the alcohol). Use the eyedropper to dribble the cold rubbing alcohol down along the inside wall of the cup. Try to add the cold alcohol very gently, so that water and the alcohol do NOT mix. You want the alcohol to form a separate layer on top of the water. It helps to hold the cup at about a 20 degree angle while your do this. Pour enough rubbing alcohol to create a cm-high layer on top of the water. Even if you added the food coloring to the alcohol, the water will remain transparent. STEP 6 – Examine the layer of alcohol closely. You should notice that thin strands of DNA collect together. Which chemical do you think causes the DNA strand to collect into fibers? 5- 3______The strands link together and form nets or webs of DNA. What color are the strands of DNA? 5-4______Take a good look – its a part of you that you usually don’t get to see! If the alcohol is cloudy so that you cannot see the DNA strands, try the experiment again and add the cold alcohol more slowly. STEP 7 – Discard the liquids into the sink, throw away your cup and return the goggles to the goggle cabinet. Answer the following questions. What removed the cells from your test subjects mouth? 5-5______What chemical broke down the cell membranes since they are protected by a fatty layer? 5-6______What chemical caused the DNA to collect into strands? 5-7______If you could actual see the individual DNA strands, what shape would they be? 5-8______

PART VI – ENZYME CATALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms which are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition (define decomposition 6- 1______) of hydrogen peroxide (normally formed during cellular activity) to harmless water and oxygen. Catalase then serves the cell well since hydrogen peroxide acts as a free radical which can have a mutagenic (define mutagenic 6- 2______) on DNA. Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one molecule of catalase can convert millions of molecules of

PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 6 4/3/2018 6 hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen per second. Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four porphyrin heme (iron) groups that allow the enzyme to react with the hydrogen peroxide. It acts as an antioxidant that is it breaks down chemicals harmful to the cell. It also binds up free radicals which are also toxic to the cell. The optimum pH for catalase is approximately 7, while the optimum temperature varies by species. In this part of the lab, you will using catalase enzyme from a fungus (yeast - it is the very same enzyme produced by your cells) to test the ability of it to convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. The general chemical equation for this decomposition reaction of hydrogen

peroxide in the presence of the catalase enzyme is 2H2O2  2H2O + O2 Materials: plastic pipette inserted into single hole rubber stopper, test tube, test tube rack, two 10 ml or 25 ml graduated cylinders, hydrogen peroxide (fresh), catalase enzyme from one package of yeast in 250 ml of warm (room temperature) water, catalase enzyme from one package of yeast in 250 ml of chilled water, ice water, plastic container about shoe box size, a clock or watch with seconds indicator STEP 1 - Place the pipette into the stopper with the tapered side first. Press in for a snug fit. STEP 2 – Fill the plastic container about seven centimeters deep with tap water. STEP 3 – Place six ml of hydrogen peroxide into the test tube. STEP 4 – Fill one of your graduated cylinder with tap water STEP 5 – Place your thumb over the cylinder full of water so that water cannot leak. Invert the cylinder, place the mouth of the cylinder under the water in the plastic container, and remove your thumb. As long as the mouth of the cylinder is under water, the water inside the cylinder will remain there. STEP 6 – Add three milliliters of the off the warm yeast solution to the hydrogen peroxide solution within the test tube, insert the rubber stopper with the pipette, place it side down in the water in the plastic container, immediately place the end of the pipette into the mouth of the graduated cylinder and begin timing for one minute. You should notice bubbles coming out of the end of the pipette into the upside down graduated cylinder. STEP 7 – After one minute, remove the pipette from the graduated cylinder. How many milliliters of oxygen bubbled into the graduated cylinder? 6-3______Where did the oxygen come from? 6-4______What caused the hydrogen peroxide to breakdown? 6-5______STEP 8 – Take apart your equipment and rinse. STEP 9 – Next, repeat the experiment only use a chilled yeast solution with chilled hydrogen peroxide. How many milliliters of oxygen from the chilled yeast solution bubbled into the graduated cylinder? 6-6______Was this more or less than the warm yeast solution? 6-7______What effect do you think the colder temperature had on the catalase enzyme? 6-8______Proteins like catalase are affected by the conditions within their environment. Their shapes can be changed by acidity, temperature or other factors. This is known as the denaturing of the protein. What happens when a protein changes shape? 6-9______In this experiment, what denatured the catalase enzyme? 6-10______What affect on the amount of oxygen produced from enzyme catalysis do you think would have occurred by using more yeast solution and hydrogen peroxide? 6-11______What affect on the amount of oxygen produced from enzyme catalysis do you think would have occurred by adding an acid to the yeast solution and hydrogen peroxide? 6-12______Would change in temperature or pH denature catalysis? 6-13 ______

PreAP Lab DNA/RNA 1-10Robert Novak Page 7 4/3/2018 7 POST LAB – (REVIEW & APPLICATION) On a piece of notebook paper number and answer the following (you do not have to write the questions): R1. What makes up the “backbone” of DNA? R2. What is the most important part of a nucleotide and why? R3. Explain the DNA base pair rule. R4. Name two ways RNA differs from DNA R5. Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation in protein synthesis. R6. In the following DNA sequence, give its complementary bases pairing. A A T C G A T G G C T T R7. In the previous question, give the mRNA sequence that would form from it. R8. In the previous question, give the amino acid sequence that would form from it. R9. If a mRNA codon was UGC, what anticodon would be on tRNA? R10.What is the function of a start and stop codon. R11. Give an example of a Start codon. R12. Give an example of a Stop codon R13. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis? R14. With what kind of chemical bond are amino acids joined? R15. During protein synthesis, where in the cell does mRNA first form? R16. During protein synthesis, where is mRNA located in the cytoplasm? R17. Before protein synthesis, where is tRNA located R18. What is ADH and what is its function? R19. Shape is the most important quality of a protein. What gives any protein its correct shape? R20. What is a mutation? R21. How does a mutation affect protein? R22. Name at least two causes of mutations. R23. Name three types of mutations causing the malformation of proteins. R24. Name three reasons why you would have to extract DNA from a person. R25. What is the function of a micropipettor? R26. What is the purpose of a lysis solution? R27. What is the function of a centrifuge? R28. What is the function of restriction enzymes? R29. What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? R30. During gel electrophoresis, what is the purpose of the “comb”? R31. What is meant by the phrase “loading the DNA”? R32. What is meant by “running the gel”? R33. Why does DNA form bands at different places along the gel during electrophoresis? R34. How does electricity in the gel cause DNA to move? R35. What was the purpose of the “DNA size standard” sample? R36. In what “units” were the DNA pieces measured in to determine their length? R37. In this lab you were able to see DNA with the unaided eye. How is that possible since DNA is too small to seen? R38. Define epithelial tissue. R39. Nearly all cells in your body have DNA. Why did you obtain cells from the mouth? R40. High salt concentration has what effect on cells? R41 How does detergent solution affect cells? R42. During DNA extraction, what is the effect of alcohol? R43. Describe the BASIC shape of DNA. R44. Define the phrase “free radical” and give an example. R45. Define the term mutagenic. R46. As far as proteins are concerned and based on this lab, how are the cells of yeasts and humans the same? R47. Define enzyme. R48. Name two conditions that affect the rate at which catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide. R49. What is a decomposition reaction? R50. Give the equation for enzyme catalysis of hydrogen peroxide. R51. Briefly describe enzyme catalysis of hydrogen peroxide from its equation. R52. One catalase enzyme protein molecule would have at least how many amino acids? R53. What is meant when we say that the catalase enzyme protein was denatured?

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