COAS Biology 1 Teacher Resources Original Material Cambridge University Press 2008 2

15 Marking scheme: Activity

Marks for biological content

Introduction: general statement that human activity is causing a decrease in biodiversity; and an increase in extinctions; examples of human activities, such as:  pollution / example of pollution;  deforestation;  building of houses / roads / factories / other suitable example;  agriculture;  killing animals for food / fishing;  introduction of alien species; outline of threat from global warming; effect of global warming on invasion of new habitats by non-indigenous species. [max. 4]

Global actions: reference to International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources / IUCN; reference to Red List of threatened species; reference to Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species / CITES; prohibition of trade in most-endangered species; restrictions on trade in less-endangered species; reference to Earth Summit conference; agreement signed by world leaders (Convention on Biological Diversity); examples of conservation measures (other species are allowable as examples):  scimitar-horned oryx is an example of a species hunted to near extinction;  captive breeding programme introduced;  involving zoos throughout the world;  to increase genetic diversity, closely-related animals not bred together;  use of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) explained;  use of embryo transplants and surrogate mothers explained;  reserves set up;  difference between in situ and ex situ breeding programmes explained. [max. 4]

National actions: Earth Summit committed countries to develop national strategies to protect their biodiversity; example of a country’s action to protect a species, e.g. the African elephant:  banning shooting;  banning trade in ivory;  reference to assessment of effects of actions on other species, including humans;

COAS Biology 1 Teacher Resources Original material © Cambridge University Press 2008 1 15 Marking scheme: Activity explanation of role of seed banks:  example, e.g. Kew Gardens Millennium Seed Bank;  outline of aims of the seed bank;  outline of methods used to collect, store and propagate seeds. [max. 3]

Local actions: Earth Summit led UK to introduce local biodiversity action plans; protection to local areas, e.g. Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), National Nature Reserves; explanation of environmental impact assessments; site surveyed for effects of development on local species; measures taken to minimise damage to species / habitats; example, e.g. making ponds / moving populations; role of zoos / other institutions in public education. [max. 3]

Reasons for maintaining biological diversity explained: ethical reasons; aesthetic reasons; new medicines from rainforest species; use of new species for agriculture / introduction of new genes; example of benefit, e.g. pest resistance. [max. 3] [max. 17 for overall content]

Marks for style

Legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar [1] Clear and well organised account, with paragraphs and an introduction and conclusion [1] Good use of specialised terms [1] Award last mark if four or more of the following specialised terms are used in the correct context: deforestation International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Earth Summit captive breeding programme in vitro fertilisation in situ ex situ Millennium Seed Bank biodiversity action plan Convention on Biological Diversity Site of Special Scientific Interest environmental impact assessments