I. from New France to British North America Text Pp. 58-73

I. From New France to British North America [text pp. 58-73] A. The 7 Years’ War 1. The Set-up a) Conflict Britain vs. France [text. pp. 61-62] . European struggles—both nations fought for supremacy in Europe [chart p. 61] . Fur Trade—both nations’ colonies fought for control of the North American fur trade and native alliances [Socials 9] b) Advantages . France—the fort system - Louisbourg: stone-built fort protected the Atlantic, but vulnerable to attack from ships or surrounding hills - Ohio Valley: fur rich territory protected by forts along the Ohio River, Mississippi River, and the Great Lakes - Québec, Montréal, & Trois-Rivières: fortified cities protecting the St. Lawrence River . Britain—strategic holdings - Hudson Bay [text p. 62]: exclusive ownership of trade posts in the North by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 - Halifax [text p. 66]: to counteract Fort Louisbourg  made of a town and 5 stockades defended by ships - Acadians expelled [Socials 9]: free land to those loyal to Britain c) Strategy [text p. 69] . France: - rely on the better system of forts to have more troops in Europe - use guerilla warfare in the woods to neutralize British numbers . Britain: send more troops to take out forts and strangle French supplies

2. The Climax of the Conflict [pp. 70-71] a) Fall of Fort Louisbourg—July 1758 . 200 British ships surround the fort . British troops land on the surrounding hills and attack with cannon . Louisbourg surrenders in 60 days. b) Capture of Ohio Valley—November 1758 [p. 70] . The fall of Louisbourg gave the British access to the St. Lawrence. . The British attacked Fort Frontenac from the north and Fort Duquesne from the south; both crucial forts were captured by November 1758. c) Battle of the Plains of Abraham/Fall of Québec—September 1759 [pp. 71-72] . Québec is the centre of New France. . British Gen. James Wolfe vs. French Gen. Marquis Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. . Wolfe bombards Québec for 3 months. . Wolfe then lands upstream on the Plains of Abraham. . Montcalm had 3 options [p. 72], and decided to attack Wolfe on the open plain. . In the end, the British won and took control of Québec; both commanders died of their wounds. . Gov. Gen. Pierre de Vaudreuil surrenders Montréal in September 1760.

Assignment 1. Whose overall strategy was better in the North American struggle? Explain your answer. 2. List Montcalm’s 3 options in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Which would you have chosen? Explain your answer.