INT256 - Tree Pests and Diseasehealth Management Plans for a Tree Species Population

INT256 - Tree Pests and Disease: Health Management Plans page 1

INT256 - Tree Pests and Disease

Health Management Plans for a Tree Species Population .I Studying stress agents. .A Abiotic or environmental. .B Microorganisms. .1 Fungi. .2 Bacteria. .3 Phytoplasmas. .4 Viruses. .C Plants. .1 Parasitic plants. .2 Competing plants. .D Animals. .1 Nematodes. .2 Insects. .3 Other herbivores. .II Managing Disease Complexes. .A Consider forest management objectives: .1 Products:

Silviculture.

.B Tree species adaptations. .C Information on Disease Complexes (Disease triangle, disease development). INT256 - Tree Pests and Disease: Health Management Plans page 2

.D Health Management Plan. Integrated approach for managing the tree species in order to minimize the damage/disease caused by pests (stresses). .1 Control Strategies. )a What can increase tree resistance to predisposing factors and inciting stresses? ()i Increase vigor (use conditions to which tree is adapted). ()ii Improve genetic ability to resist. ()iii Protect. )b What else can decrease negative influence of predisposing factors and inciting stresses? ()i Decrease amount of stress agent. ()ii Decrease ability of biotic stress agents to survive and reproduce. ()iii Need landscape approach. .2 Preemptive measures

.3 Monitor and survey. INT256 - Tree Pests and Disease: Health Management Plans page 3

.4 Reactive measures (silvicultural, biological, breeding, legal, chemical, mech., none) .5 Feasibility of option(s): )a Economic: Cost vs. value. )b Ecological: Influence on other species in forest. )c Political: Laws and regulations.

.III Template for Learning a Disease Complex. .A Indicates main aspects that should be understood for each tree species population. .B Use with all types of diseases and pests. INT 256 - Tree Pests and Disease Outline for Health Management Plan: Use the following outline as a guide for developing Health Management Plans for a tree species.. .IV Consider forest management objectives .A Products: Fiber, wildlife, rec, preserve; .B Silviculture: nat. regen. or planting.. .V Tree species adaptations. .VI Disease Complex Information: (complete for each complex) .A Components .1 What is Diseased in Trees, Plants: )a Susceptible species: )b Symptom(s) and diseased function(s): ()i Tissue functions initially affected: ()ii Potential impact on whole tree functioning: ()iii Potential impact on forest. )c Alternate hosts if needed: .2 Primary stress(es) [pathogen(s)]: )a Abiotic factor(s) &/or Latin name(s): )b Signs: .3 Environment: Where complex is found. .B Development: .1 Predisposing factors: )a Degree of tree adaptations to stress and environment. ()i Is disease part of adaptation/evolution: - Natural Selection ()ii If not adapted ()a Exotic pest/ extreme stress event ()b Outside natural range ()c Disturbance change ()iii Tree Age: How tree age affects resistance to primary stress(es). Health Management Plan: Tree Populations page 5

)b Degree of stress ()i If biotic - Key parts of life cycle. ()ii If abiotic - degree and timing of stress. ()iii Mechanism for disrupting function .2 Inciting factors: Factors directly initiating disease. .3 Contributing factors: Factors detrimentally affecting the tree only after it has become diseased. .C Control options: (Silvicultural, biological, breeding, legal, chemical, mech., none) .1 Preemptive: )a What can increase tree resistance: )b What else can decrease stress(es) (pathogen(s)): .2 Reactive: )a What can increase tree resistance: )b What else can decrease stress(es) (pathogen(s)): .3 Feasibility of option(s): )a Economic: cost vs. value. )b Ecological: Influence on other species in forest. )c Political: Laws and regulations. .VII Health Management Plan for Tree Species. Integrated approach for managing the tree species in order to minimize the damage/disease caused by both pests (stresses). .A Preemptive measures. .B Monitor and Survey: .C Reactive measures. .D Feasibility Health Management Plan: Tree Populations page 6

INT256 - Tree Pests and Disease - Spring 2007

Tentative Species List for Health Management Plans .IX Pacific oaks

.I Eastern white pine. .A Sudden oak death .A White pine weevil. .X Eastern hemlock .B White pine blister rust. .A Hemlock woolly adelgid .C White pine decline. .B Drought .II American beech. .XI White ash .A Beech bark disease. .A Ash yellows .III American chestnut. .B Emerald ash borer .A Chestnut blight. .IV American elm. .A Dutch elm disease. .B Elm phloem necrosis. .V White oak. .A Gypsy moth. .B Armillaria root disease. .VI Red spruce - Balsam fir (natural, inland stands). .A Spruce budworm. .B Stem and root decay. .C Bark beetles. .D Balsam woolly adelgid .VII Loblolly pine. .A Southern pine beetle. .B Fusiform rust. .VIII Douglas fir .A Dwarf mistletoe .B Phellinus root disease