Use of English (1)

1 USE OF ENGLISH (1) FINISH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT MEANS EXACTLY THE SAME AS THE SENTENCE PRINTED BEFORE IT

1. He stole some money and was arrested for it. 22. She thought I was someone else.She mistook...... He was ...... 23. When did he come here to live? 2. ‘Will the weather get any better?’ he said to himself How long ...... He ...... 24. You really should sell that old bicycle of yours. 3. She’s too weak after her illness to go back to work. It’s about time ...... She’s not ...... 25. The people who committed this crime must be punished. 4. Someone must repaint the house for us soon. We must ...... We ...... 26. She didn’t listen carefully enough, so she made certain elementary mistakes. 5. We shall have to postpone the party now. If ...... The party ...... 27. ‘Will you be coming to the party?’ she asked us. 6. I missed my train because the taxi broke down on the way to the station. She wanted ...... If ...... 28. I once went to Paris: I remember it very well. 7. ‘I’m terribly sorry I wasn’t at the airport to meet you,’ Anna told James. I remember ...... Anna ...... 29. I’ve never met a more irresponsible person than James. 8. Why don’t we all meet outside the restaurant? James is ...... I suggest ...... 30. Please don’t tell anyone about it yet. 9. Why doesn’t she just listen for once?! I’d rather ...... I wish...... 31. She likes watching TV, but she’d rather read a good book. 10. There’s no point in asking him because he doesn’t know. She prefers...... It’s ...... 32. You have to be very careful doing this, otherwise you’ll cut yourself. 11. The last time we saw each other was the day we left school. Unless...... We have ...... 33. They’re cleaning the old church at last. 12. Would you like to go to the cinema? The old church ...... Do you fancy ...... 34. The authorities must do something about this terrible situation. 13. They’ve just discovered the stolen money in an old warehouse. Something ...... The stolen money...... 35. You’d better hurry, or you’ll miss your bus. 14. I just can’t remember people’s telephone numbers. If ...... I’m useless...... 36. I’ve never visited a more beautiful house. 15 She regrets not having taken swimming lessons at school. It’s ...... She wishes...... 37. ‘How much do you know about the firm?’ the manager asked me. 16. You’re not obliged to say anything if you don’t want to. The manager wanted ...... You don’t ...... 38. People know he’s been in trouble with the police in the past. 17. You look as if you’ve been working pretty fast! He’s known...... You must ...... 39. I was on the point of leaving the house when I suddenly remembered my passport. 18. She said to John: ‘I’ve been looking for you everywhere.’ I was just about ...... She told...... 40. No one’s sent me an invitation! 19. They were talking about that man in the office today. I ...... That’s ...... 41. She seems to be having a good time. 20. We need to check all the accounts very carefully. She looks ...... All the accounts...... 42. When we saw what the children were wearing, we had to laugh. 21. It’s ages since we last went to the cinema. We couldn’t help ...... We ...... 43. They sold all the best stuff before I got there. 2 By the time ...... Mary’s ...... 44. She met John when she went to Spain for her holiday last year. She 66. Although it was cold, I went out for a walk. I ...... wouldn’t ...... 67. I borrowed $15 from Mary yesterday. 45. Someone should do the job tomorrow. Mary ...... The job ...... 68. Mondays and Wednesdays are the only days he’s free at school. 46. I’ve never met a more dependable person than Roger. He (not) ...... Roger is ...... 69. It is warmer today than it was yesterday. 47. I have to write letters, but I hate it. Yesterday ...... Although...... 70. The sunset was so beautiful that we photographed it. 48. Someone opened the door just after she rang the bell. It was ...... She had hardly ...... 71. He didn’t take his umbrella in spite of the rain. 49. People say that he has been all over the world. Although...... He is ...... 72. The gallery was almost empty. 50. Please don’t make so much noise. There (not) ...... I’d rather ...... 73. This handbag isn’t as expensive as yours. 51. ‘I shall be staying with friends,’ he said. Your handbag ...... He told ...... 74. Melissa hasn’t been in Paris since 1984. 52. The last time I saw James was a very long time ago. The last time ...... I ...... 75. Peter lent me his book of English two days ago. It’s ...... I ...... 53. His teachers have warned him about his bad behaviour. 76. His car wasn’t as big as Robert’s. He ...... Robert’s ...... 54. How high is that mountain? 77. The last time I bought a record was in May. What ...... I ...... 55. The last time I went back to my old school was ten years ago. 78. I don’t play tennis as well as my brother does. I have ...... My brother ...... 56. I don’t get up as early as she does. 79. I won’t take an umbrella unless it rains. She ...... I ...... 57. Will they allow me to leave my suitcase here? 80. It was such a difficult test that we couldn’t do it. Will they let ...... The test ...... 58. She’s been working here for ten days, and next Saturday will make it a fortnight. 81. It has been ages since he last played football. By next Saturday...... He ...... 59. I caught the early bus because I didn’t want to have to rush. 82. We have always had pets in our house. So as ...... We are used...... 60. Someone has already sent out all the invitations. 83. ‘Is he aware of the dangers of alcohol?’ she said to me. All ...... She ...... 61. She works extremely efficiently. 84. No one plays the piano as well as he does. She’s ...... He ...... 62. I regret buying that cheap radio. 85. The children have cleared up the mess. I wish ...... The mess...... 63. We’ll get over the problem easily if nothing else goes wrong. 86. It was a mistake to drink so much at the party last night. Unless ...... You shouldn’t...... 64. The robber made the bank manager give him the money. 87. Are you interested in computer art? The bank manager ...... Does ...... 65. My house is further from the cinema than Mary’s. 88. I didn’t understand the joke, so I didn’t laugh. 3 If ...... 111.I was sitting on my bed reading. Meanwhile, my friends were 89. I don’t know much about advertising. dancing.While ...... Hardly ...... 112.The book is over 500 pages long. Nevertheless, I’m going to try to read it before next 90. How long have you been on a diet? When ...... week. Although...... 91. Do you want to go to a fast-food restaurant? 113.I’m going to read the book first. Then I’ll go and see the film. Would ...... Before...... 92. You must plan a long trip carefully. 114.The heroine escaped from the villain. Then she rescued the hero. A long trip ...... After...... 93. I once took holidays abroad but not any more. 115.I read a lot of books while I was on holiday in the summer. I used ...... During...... 94. Booking your hotel in advance is advisable. 116.She wrote me a letter to tell me she never wanted to see me again. I advise ...... The letter...... 95. They ask you to cover you head before entering holy places. 117.He’s so dull that people fall asleep while he is talking. They make ...... He’s such...... 96. Immigration won’t allow you to enter the country without a visa. 118.Although she’s the daughter of a rich man, he doesn’t want to marry her. Immigration won’t let ...... Despite...... 97. If you want my advice, don’t carry too much cash around! 119.You’ll lose touch with him unless you write to him. If I...... IF ...... 98. It’s a good idea to get a map at the tourist board. 120.During her husband’s absence she was very lonely. I suggest ...... While ...... 99. When you go through customs, the customs officer will check your bags. 121.He’s a liar and a cheat but everyone still seems to like him. When you go through customs, you’ll have ...... by Everyone ...... the customs officer. 122.Unfortunately, no one survived the air disaster. 100.The news of the earthquake was very disturbing. There were...... I was ...... 123.Rewriting sentences isn’t as easy as it looks. 101.A local architect has designed the museum. It isn’t ...... The museum...... 124.The election was won by the right-wing party. 102.He asked me whether I thought Sally deserved a prize. It was ...... ‘ ...... ’ He asked me. 125.Thank you for helping me. It was kind ...... 103.What a pity I never learned to use a computer. 126.You needn’t read the paper unless you want to. I should ...... There is no ...... 104.Please teach me how to play this game. 127.The policies of the two parties are very similar. I want ...... There isn’t ...... 105.We don’t want to go to the exhibition. 128.The weather is probably not going to change. We don’t feel ...... There will ...... 106.In my opinion, you should join the army. 129.Why haven’t you done the work yet? It’s time ...... If I ...... 130.Please don’t interrupt me when I’m speaking.I’d rather...... 107.We expect to see you next Sunday for lunch. We look forward...... 131.They should book early if they want tickets ofr the concert. 108.The difficulties were enormous but she managed to escape. They had better...... In spite of ...... 132.I’ve got so much to do today.I wish...... 109.It is a wonderful story and I’d recommend it to anyone. 133.What a shame you didn’t tell me earlier! It is such...... If only...... 110.I phoned my friends. I wanted them to know when I’d be arriving. 134.Someone is preparing a meal for us now. As ...... A meal ...... We …………………………………….. 4 135.I’ve laid the table, so you can sit down now.As the table...... TENSES. Put the verb in brackets in the right tense 1.I ...... (not/ see) my sister for the last four years. She ...... (work) abroad as a translator. I ...... (expect) she ...... (be) back in the country before the end of the year. 2.While the building company ...... (pull) down the old houses, many local residents ...... (demonstrate) outside the town hall in protest. They ...... (claim) that these houses ...... (be) historical monuments. 3.Susannah ...... (not able) to play in the concert yesterday because she ...... (break) her wrist playing volleyball in the school gym. Her doctor ...... (tell) her to rest her arm for at least six weeks, so she ...... (not/play) at the graduation ceremony next month either. 4.Recently, scientists ...... (try) to help sea turtles in Florida that ...... (suffer) from a disease that causes the growth of tumours on the body. 5.Roy Chap Andrews ...... (be) an American archaeologist who ...... (organise) five expeditions to Central Asia to search for ancient remains. 6.Sea- kayaking ...... (become) quite popular in the USA. Over 100,000 Americans ...... (enjoy) sea- kayaking on America’s coasts. It...... (be) only in the last 15 years that this dangerous new sport ...... (develop). 7.In 1926, the American government ...... (start) a campaign to kill grey wolves in the area of Yellowstone National Park. No one ...... (see) a wolf again since the campaign until fairly recently, when a film crew ...... (photograph) one in the park. 8.The first time I ...... (meet) the woman who ...... (become) my wife ...... (be) at a friend’s party. I ...... (talk) to someone when I ...... (see) her on the other side of the room. I ...... (stop) talking and ...... (go) across the room, but before I ...... (have) a chance to speak to her, she ...... (begin) talking to someone else. Later, after I ...... (introduce) myself to her, I ...... (arrange) to meet her the following day. We ...... (be) together ever since. 9.Last night, we ...... (go) to a concert. Unfortunately, by the time we ...... (arrive), the concert ...... (already/begin), so we ...... (have) to wait until the orchestra...... (finish) playing the first piece before we ...... (take) our seats. 10. What a boring life! This time next week, I ...... (do) exactly what I ...... (do). 11. By the time I am 25, I ...... (take) my degree and I ...... (move) out of my parent’s.

TENSES. ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE?? a) Santorini is a Greek island in a group which ...... (know) as the Cyclades Islands. Out of a total of 56 islands, only 24 of them ...... (inhabit). On Milos, one of these islands, the famous sculpture, ‘Venus de Milo’ ...... (discover). Santorini is very popular with tourists. It ...... (form) from a volcano and petrified lava. In Fira, the main tourist centre, many shops ...... (open) where local jewellery, pottery and leather goods ...... (sell). Travelling north to the little town of Oia, the reds and purples of the volcanic lava ...... (can/see). The ancient city of Thira ...... (locate) in the southeast of the island. It ...... (found) by the Dorians in the ninth century BCE. The city is in ruins because of a volcanic eruption. Bus tours ...... (organise) by local companies to all these sites. b) The art of the world is in danger. Many great works of art ...... (steal) from galleries, museums and archaeological sites all over the world. In 1990, 200 million dollars’ worth of rare paintings ...... (remove) from a Boston museum. These paintings simply ...... (vanish) and ...... (not/see) since. In Italy, for example, art treasures such as icons and tapestries...... (take) by people who visit churches looking for items that ...... (steal) easily because there are no security guards. A collection of German gold and silver religious objects ...... (find) in Texas recently. An American GI ...... (loot) them during WWII. Museums and dealers ...... (accuse) by the police of helping thieves because they ...... (continue) to buy statures and paintings without documents to show where they came from.A magazine called Trace ...... (establish) four years ago to track down missing art treasures. Experts ...... (estimate) that the theft of art treasures stands at six million dollars a year. It’s big business!

c) Spices and herbs are the parts of plants we use in cooking to add flavour, aroma or colour to our food. In the ancient world, men ...... (travel) to Asia to bring spices to markets of Europe. In fact, the spice trade ...... (be) one of the oldest known to man and it ...... (influence) the course of history. Men like Magellan ...... (set off) on voyages of discovery in order to reach the spice lands. Important cities like Venice and Rome traded in spices, but by the 20th century, London ...... (become) the centre of the spice trade. Herbs and spices have a wide variety of uses. Today almost every recipe ...... (include) some kind of herb or spice to flavour our food. Herbs and spices ...... (become) an important part of our diet. Nowadays, doctors ...... (examine) the uses of herbs and spices in the treatment of disease. Cosmetics companies ...... (advertise) the herbs in their creams and shampoos for years –the idea is that the addition of herbs ...... (make) us look better that ever before. Herbs and Spices ...... (always/be) a part of our lives and ...... (continue) to be so in the future. TENSES. ACTIVE OR PASSIVE?? a) One afternoon, while I …………………………. (walk) in town. I ...... (see) a poster for a liquor promotion at a club I used to go to. They ...... (advertise) a ‘vodka disco’. Later that week, my friend and I ...... (decide) to go to this club to find out what ...... (go on). It was a ‘drink-as-much-vodka-as-you-can’ evening, with music and prizes for the best dancers. After we ...... (enter) the club, a man ...... (give) each of us a T-shirt and a badge in the shape of a vodka bottle. To my surprise, all the drinks ...... (be) free. We ...... (not drink) very much at all – one vodka each- but other young people ...... (drink) heavily all evening. Some of the dancers ...... (look) quite drunk. We all know that companies ...... (try) to sell us their products and they ...... (use) almost any means possible to encourage us to spend our money...... (this/mean) they can convince us to buy anything? Even things that are bad for us? Think about it!! The last time you ...... (buy) an alcoholic drink...... (it/be) because you really wanted it, or because an ad persuaded you to do so? b) Ask a person to name any famous 20th-century artist and he ...... (probably/say) Picasso. Pablo Picasso...... (think) to be one of Spain’s most brilliant artists. He ...... (bear) in Malaga in 1881 and even as a child he ...... (show) great talent in his drawings. Picasso studied in leading art schools in Barcelona and Madrid and finally decided to settle in Paris in 1904, though he ...... (visit) the city only three times before then. The following years –up to 1925- ...... (be) very creative for Picasso. During this time, while he ...... (work) with his friend Georges Braque, he developed a new style of art called Cubism, which ...... (have) a major influence on 20th-century abstract art. Today, examples of Picasso’s work ...... (find) in many of the world’s great museums of art. One such painting is Guernica, which ...... (paint) after the Germans bombed the Basque town in 1937. Because he was in trouble with the Nationalists, Picasso ...... (give) the painting to the Americans. It ...... (use) to hang in the New York Museum of Modern Art, but ...... (return) to Madrid five years after Franco’s death when democracy ...... (restore), just as Picasso ...... (wish). Pablo Picasso...... (die) in 1973. Today he ...... (consider) by critics to be the greatest and most influential artist of the 20th century. c) Almost everywhere you ...... (look), the faces of the world’s supermodels stare back at yu. Many of them ...... (become) more glamorous than film stars, and today they ...... (sell) clothes, cosmetics and perfume all over the world. Modelling today is all about money. Supermodels ...... (pay) millions of dollars to smile for the camera and sell these products. In the 1960s and 1970s, models ...... (choose) because they represented a particular stereotype –the all-American girl of the 1970s was Cheryl Tiegs. Nowadays, models should have interesting faces –blond hair and a suntan ...... (help) a girl become a supermodel. There are few supermodels over the age of 28. Some supermodels ...... (work) for three or four years now, and they know that soon a younger, fresher face ...... (replace) them. As one retired top model put it, ‘While I ...... (work) as a top model, new faces ...... (appear) all the time. It’s very competitive. I could have worked for one more year perhaps, but I ...... (decide) that the time was right to leave. Sometimes the public ...... (get) tired of you. You have to know when to get out.’

RELATIVE CLAUSES: DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING 1.Write the suitable relative pronoun or adverb in each blank. Add commas where necessary. Charlie Chaplin …………. full name was Charles Spencer Chaplin was one of the most talented comedians of all time. The little man …………….. made thousands of people laugh was born in London on April 16th 1889. Chaplin ………….parents were music hall entertainers started his career very early in life. He made his first stage appearance in 1894 …………… he was only five years old. In 1910 he left England and moved to the USA …………….he made most of his films. His first film ………….. was called ‘Making a Living’ was made in 1914. Chaplin ……………… was also a very talented director and composer appeared in more than 80 films, In 1952 he moved to Switzerland …………… he spent the rest of his life with his wife Oona O’Neil and their children. Chaplin’s last film ………….. was called ‘A Countess from Hong Kong’ was made in 1967. The king of silent comedy died in December 25th 1977.

2. Join the following sentences by means of a relative pronoun or adverb 1. In the 1930s Alfred Hitchcock became very famous in Britain. His most successful films were The Thirty-Nine Steps and The Lady Vanishes. These were both based on novels.

2. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get it.

3. Mr. Edwards has gone into hospital for some tests. His health hasn’t been good recently.

4. They sent us a lot of information. Most of it was useless. This was frustrating for us.

5. Yesterday we visited the City Museum. I’d never been to it before. (2 different clauses)

6. She bought a dress. It didn’t fit her very well. (2 different clauses)

7. She is married to a man. He has been married before. (2 different clauses)

8. I haven’t got a passport. This means I can’t leave the country.

9. Norman won $20,000. He gave half of it to his parents. Both of them were unemployed.

10. Is there anybody? You are hiding from him.

11. 11th September 2001 was a sad day in our history. Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Centre then.

12. Have you met Jessica? We generally chat with her on Facebook.

RESULT CLAUSES

SO/SUCH …… (THAT): - The house is old. We won’t buy it. a) The house is so old that we won’t buy it. b) It is such an old house that we won’t buy it. The weather is lovely. We are going out for the day. a) The weather is so lovely that we are going out for the day. b) It is such lovely weather that we are going out for the day. Rewrite the following sentences by means of SO/SUCH 1. She worked hard. She made herself ill. 2. It was a beautiful day. We decided to go to the beach. 3. I was tired. I couldn’t keep my eyes open. 4. We had a good time on holiday. We didn’t want to come home. 5. She speaks English well. You would think it was her native language. 6. I’ve got a lot of things to do. I don’t know where to begin. 7. The music was loud. You could hear it from miles away. 8. I had a big breakfast. I didn’t eat anything else for the rest of the day. 9. It was horrible weather. We spent the whole day indoors. 10. The traffic was heavy. We were delayed for hours.

TOO / ENOUGH Write the OPPOSITE of the following adjectives Bad big dark difficult smooth Dirty dry fast high Hot new quiet rich near short shut thick Wrong heavy late long Old cheap safe soft Thin weak deep narrow Make one sentence from two. Write the new sentence using TOO or ENOUGH 1. We couldn’t eat the food. It was hot. 2. Nobody could move the piano. It was heavy. 3. I don’t wear this coat in winter. It isn’t warm. 4. I can’t explain the situation. It is complicated. 5. The table was heavy. I couldn’t lift it by myself.. 6. Three people can’t sit on this sofa. It isn’t wide. 7. The wall was high. We couldn’t climb over the wall. 8. You can’t see some things without a microscope. They are small. Some … 9. The river is deep. The mountaineers couldn’t cross it. 10. We can’t see anything. It is very dark. REASON CLAUSES Join the sentences by means of the linking word provided. 1. The traffic was heavy. The bus arrived late. (As) (because) (due to) 2. I couldn’t concentrate. There was noise next door. (Since) (because of) 3. Everything went wrong. A silly mistake was made. (due to) (As) 4. It was raining. We didn’t go out. (because of) (since) 5. Our plane was delayed. It was foggy. (as) (because) (due to) GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. How can I help my children ………………………. (not/worry) about their exams? 2. I don’t really fancy ...... (see) that film; I’d rather ...... (stay) at home. 3. The robbers were seen ...... (wait) near a bank. 4. If you keep ...... (play) the stereo so loudly, you’ll have the neighbours ...... (complain). 5. When I stepped out of the front door, I noticed her ...... (cross) the road. 6. I’m not sure where to turn. I’m not used to ...... (come) this way. 7. He made me ...... (clear) up the mess but then I was allowed ...... (go) out. 8. Look at those windows! They really need ...... (clean). 9. I must congratulate you on ...... (pass) all your subjects. 10. I clearly remember ...... (be) in Paris when I was very young. 11. If you want ...... (stop) ...... (cough), why don’t you try ...... (drink) some water? 12. Don’t forget ...... (find) out how many people are coming next Saturday. 13. She got a degree in Physics and then went on ...... (take) a course in Applied Maths. 14. We intended ...... (go) to the concert but we were both ill. 15. Our neighbours are very considerate. They try ...... (avoid) ...... (make) a lot of noise. 16. That T-shirt makes you look younger. You’d better ...... (buy) this and not the other one. 17. When I was walking the dog yesterday, I stopped ...... (watch) a pavement artist ...... (draw) a portrait in crayons. 18. Our front gate is falling to pieces. It really wants ...... (mend) 19. She got annoyed because her husband stopped ...... (look) in every shop-window. 20. I had just started ...... (eat) when the waiter took my plate away! 21. How could you sleep the whole night? Didn’t you hear a baby ...... (cry) for over an hour? 22. Her face was familiar to me but I couldn’t remember ...... (meet) her. 23. Everybody helped ...... (clean) after the party. 24. When he told me that everybody wanted ...... (come) to his party. I couldn’t help ...... (feel) a bit jealous. 25. ‘I can’t find anywhere ...... (live)’ ‘Why don’t you try ...... (put) an advertisement in the paper.’ 26. The teacher is so strict that nobody dares ...... (talk) during her lessons. 27. He pretended ...... (not/see) me as he passed me in the street. 28. I only said it because he made me ...... (do) it but I regretted ...... (say) it.

USE OF ENGLISH: ING- INFINITIVE 1. Driving is dangerous. It is ...... 2. She is too young to get married. She isn’t ...... 3. I am not in the habit of doing my hair. I am not ...... 4. It is a waste of time trying to make him understand your point. It isn’t ...... 5. It’s no use answering his e-mail. There’s ...... 6. Sarah prefers working from nine to five. (rather) ...... 7. Mum allows me to stay up on Saturdays. (LET) ...... 8. Our teacher wants us to do all our homework. (MAKE) ...... 9. You should leave early. (BETTER) ...... 10. I am very excited about going abroad. (FORWARD) ...... 11. Please make sure that I remember to phone Sally. (REMIND) ...... 12. I feel good when I spend time on my own. (ENJOY) ...... 13. I don’t want to do anything too energetic today. I don’t feel ......

TEXT 1 Read the text and the instructions to the questions very carefully. Answer all the questions in English. Shoppers are hypocritical about buying environmentally friendly goods, according to a report which has found consumers are more concerned about impressing the neighbours than saving the planet.While consumers are more likely to ‘go green’ on the high street where they can be seen making altruistic choices, the privacy of online shopping brings out an entirely different behaviour. When people are not being watched by their peers they are more willing to shun the ethical products in favour of comfort and convenience, the report says. The habit has been studied by Vladas Griskevicius, of the University of Minnesota, who found ecofriendly shopping decisions are not always motivated by a social concern. He discovered that people were more likely to buy energy efficient light bulbs from the shops, but tended to opt for the old- fashioned type online. The same trend was also found when people purchased white goods, electronics and even domestic cleaning products over the Internet. Mr Griskevicius picks out the Toyota Prius car as a prime example. Celebrities including Leonardo Di Caprio and Cameron Diaz have been photographed behind the wheel of a Prius, despite being well able to afford a more powerful and expensive car, sending the message that they are concerned for the environment. ‘When you publicly display your environmentally friendly nature, you send the signal that you care,’ said the report. The study also showed that people were often more willing to buy green products when they were the most expensive option, because it showed they could afford to be caring. The Daily Telegraph, March, 17, 2010, p. 13 QUESTIONS. Use your own words to answer. DO NOT COPY from the text. 1. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)? Give evidence from the text. Use your own words. a) People tend to buy more green products online. b) The car that most film stars own is a Toyota Prius. c) People don’t mind buying ‘green’ products when they are more expensive if other people notice what they are buying.

2. Find words or phrases in the text that correspond in meaning to the words and definitions given here a) two-faced b) equals c) bought d) affectionate 3. Answer the following questions using your own words but taking into account the information in the text a) What are the real reasons why consumers buy eco-friendly goods? b) Why do some film stars promote eco-friendly products? 4. Complete the second sentence of each pair so that it has the same meaning as the first one (2 points: 0.5 points each) a) It’s a pity my children are not eco-friendly. If only ...... b) I can’t stand him. He is very hypocritical. He is ...... As ...... c) My neighbour and I cannot afford to buy eco-friendly products. Neither...... d) We ordered her not to drop litter in the park. ‘...... 5. What is your opinion about eco-friendly products? Do you think they are an urgent need or just a passing fashion? (approximately 120 words) (3 points) TEXT 2 Read the text and the instructions to the questions very carefully. Answer all the questions in English. For some time, Johnny, a quiet 13-year-old, was a human toy for some of his classmates. He was constantly forced to give them his money, and beaten up in the toilets. When Johnny’s torturers were interrogated about the bullying, they said they abused him because “it was fun”. Unfortunately, bullying among schoolchildren is certainly an old phenomenon, and most adults have experienced some form of mild abuse in their schooldays; but this was not considered such a big problem, and therefore authorities did not think that measures had to be taken. It was only in the early 1970s that it began to be made the object of systematic research. A broad definition of bullying is when a student is repeatedly exposed to negative actions on the part of one or more other students. These negative actions can take the form of physical contact, verbal abuse, or making faces and rude gestures. Spreading rumours and excluding the victim from a group are also common forms. A recent survey shows that around 15% of pupils in primary and secondary schools are involved in bully/victim problems with some regularity, and there are indications that the level of bullying is rising every year. Several studies about the characteristics and family backgrounds of victims and bullies suggest that bullying has to be seen as a component of more generally antisocial behaviour; former school bullies are more likely than other pupils to engage in serious crime later in their lives. These studies have identified certain personality characteristics and typical reaction patterns, which usually vary according to the level of physical strength or weakness, especially in the case of boys. An aggressive social environment also influences the extent to which these problems will manifest themselves in schools. Governments and school authorities have an important role to play, and bully/victim problems have gradually been placed on formal school agendas in many countries. Can bullying be stopped? Bullying is a big problem in schools, but most studies suggest that, with a suitable intervention programme, it is possible to reduce it considerably; it is primarily a question of changing attitudes, knowledge, behaviour and habits in school life, rather than using disciplinary measures.

QUESTIONS. Use your own words to answer. DO NOT COPY from the text.

1. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)? Give evidence for your answer from the text. Use your own words. a) “Bullying started in 1970”. b) “School bullies can become criminals as adults”. 2. Find words or phrases in the text that correspond in meaning to the words and definitions given here a) correct or appropriate b) atmosphere c) moderate d) participate

3. Complete the second sentence of each pair so that it has the same meaning as the first one. a) John was beaten up by the same bully several times, so he left school. He would...... b) They have just told me the truth. I ...... c) I would prefer to report it to the police rather than run away forever. (rather) ...... d) Joe wishes he hadn’t made Jenny cry. Joe regrets......

4. Answer the following questions using your own words but taking into account the information in the text a) According to studies, what factors may contribute to the existence of bullying? b) Are disciplinary measures the most recommended way of dealing with bullies?

5. “School violence is a serious problem at schools”. Discuss. (approximately 120 words)

TEXT 3 Read the text and the instructions to the questions very carefully. Answer all the questions in English. One of the consequences of the terrible earthquake and tsunami in Japan on 11 March was, of course, a leak of radiation at the Fukushima nuclear power station on the country’s east coast. Soon afterwards, all the people living within twenty kilometres of the plant were told to leave because of the danger from the radiation. All around the world, everyone watching the Fukushima situation on TV can only hope it will not be as serious as the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in Ukraine in 1986, when tens of thousands of people had to leave their homes permanently, and estimates of the eventual number of deaths from radiation-related illnesses range from 4,000 to more than 100,000. The pros and cons of nuclear power always come up in debates about how the world should produce the energy it needs. Those who think the risks are too great can obviously use Chernobyl – and now Fukushima – in their argument, while also pointing out that nuclear waste stays radioactive for hundreds of years, and asking what might happen if terrorists ever chose to attack a nuclear power plant. Those who support nuclear power point out that a very small amount of nuclear fuel can create a huge amount of energy, and that unlike the burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas, nuclear power stations don’t contribute to global warming by pushing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Most of the world’s energy currently comes from fossil fuels, but this can’t go on forever. As well as the problem of global warming there is the simple fact that the Earth has a limited amount of these resources. They will eventually run out – although there is a lot of disagreement about when that might be. Apart from nuclear power, which currently provides less than 10% of the world’s energy, the other alternative is energy from renewable sources. These include hydropower, biofuels (made mostly from crops), wind power and solar power, and together they currently provide around 15% of the world’s energy. Some scientists think renewable energy is the great hope for the future – not only because it won’t run out but also because it is less risky than nuclear power and produces far fewer greenhouse gases than burning fossil fuels. Other scientists, however, believe we will never produce enough renewable energy to fill the gap when fossil fuels begin to run out. That is why, even while watching the very worrying events in Japan, they argue that nuclear power will always have to be part of the solution to the world’s energy problems.

QUESTIONS. Use your own words to answer. DO NOT COPY from the text.

1.Write a summary of the text in English, including the most important points, using your own words whenever possible. (maximum 50 words)

2.Find words or phrases in the text that correspond in meaning to the words and definitions given here. a) slow flow in or out through a small hole: b) Perils: c)Vary, extend: d) Assist: 3.Change the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one a)Jorge Lorenzo will not fly to Japan because he is afraid of radiation. Due to ...... b)Someone is going to build a new home for them. They ...... c)The temperature is rising gradually. The ...... d)Lots of visitors helped the victims during their stay in the country. While......

4. Answer the following questions using your own words but taking into account the information in the text a) According to the text, what are the pros and cons of nuclear power? b) Why do some scientists think we will still need nuclear power?

5. Are you for or against the use of nuclear power to produce energy? Give reasons for your answer. (approximately 120 words)