Chapter 16 Making Foreign and Defense Policy

PART I — GUIDEPOSTS

1. Introduction/Vital Interests in the Twenty-first Century a. How and why did 9/11 cause a "fundamental shift" in U.S. foreign/defense policy? b. What is the "Bush Doctrine"? What are its five priorities? c. What three basic decisions about foreign policy were made by the Framers? d. What is the primary goal of U.S. foreign policy? What are some of the new U.S. foreign policy challenges? What did Bush mean by the "axis of evil"? e. How did foreign policy goals change after 9/11/01? Who is Osama bin Laden? f. Why do experts believe that the war against terrorism will "be long and difficult"? g. How can weapons of mass destruction be controlled? h. What is PNTR status? How did it apply to China? i. What problems exist in the Middle East and Russia for the United States?

2. The Foreign and Defense Policy Bureaucracy a. What was the significance of the Bush administration split between the neoconservatives and realists? How did that split affect the handling of world problems, especially in Iraq? b. Why did the U.S. intervene in Afghanistan after 9/11? What is meant by "preemption"? c. What are the State Department's eight foreign policy priorities? d. What role is played by the National Security Advisor? e. What people compose the National Security Council? How much influence does it have? f. What methods does the Foreign Service use to implement foreign policy? g. What is the role of the CIA in United States foreign policy? Why is the CIA defined as a potent resource? Why did the CIA come under attack after 9/11? h. Who participates in making our defense policy? i. How is the defense bureaucracy subdivided? j. How has technology made the traditional role of the armed forces obsolete? k. What changes in defense leadership occurred as a result of the Reorganization Act of 1986? l. What are the two basic goals of the new Department of Homeland Security?

3. Making Foreign and Defense Policy a. How much influence does public opinion have on foreign policy? Why and when does it limit our actions? What did polls reveal about the public's attitudes about foreign policy after 9/11? b. What level of impact on foreign policy do the media, interest groups, ethnic organizations, and lobbyists for foreign nations and companies have? c. Why don't political parties play a major role in foreign policy? d. How has Congress tried to redefine its role in foreign policy? e. What is democratic foreign policy? Why is it tough to attain?

4. Foreign and Defense Policy Options/The United Nations/Foreign Aid/Sanctions a. What strategy does conventional diplomacy pursue? b. How does foreign aid fit into U.S. foreign policy? Economic sanctions? How does the U.S. compare to other nations in regard to foreign aid spending? c. How have we used political coercion? 157 d. How have we used covert action? e. When have we used military intervention? f. What relationship does the United States have with the United Nations? g. What role does the United Nations have as a peacekeeper?

5. Special Problems in Defense Policy/Politics of Defense Spending a. What is the Powell Doctrine? What is the background of Colin L. Powell? b. What are our national security objectives for the new century? c. Why is there debate over United States involvement abroad? d. How has the draft evolved in our history? What is the "don't ask, don't tell" policy? e. Why has the volunteer army become unrepresentative of the total population? f. Why has the role of women in the military increased? Should women be allowed into actual combat? What problems have affected women in the military? g. What presidential policy on homosexuality has been upheld by a federal court? h. How has public support for the defense budget varied in recent years? i. To what groups can defense contractors appeal for support? j. Where have cuts been made in the defense budget? What was the "Crusader" cannon? k. How much of the national budget is spent on defense? l. Why has Congress resisted base closures?

6. Prospects for the Future a. Why is the war against terrorism different from any other war the U.S. has fought? b. Why could the U.S. make a mistake if it focuses only on the war against terrorism?

PART II — PRETEST

1. State Department policy priorities include all but one of the following. a. promote protective tariffs b. protect American interests abroad c. promote peace and human rights d. collect and interpret intelligence

2. In all nations, foreign policy-making tends to be concentrated in a. public opinion. c. Congress. b. the courts. d. the executive branch.

3. The "Axis of Evil" refers to the nations of a. Iran. b. North Korea. c. Iraq. d. all of the above

4. A compromise modifying the ban on homosexuals in the military is described as a. pro choice. c. shoot straight. b. be seen, be quiet. d. don’t ask, don’t tell.

5. Which is true about economic sanctions? a. They are always effective. c. Their record is mixed. b. They never work. d. They affect only leaders. 158

6. The greatest checks on the president's foreign policy powers in recent years have come from a. the State Department. c. Congress. b. military advisers. d. the Foreign Policy Association.

7. In our all-volunteer forces there has been over-representation of a. women. c. minorities. b. middle classes. d. college graduates.

8. The decision maker of last resort in our military system is the a. field commander. c. president. b. chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. d. head of NATO.

9. The Reorganization Act of 1986 gave power to a. Congress. c. Chair of Joint Chiefs. b. Secretary of Defense. d. National Security Council.

10. The birthplace of Osama bin Laden was a. Saudi Arabia. b. Iraq. c. Libya. d. Afghanistan.

PART III — PROGRAMMED REVIEW

Knowledge Objective: To identify our vital interests; key points in the Introduction 1. Before 9/11, the nation of ______was an adversary; after 9/11, it became an ally. 2. The Bush Doctrine divided the world into nations that supported or did not support ______. 3. The framers gave the ______the power to declare war. 4. Bin Laden's terrorist network, ______, means "the base" in Arabic. 5. NATO stands for the ______Organization.

Knowledge Objective: To review the foreign and defense policy bureaucracy 6. Most foreign intelligence information comes from _____ sources. 7. The most controversial U.S. intelligence-gathering agency of the past thirty years has been the _____. 8. The ______attempts to integrate military and economic foreign policy. 9. In terms of personnel, the State Department is relatively _____ (small, large). 10. The eyes and ears of the United States overseas is the American ______. 11. In the Bush administration, Cheney, Rumsfeld, and Rice were labeled ______. 12. The newest cabinet department, ______, has 22 agencies and a work force of 170,000 employees.

Knowledge Objective: To consider the politics of foreign policy-making. 13. Most Americans ______(do, do not) believe that the U.S. should be involved in all corners of the globe. 14. The impact of interest groups on foreign policy appears to be _____ (less, more) than on domestic policy. 15. According to Thomas Friedman, it was the ______corporation that reduced tensions 159 between India and Pakistan in 2002. 16. In recent years, Congress has become _____ (more assertive, less assertive) on foreign policy. 17. ______is an effort to remove foreign policy issues from partisan politics.

Knowledge Objective: To describe the strategies developed by the United States to meet foreign policy issues; To evaluate the role of the United Nations 18. In general practice, presidents request foreign aid and Congress (increases, decreases) _____ these requests. 19. Economic sanctions as used by the United States normally consist of restrictions on _____. 20. When the president uses secret CIA pressure to advance our foreign policy interests, the strategy is referred to as _____ action. 21. Military intervention as a strategy is most successful against _____ or ____-sized nations. 22. Currently, the United Nations has _____ nation members. 23. Critics question whether the UN should give an ____ vote to every member in the General Assembly. 24. The United Nations gained respect by its role in the _____ Gulf and extensive _____ missions in Cyprus and Lebanon. 25. The current secretary general of the United Natin is Kofi ______. 26. The United Nations is likely to play a _____ (greater, smaller) role in the post-Cold War world.

Knowledge Objective: To examine our defense objectives 27. The U.S. defense program is to provide for the _____ of our country and protect American interests. 28. The United States (seeks, rejects) _____ multilateral alliances to provide collective security in the world. 29. We (are, are not) _____ committed to defending our allies and friends from armed aggression.

Knowledge Objective: To review the organization and operation of the Department of Defense 30. The headquarters of the Department of Defense is the _____. 31. Many of the current rivalries among the joint chiefs of staff are over _____ issues, rather than traditional service rivalries. 32. General supervision of the various armed forces is under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of _____. 33. The 1986 reform has made the _____ of the Joint Chiefs the most powerful peace-time military officer in U.S. history. 34. ______-building is used by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to develop strategic defense policies.

Knowledge Objective: To explore problems related to the recruitment of military personnel 35. Since 1973 personnel for the armed forces of the United States has been provided by _____. 36. The draft was first begun in America during the ______War. 37. Women constitute _____ percent of total enlistment in the armed service. 38. All males, by law, must register for the draft at age ______.

Knowledge Objective: To explore the politics of defense spending 39. Defense spending during the 1990s (increased, declined) ______. 40. Cuts in defense spending are opposed by local _____ interests. 41. ______(dozens, a few) military bases have been closed since 1988. 42. More than half of all defense spending goes for ______. 43. The U.S. defense budget reached ______billion in 2003. 160 PART IV — POST-TEST

1. Women now make up _____ percent of the armed forces. a. fifty c. one b. thirty-seven d. fourteen

2. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld canceled the Crusader, a weapon designed for ____ use. a. Air Force c. Army b. Marines d. Navy

3. The 2003 defense expenditures reveal that the largest amount of the defense dollar goes for a. military construction. b. military personnel. 10 c. operations and maintenance. d. research.

4. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are composed of a. representatives of the four armed services. b. a joint United States Senate and House committee. c. quasi-military organizations. d. the president's special aides.

5. The U.S. spending on foreign aid in 2000 constituted what percentage of gross national income? a. 1.06 b. 0.34 c. 0.10 d. 0.80

6. In 1998, PNTR status was granted by Congress to which nation? a. Russia b. South Korea c. China d. Japan

7. Our basic goal in foreign policy has been a. the four freedoms. c. self-determination for all people. b. national self-interest. d. spheres of influence.

8. The Central Intelligence Agency has been criticized for which activity? a. the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990 b. Aldrich Ames' spying for the Soviets in the 1980s c. not preventing 9/11 d. all of the above

9. The coordination of foreign policy is assumed by the a. State Department. b. National Security Council. c. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. 161 d. Joint Chiefs of Staff.

10. Which of the following nations is not a permanent member of the UN Security Council? a. Germany c. France b. Great Britain d. Japan

PART V — TEST ANSWERS Pretest

1. a 6. c 2. d 7. c 3. d 8. d 4. d 9. c 5. c 10. a

Programmed Review

1. Pakistan 23. equal 2. terrorism 24. Persian, peacekeeping 3. Congress 25. Annan 4. al-Qaeda 26. greater 5. North Atlantic Treaty 27. protection 6. open 28. seeks 7. CIA 29. are 8. National Security Council 30. Pentagon 9. small 31. technology 10. Foreign Service 32. Defense 11. neoconservatives 33. Chair 12. Homeland Security 34. Consensus 13. do not 35. volunteers 14. less 36. Civil 15. General Electric 37. 14 16. more assertive 38. 18 17. Bipartisanship 39. declined 18. decreases 40. economic 19. trade 41. dozens 20. covert 42. people 21. small; medium 43. 365 22. 189

Post-test

1. d 6. c 2. c 7. b 3. c 8. c 4. a 9. b 5. c 10. d

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