M&F Chapter 4 Reading Test

Test v. 98-6123 M&F Chapter 4 Reading test

Name:______Date:______

Multiple Choice Directions: Circle the correct answer.

1 - Once children learn gender is permanent, they independently strive to fulfill their proper gender role is a _____ theory. REF: p. 115 A - montessori B - constructivist C - cognitive development D - behaviorist

2 - Which of the following statements about the media is true? REF: p. 120 A - The majority of characters on Sesame Street are female. B - More women appear on prime time television than do men. C - The overwhelming majority of women portrayed in advertisements in women's magazines are career women. D - Women on television are typically under age forty, well-groomed, and attractive.

3 - According to cognitive development theory, children behave in a manner consistent with their cultural expectations for their gender because _____. REF: p. 116 A - they are biologically programmed to engage in these behaviors B - on the basis of their observations of others, they expect that gender- consistent behavior will be reinforced C - of the social structures put in place to maintain male dominance and female subservience D - of an internal need for congruence between what they know and how they act

4 - Research on the effects of ethnicity and class on gender role socialization has found that _____. REF: p. 118 A - race and ethnicity really have very little impact on gender role socialization B - African-American families encourage less independence and self- sufficiency for their sons than do white families C - working-class families tend to differentiate more sharply between boys and girls in terms of appropriate behavior than do middle-class families D - white families tend to emphasize independence for their daughters to a greater extent than do African-American families 5 - Parents generally acknowledge that they treat sons & daughters _____. REF: p. 116 A - firmly B - fairly C - differently D - equally

6 - The traditional female gender role _____. REF: p. 131 A - facilitates self-confidence and mental health B - promotes the view that women are less competent than men C - no option is correct D - contributes to greater happiness among married women than unmarried women

7 - _____ is(are) learned at a very young age and is(are) perhaps the deepest concept we hold of ourselves. REF: p. 109 A - Gender identity B - Gender role C - Gender-role behavior D - Sexual script

8 - According to feminists, male dominance is the result of _____. REF: p. 113 A - physical strength and body build B - society, culture and religion C - millions of years of natural selection D - legal public policy

9 - Children are socialized in gender roles through all of the following processes except _____. REF: p. 117 A - activity exposure B - manipulation C - transcendence D - channeling

10 - _____ focuses on how different institutions bestow advantages on men. REF: p. 113 A - No options are correct B - Cognitive development theory C - Social learning theory D - Gender theory

11 - The decade during which the greatest changes in the gender roles of our culture occurred was the _____. REF: p. 124 A - 1970s B - 1960s C - 1950s D - 1980s

12 - All but which one of the following are true regarding men's family roles? REF: p. 129 A - Researchers have expressed concern about the impact of working fathers on the family. B - Men consider their family role to be much greater than family breadwinner. C - Many of those in the Men's Movement share the beliefs of feminism. D - Until recently, there has been little research into men's participation in family life.

13 - Which of the following is not a difficulty associated with studies of gender roles? REF: p. 109 A - White middle-class values may be projected onto other groups. B - Males and females are erroneously seen as polar opposites. C - Such studies have generally focused on minority status ethnic groups. D - Such studies have generally focused on minority status ethnic groups.

14 - Rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that all males and females, as a result of their gender, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits are known as _____. REF: p. 108Rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that all males and females, as a result of their gender, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits are known as _____. REF: p. 108Rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that all males and females, as a result of their gender, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits are known as _____. REF: p. 108 A - gender roles B - gender-role attitudes C - gender-role stereotypes D - gender-role behaviors

15 - Our culture has encouraged us to look for differences and to exaggerate their degree and significance but actually _____. REF: p. 109 A - men and women are not at all alike B - men and women are more alike than different C - men and women are more different than alike D - men and women are exactly the same in many ways

16 - In the famous "Baby X" experiments, _____. REF: p. 112 A - adults who were not informed about the sex of the baby felt extremely uncomfortable when interacting with it B - adults assumed that fussing behavior was anger rather than frustration if they believed the child was a female C - adults assumed that fussing behavior was frustration rather than anger if they believed the child was a male D - it was found that adults actually do not treat a baby any differently if they are told the baby is male than if they are told it is female

17 - When parents direct their children's attention to specific objects such as dolls for girls and trucks for boys they are engaging in _____. REF: p. 117 A - activity exposure B - verbal appellation C - channeling D - manipulation

18 - When children are born husbands and wives roles bend to become _____. REF: p. 116 A - equalitarian B - less traditional C - more traditional D - less defined

19 - Stressors associated with traditional men's roles include all of the following except _____. REF: p. 130 A - heart disease B - lower life expectancy C - lower self-esteem D - hypertension

20 - All of the following are true regarding immigrants' gender roles except _____. REF: p. 126-127 A - men experience greater adjustment stress than do women B - children may increase gender-role stress C - women's greatest stresses tend to be related to family roles D - men's greatest stresses tend to be related to work roles

21 - Contemporary gender roles _____. REF: p. 130 A - have facilitated more freedom for men regarding work B - have significantly changed stereotypes related to gender traits C - continue to limit our potential D - all options are correct

22 - Male - instrumental, woman - expressive. Polar opposites. REF: p. 110 A - Gender Identity B - Gender Role C - Bipolar Gender Role D - Gender Role Attitude

23 - Music videos, as well as television in general depict _____. REF: p. 123 A - all options are correct B - men and women as traditional couples C - women as sex objects D - men as male chauvinists

24 - All of the following are characteristics of the male gender role except _____. REF: p. 130 A - difficulties in expressing feelings B - unsatisfactory relationships with one's children C - poorer self-confidence and mental health D - difficulties in achieving intimacy with partners

25 - All of the following statements could apply to an androgynous person except he or she _____. REF: p. 132 A - has both expressive and instrumental traits B - is flexible in terms of gender roles C - is more likely to be African-American than white D - is likely to have greater difficulty sustaining intimate relationships than a nonandrogynous person

26 - Margaret Mead's studies of the Arapesh and the Mundugumor of New Guinea revealed that _____. REF: p. 110 A - all options are correct B - both men and women can be competitive, aggressive, and violent C - both men and women can be passive, cooperative, and nurturing D - culture creates masculinity and femininity

27 - Research by Gilligan found that the self-esteem of girls plummeted between the ages of _____. REF: p. 131 A - 16 to 22 B - 9 to 15 C - 7 to l0 D - 3 to 6

28 - Research on Latinos has shown that _____. REF: p. 127 A - Latino immigrants found the personal freedom offered by life in the U.S. to be very threatening B - Latinos who demand greater assistance from partners in childcare seldom encounter resistance from them C - first-generation Latinos are more reluctant to work outside the home than are second- and third- generation Latinos D - adolescent Latino immigrants reported wanting to marry and have children early

29 - Research on the impact of teachers on gender role socialization has shown that _____. REF: p. 118 A - girls are praised more for the appearance and neatness of their work than for its accuracy B - boys initially outperform girls in all elementary school subjects, but because their teachers expect them to be trouble-makers, they eventually conform to that role C - girls tend to get more attention in elementary school because the vast majority of teachers are women D - girls in all-girl schools do more poorly than girls in coed schools

30 - According to Kohlberg, very young children base their identification of their gender on _____. REF: p. 115 A - behavioral differences B - differences in genitals C - superficial features such as hair length or clothing D - differences in the way adults react to them

31 - Classroom observations find that _____. REF: p. 118-119 A - all options are correct B - intelligent girls are often devalued by boys C - teachers are more patient with boys during explanations D - teachers call on boys more often

32 - If a boy hears his brother being called a "sissy" because he likes to play with a doll, he is likely to expect that he too would be similarly taunted if he played with a doll. This is an application of _____ theory. REF: p. 114 A - transcendence B - cognitive development C - social learning D - gender

33 - Employment is an integral, normative, and traditional component of being a wife and mother for _____ women. REF: p. 126 A - Chinese B - African-American C - Latino D - white

34 - Learning through imitation is known as _____. REF: p. 114 A - channeling B - modeling C - transcending D - manipulation

35 - Males from which of the following groups were found in a recent study by Leon (1993) to be the most supportive of egalitarian gender roles? REF: p. 127 A - Latino B - White C - Chinese D - African-American

36 - Within marriages and families, which area experienced the least gender inequality_____. REF: p. 136 A - child care B - sex C - housework

37 - As socializing agents, children's peers do all of the following except _____. REF: p. 119 A - influence their friends through approval or disapproval B - provide intimate relationships C - influence their friends through modeling D - provide a stronger influence than parents during adolescence

38 - Adults who have a strong gender schema tend to _____. REF: p. 112 A - label other’s behavior as masculine or feminine B - avoid labeling other's behavior as masculine or feminine C - no options are correct D - label according to personal beliefs

39 - Hormonally, _____ produce estrogens; _____ produce androgens. REF: p. 111 A - children; adults B - males and females; males and females C - males; females D - females; males

40 - Cognitive development theory _____. REF: p. 115 A - stresses the importance of external motivation B - stresses the importance of age in learning C - stresses the importance of reinforcement in learning D - assumes that adults and children learn in basically the same way

41 - According to the text, an adolescent listens to about _____ hours of music between seventh and twelfth grades. REF: p. 123 A - 10,500 B - 8,000 C - 6,500 D - 15,000

42 - With regard to androgyny, _____. REF: p. 133-134 A - androgynous individuals may feel a great deal of pressure to be both masculine and feminine and, as a result, have two potential sources of feelings of inadequacy B - androgynous couples have less satisfaction in their relationships than do gender-typed couples C - androgynous individuals have less ability to form and sustain intimate relationships D - androgynous individuals report having more difficulty talking with their parents than do masculine or feminine individuals

43 - The traditional male gender role includes _____. REF: p. 124 A - work, dominance, and family B - communication and understanding C - aggression and intimacy D - work and cooperation

44 - At what age do most children become convinced that gender is permanent? REF: p. 115 A - 6-7 B - 4-5 C - 2-3 D - 8-9

45 - Traditional men _____. REF: p. 124-125 A - are basically the same regardless of ethnicity B - often feel they need advice about how to act out their male roles C - see their primary family function as provider D - all options are correct Test v. 98-6123 M&F Chapter 4 Reading test Answer Key Multiple Choice

1 - Once children learn gender is permanent, they independently strive to fulfill their proper gender role is a _____ theory. REF: p. 115 C - cognitive development 2 - Which of the following statements about the media is true? REF: p. 120 D - Women on television are typically under age forty, well-groomed, and attractive. 3 - According to cognitive development theory, children behave in a manner consistent with their cultural expectations for their gender because _____. REF: p. 116 D - of an internal need for congruence between what they know and how they act 4 - Research on the effects of ethnicity and class on gender role socialization has found that _____. REF: p. 118 C - working-class families tend to differentiate more sharply between boys and girls in terms of appropriate behavior than do middle- class families 5 - Parents generally acknowledge that they treat sons & daughters _____. REF: p. 116 D - equally 6 - The traditional female gender role _____. REF: p. 131 B - promotes the view that women are less competent than men 7 - _____ is(are) learned at a very young age and is(are) perhaps the deepest concept we hold of ourselves. REF: p. 109 A - Gender identity 8 - According to feminists, male dominance is the result of _____. REF: p. 113 B - society, culture and religion 9 - Children are socialized in gender roles through all of the following processes except _____. REF: p. 117 C - transcendence 10 - _____ focuses on how different institutions bestow advantages on men. REF: p. 113 D - Gender theory 11 - The decade during which the greatest changes in the gender roles of our culture occurred was the _____. REF: p. 124 A - 1970s 12 - All but which one of the following are true regarding men's family roles? REF: p. 129 A - Researchers have expressed concern about the impact of working fathers on the family. 13 - Which of the following is not a difficulty associated with studies of gender roles? REF: p. 109 D - Such studies have generally focused on minority status ethnic groups. 14 - Rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that all males and females, as a result of their gender, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits are known as _____. REF: p. C - gender-role stereotypes 15 - Our culture has encouraged us to look for differences and to exaggerate their degree and significance but actually _____. REF: p. 109 B - men and women are more alike than different 16 - In the famous "Baby X" experiments, _____. REF: p. 112 A - adults who were not informed about the sex of the baby felt extremely uncomfortable when interacting with it 17 - When parents direct their children's attention to specific objects such as dolls for girls and trucks for boys they are engaging in _____. REF: p. 117 C - channeling 18 - When children are born husbands and wives roles bend to become _____. REF: p. 116 C - more traditional 19 - Stressors associated with traditional men's roles include all of the following except _____. REF: p. 130 C - lower self-esteem 20 - All of the following are true regarding immigrants' gender roles except _____. REF: p. 126-127 A - men experience greater adjustment stress than do women 21 - Contemporary gender roles _____. REF: p. 130 C - continue to limit our potential 22 - Male - instrumental, woman - expressive. Polar opposites. REF: p. 110 C - Bipolar Gender Role 23 - Music videos, as well as television in general depict _____. REF: p. 123 C - women as sex objects 24 - All of the following are characteristics of the male gender role except _____. REF: p. 130 C - poorer self-confidence and mental health 25 - All of the following statements could apply to an androgynous person except he or she _____. REF: p. 132 D - is likely to have greater difficulty sustaining intimate relationships than a nonandrogynous person 26 - Margaret Mead's studies of the Arapesh and the Mundugumor of New Guinea revealed that _____. REF: p. 110 A - all options are correct 27 - Research by Gilligan found that the self-esteem of girls plummeted between the ages of _____. REF: p. 131 B - 9 to 15 28 - Research on Latinos has shown that _____. REF: p. 127 C - first-generation Latinos are more reluctant to work outside the home than are second- and third- generation Latinos 29 - Research on the impact of teachers on gender role socialization has shown that _____. REF: p. 118 A - girls are praised more for the appearance and neatness of their work than for its accuracy 30 - According to Kohlberg, very young children base their identification of their gender on _____. REF: p. 115 C - superficial features such as hair length or clothing 31 - Classroom observations find that _____. REF: p. 118-119 A - all options are correct 32 - If a boy hears his brother being called a "sissy" because he likes to play with a doll, he is likely to expect that he too would be similarly taunted if he played with a doll. This is an application of _____ theory. REF: p. 114 C - social learning 33 - Employment is an integral, normative, and traditional component of being a wife and mother for _____ women. REF: p. 126 B - African-American 34 - Learning through imitation is known as _____. REF: p. 114 B - modeling 35 - Males from which of the following groups were found in a recent study by Leon (1993) to be the most supportive of egalitarian gender roles? REF: p. 127 D - African-American 36 - Within marriages and families, which area experienced the least gender inequality_____. REF: p. 136 B - sex 37 - As socializing agents, children's peers do all of the following except _____. REF: p. 119 D - provide a stronger influence than parents during adolescence 38 - Adults who have a strong gender schema tend to _____. REF: p. 112 A - label other’s behavior as masculine or feminine 39 - Hormonally, _____ produce estrogens; _____ produce androgens. REF: p. 111 B - males and females; males and females 40 - Cognitive development theory _____. REF: p. 115 B - stresses the importance of age in learning 41 - According to the text, an adolescent listens to about _____ hours of music between seventh and twelfth grades. REF: p. 123 A - 10,500 42 - With regard to androgyny, _____. REF: p. 133-134 A - androgynous individuals may feel a great deal of pressure to be both masculine and feminine and, as a result, have two potential sources of feelings of inadequacy 43 - The traditional male gender role includes _____. REF: p. 124 A - work, dominance, and family 44 - At what age do most children become convinced that gender is permanent? REF: p. 115 A - 6-7 45 - Traditional men _____. REF: p. 124-125 D - all options are correct