Contemporary English Grammar

CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR

I. MORPHOLOGY

1. Aspect in English (the two grammatical aspects: perfective & imperfective) a. Draw a parallel between perfective and imperfective aspect in English 2. Tenses: a. The simple present tense (form, definition, uses and examples) b. The present continuous (form, definition, uses, verbs that combine with it, change of verb meanings, examples) c. Past simple and past continuous (forms, definition, uses, examples) d. Present perfect (form, definition, theories, uses, examples) e. Draw a parallel between the present perfect and past simple f. Means of expressing future in English (present simple, present continuous, to be going to, future simple, future continuous, future perfect: forms, uses and examples) 3. Mood and modality in English: a. Mood and modality in English, a general presentation (grammatical moods in English, ways of expressing modality, modal verbs, subjunctive mood) b. Modal verbs, general presenation (types of modal verbs – central, peripheral, quasi-modals – epistemic vs. root meaning, morphosyntactic properties of modal verbs) c. Draw a parallel between the modal verbs CAN and MAY d. The modal verb MUST e. The modals SHALL/WILL f. The subjunctive mood (indicative vs. Subjunctive, forms, distribution – fake independent clauses, THAT clauses, Adverbial clauses) 4. Voice in English: a. The passive voice in English (morphological properties of the verb, argument structure, omission of by-phrase, uses, verbs of reporting, DOC, get-passive, causative) 5. The article in English (Definite, indefinite, zero articles, uses – specific, generic reference, other uses – forms, examples)

II. SYNTAX OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

1. The classification of sentences. Structure of the sentence 2. The subject 3. The predicate 4. Auxiliary verbs 5. Subject–verb agreement 6. Subordination, clauses: Nominal, Relative, Adverbial (with examples, expressed by) 7. Ellipsis and substitution

III. SYNTAX OF COMPLEX SENTENCES

1. The complex sentence: definition, structure, types 2. Types of subordinate clauses (criteria of classification) 3. Types of complement clauses 4. Extraposition and IT-insertion in THAT-clauses (definition, examples) 5. Topicalization in THAT-clauses (definition, examples) 6. Sequence of tenses (types, examples) 7. PRO-TO constructions (definition, logical subject, examples) 8. FOR-TO constructions (definition, logical subject, examples) 9. Accusative + Infinitive constructions (definition, logical subject, examples) 10. Nominative + Infinitive constructions (definition, logical subject, examples) 11. Differences between participles and gerunds 12. Causative verbs with infinitive and participial constructions 13. Verbs of physical perception with infinitive and participial constructions 14. Full gerunds and half gerunds (definition, examples)

IV. SEMANTICS

1. Components of the linguistic sign-definition, examples 2. Semantic field-definition, examples 3. Componential analysis-definition, examples 4. Prototype-definition, examples 5. Polysemy-definition, examples 6. Semantic vagueness: definition, examples 7. Semantic roles: agent vs. experiencer: definition, examples 8. Break type verbs and the causative-inchoative alternation: definition, examples 9. Presupposition: definition, examples 10. Relations between co-hyponymic terms: converseness, antonymy and complementarity

V. PRAGMATICS

1. Grice’s definition of Speaker’s Meaning 2. Difference between constative and performative utterances 3. Explicit and implicit performatives 4. Grammatical characteristics of performatives 5. Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts (examples) 6. Representative Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples) 7. Directive Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples) 8. Commissive Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples) 9. Expressive Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples) 10. Declarative Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples) 11. Inference and implicature 12. The cooperative principle 13. Conversational maxims (types, examples) ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE

I. EXPLANATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION OF LITERARY TERMS:

a. Poetry 25. Gothic novel 46. telling name 1. ballad 26. utopia 47. telling and showing in characterisation 2. ode 27. dystopia c. Drama 3. sonnet 28. epistolary novel 48. comedy 4. epic poem, lyrical 29. picaresque poem 49. tragedy 30. sci-fi/fantasy 5. pastoral 50. comedy of manners 31. framed narrative 6. elegy 51. fourth wall illusion 32. round/flat and 7. heroic epic dynamic /static 52. tragic flaw characters 8. mock heroic epic 53. tragic hero/tragic 33. reliable and villain 9. dramatic monologue unreliable narrator 54. antihero 10. simile 34. omniscient narrator 55. theatre of the absurd 11. metaphor 35. open ominiscience 56. off-Broadway and 12. conceit 36. limited third-person off-off Broadway narration 13. metonymy d. Ages and Literary 37. first-person Trends/Movements 14. personification narration 57. Renaissance 15. ekphrasis 38. naïve narrator 58. Metaphysical poetry 16. free verse 39. multiple narrative 59. Baroque 17. villanelle 40. antinovel 60. Enlightenment 18. blues poetry 41. cliffhanger 61. Romanticism 19. confessional poetry technique 62. Transcendentalism 20. symbol 42. serialised publication 63. Realism b. Fiction 43. stream of 64. Naturalism 21. Bildungsroman consciousness 65. Aestheticism 22. detective story 44. flashback and foreshadowing 66. Modernism 23. historical novel 45. chiaroscuro 67. Imagism 24. sentimental novel 68. Existencialism 69. Postmodernism f. Other Literary Terms 70. irony 71. satire 72. intertextuality 73. metafiction 74. collage 75. epiphany 76. allegory 77. Doppelgänger/Doub le 78. The principle of single effect

79. Lost Generation 80. Beat Generation II. TEXT FRAGMENT ANALYSIS IN ESSAY FORM FROM LITERARY WORKS INCLUDED IN THE LIST BELOW:

ENGLISH LITERATURE: 1. William Shakespeare: Sonnets, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Tempest 2. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 3. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels 4. Henry Fielding: Tom Jones 5. Laurence Sterne: Tristram Shandy 6. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 7. William Blake: Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience 8. S.T. Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 9. William Wordsworth: Poems 10. P.B. Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 11. John Keats: Odes 12. Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist 13. W.M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair 14. Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre 15. Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights 16. Thomas Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles 17. Oscar Wilde: The Picture of Dorian Gray 18. T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land 19. James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 20. Virginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway 21. Virginia Woolf: Orlando 22. Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness 23. G.B. Shaw: Pygmalion 24. Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot 25. William Golding: Lord of the Flies

AMERICAN LITERATURE: 1. Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Raven 2. R. W. Emerson: Nature, Self-Reliance 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown 4. Herman Melville: Bartleby the Scrivener, Moby Dick 5. Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 6. Stephen Crane: The Red Badge of Courage 7. Kate Chopin: The Awakening 8. Henry James: Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw 9. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber 10. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby 11. William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury 12. Jack Kerouac: On the Road 13. J. D. Salinger: The Catcher in the Rye 14. Kurt Vonnegut: Slaughterhouse Five 15. Eugene O’Neill: The Emperor Jones 16. Tennessee Williams: A Streetcar Named Desire 17. Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman 18. Edward Albee: Zoo Story/Peter and Jerry

19. Sam Shepard: True West, The Late Henry Moss 20. Walt Whitman: Poems 21. Emily Dickinson: Poems 22. Robert Frost: Poems 23. Ezra Pound: Poems 24. Allen Ginsberg: Poems 25. Sylvia Plath: Poems BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Abrams, M.H., Greenblatt, Stephen (eds.). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. I- II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. 2. Bertens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basics. London and New York: Routledge, 2004. 3. Bollobás Enikő. Az amerikai irodalom története. [History of American Literature.] Budapest: Osiris, 2005. 4. Cuddon, J.A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin Books, 1999. 5. Delaney, Denis et al. Fields of Vision. Literature in the English Language, London: Longman, 2003. 6. Galea, Iliana. Victorianism and Literature. Cluj Napoca: Dacia, 2000. 7. Levitchi, Leon: Istoria literaturii engleze și americane. Cluj Napoca: Dacia, 1985. 8. Országh, László and Zsolt Virágos: Az amerikai irodalom története. [History of American Literature.] Budapest: Eötvös József, 1997. 9. Pieldner Judit: Genres in Changing Contexts. An Introduction to the Study of English Literature from the Beginnings to Romanticism. Miercurea Ciuc: Status, 2010. 10. Prohászka-Rád Boróka. Notes on Fiction. Miercurea Ciuc: Status, 2006. 11. Sanders, A. The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford UP, 1994. 12. Rogers, Pat. The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature. Oxford UP, 1994. 13. Virágos Zsolt. Portraits and Landmarks. The American Literary Culture in the 19th Century. Debrecen: U of Debrecen P, 2003. 14. Virágos Zsolt. The Modernists and Others. The American Literary Culture in the Age of the Modernist Revolution. Debrecen: U of Debrecen P, 2008.