Seventh Grade Study Guide

SEVENTH GRADE STUDY GUIDE SENTENCE A sentence must have a: 1. Capital letter at the beginning 2. Period at the end 3. Subject 4. Verb 5. Complete Thought *Subject + Verb + Complete Thought = Sentence

TYPES OF SENTENCES *Declarative - Makes a statement *Imperative - Gives a command/Makes a request (The subject is “you.”) *Interrogative - Asks a question *Exclamatory - Expresses strong feeling

PARTS OF SPEECH DEFINITIONS NOUN - a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea PRONOUN - a word used in place of a noun ADJECTIVE - a word that modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun VERB - a word that shows action or otherwise helps to make a statement ADVERB - a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb PREPOSITION - a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence CONJUNCTION - a word that joins words or groups of words INTERJECTION - a word that expresses strong emotion

NOUNS all people (except short words like “she”) all places all things all ideas

1 *Proper nouns are capitalized. Common nouns are not capitalized. *Follow the words a, an, the Follow possessives (examples - his, her, my, our, their, its, your) Found at the end of prepositional phrases

*Compound Nouns - two words that make up one noun - earthquake, high school, son-in-law

*Collective Nouns - a word that names a group of something without adding an “s” - crowd, army, class

PRONOUNS Replace nouns (usually short words) Words ending in one, body, and thing (someone, somebody, something) Words ending in self or selves (himself, themselves)

Antecedent - the noun the pronoun replaces

Examples of indefinite pronouns (know ten without suffixes for the quiz) another much both each everything other(s) anybody neither few either little somebody anyone nobody many everybody nothing someone anything no one some everyone one something several none all any more most

*Examples of personal pronouns (possessive pronouns are underlined – they are sometimes referred to as adjectives) I you its she theirs us me your he her they our my yours him hers them ours mine it his their we Examples of interrogative pronouns who whom what which whose Examples of demonstrative pronouns this that these those

ADJECTIVES Describe nouns and pronouns *Answer the questions Which, How many, How much, What kind of Usually found - Before nouns - After little verbs - Middle of prepositional phrases (between the preposition and the noun or pronoun)

*A, an, and the are called the Articles (they are adjectives)

2 *Proper Adjectives – Adjectives that are capitalized. Example: Italian food

VERBS Show action (action verbs) *END IN “ED”

Test - Fill in the blank with a verb: Let’s ______. Show a “state of being” (linking verbs) Help the main verb (helping verbs) *Helping verbs (Big 5 - 4 groups of 3 - 3 groups of 2) am be has do may can shall will is being have does might could should would are been had did must was were

“Not” is not a verb Ask “Who (or what) did what” -- what they did is a verb

ADVERBS Describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Answer when? where? how? how often? to what extent? Steps to finding adverbs: 1. Ask who or what the sentence is about (subject). 2. Ask what did the subject do (verb). If the subject didn’t do anything, look for memorized verbs. 3. Ask when did the subject do the action (adverb). 4. Ask where did the subject do the action (adverb). 5. Ask how did the subject do the action (adverb). 6. Look for any other –ly words. 7. Find adjectives – ask how. 8. Look at the adverbs – ask how.

Adverbs will interrupt verb phrases will not go has never won will always lose had never seen Often end in -ly easily, happily, excitedly, lazily, probably, uncontrollably Most common adverbs (need to memorize) too, very, quite, rather, not, never, almost, so, really, always, often, a lot

3 PREPOSITIONS Much like adverbs - can say when or where in more than one word A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun Sentences still make sense when the prepositional phrase is taken out

*Need to memorize list of prepositions: aboard as during near to about because of except of toward above before for off under across behind from on underneath according to below in on account of unlike after beneath in addition to out until against beside in front of out of up along between in spite of over upon amid beyond instead of past with among by inside since within around by means of into through without at like throughout

CONJUNCTIONS Join words, groups of words, or sentences Each side of the conjunction must be equal ex. he ran and they walked ex. easily and swiftly ex. in the park and around the tree

*Types of conjunctions Coordinating and, or, nor, for, so, yet, but

Correlative (co-related) - always act in pairs either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also, whether...or

Subordinate - separate a sentence and a clause in a sentence after, although, because, before, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, while ex. Although they lost the game, they still were happy.

INTERJECTIONS Show emotion or feeling Usually punctuated with an exclamation point, but can also use a comma Wow, shh, yippie, hooray, no, swear words