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Applied Database Management Systems

Formatting Style APA

by

Jemilson Pierrelouis

Student ID# UD2866SIS7122

An Assignment Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Science Degree in

Business Administration with major Information System

______Assignment adviser: Gilroy Newball, Ph.D

The PH.D School

Atlantic International University

06, 2006

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ABSTRACT

As the integration of computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems progresses, the need for management of the resulting data becomes critical. Database management systems (DBMS) have been developed to assist with this task, but currently do not satisfy all of the needs of CAD/CAM data. This thesis examines and proposes

DBMS requirements for design and manufacturing data associated with mechanical parts.

A case study approach was used, involving examples of parts produced by numerically controlled (NC) milling and sheet metal punching machines. Representative examples of currently available relational and object oriented DBMS's were used to construct prototype CAD/CAM databases. Insights concerning the application of relational and object oriented DBMS's to CAD/CAM data were gained. The advantages and deficiencies of each were examined and discussed. The prototypes and resulting discussions provided a basis for the development of the proposed DBMS requirements.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...... 2 Introduction...... 3 Applied Database Management...... 4

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 3 Applied Database Systems...... 6 Database Systems...... 6 Special Track on Database Theory, Technology, and Applications (DTTA)...... 7 Stream-Based Data Management Systems...... 9 Database consists of schema and test data...... 10 Automatically Update all Database Developers...... 11 Accessing database management systems...... 12 Creating and deleting database tables...... 12 Database menus...... 16 Data Warehousing...... 19 The Scope of Data Mining...... 22 Conclusions...... 23 References...... 24

Introduction

This paper is to introduce fundamentals of modern database management systems, in particular relational database systems. Also, I will touch on many areas in applied database management slightly. Further, this paper is intended as a text that can be used as an overview. There are multitude parts of applied database management, and in this paper

I will cover the basic concepts. Organization uses applied database management to make most business decision, and these decisions are by way of decision sciences of information. Information and Decision Sciences incorporates the use of data processing

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 4 equipment, such as computers and their peripherals. These methods are applied to systems management, programming design, analysis of information flow, decision support, database organization, small business problems, data communication networking, and distributed processing. The automated, prospective analyses offered by data mining move beyond the analyses of past events provided by retrospective tools typical of decision support systems. In aggregates information and stored into a database, most companies feel a need to use data mining tools that can answer their business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. They scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectations. The core components of data mining technology have been under development for decades, in research areas such as statistics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Today, the maturity of these techniques, coupled with high- performance relational database engines and broad data integration efforts, make these technologies practical for current data warehouse environments.

Applied Database Management

There are many parts to database management such as: 1. A data access interface that communicates with Microsoft Jet and ODBC-compliant data sources to connect to, retrieve, manipulate, and update data and the database structure. 2. The process of obtaining data from another source, usually one outside a specific system. It usually includes a description of the placement of the data blocks and their relation to the entire

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 5 set. 3. Structural information about data that describes its context and meaning. 4. A file composed of records, each containing fields together with a set of operations for searching, sorting, recombining, and other functions. 4. Database administrator is who manages a database. The administrator determines the content, internal structure, and access strategy for a database, defines security and integrity, and monitors performance.

5. Database manager is one who provides the analytic functions needed to design and maintain applications requiring a database. 6. Database designer is also one who designs and implements functions required for applications that use a database. 7.Database engine is a program module or modules that provide access to a database management system

(DBMS). 8. Database machine is a peripheral that executes database tasks, thereby relieving the main computer from performing them. A database server that performs only database tasks.

Further, in applied database management a software interface between the database and the user. A database management system handles user requests for database actions and allows for control of security and data integrity requirements. The use of desktop publishing or Internet technology to produce reports containing information obtained from a database. A network node, or station, dedicated to storing and providing access to a shared database. In addition, a database structure is a general description of the format of records in a database, including the number of fields, specifications regarding the type of data that can be entered in each field, and the field names used. In asynchronous communications, one of a group of from 5 to 8 bits that represents a single character of More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 6 data for transmission. Data bits are preceded by a start bit and followed by an optional parity bit and one or more stop bits.

The following topics is to perform different database operations:

 A brief tour of the Smalltalk classes for creating database applications

 Instructions for accessing your database management system and binding to your

database

 How to create and delete databases and tables

 Step-by-step instructions for querying databases using VA Smalltalk and IBM

Smalltalk database classes

 Tips for handling errors, ensuring row schema consistency, binary data limits, and

intercepting SQL 000 codes

The database classes can be divided into four categories: base classes, classes for defining database resources and operations, classes for manipulating database data, and classes for using database data links.

Applied Database Systems This course I’ve learned database systems with a focus on how to use them in practice.

This gives an overview of the capabilities of modern database systems, and how to build database-backed applications. Topics covered include the relational model, SQL,

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 7 transactions, database design and tuning, three-tier architectures, web data management with XML, service-oriented architectures, data mining, and data warehousing.

Database Systems Database system is a modern relational database systems concentrating on the internals of relational database systems. Concepts covered include query languages (SQL, relational algebra and relational calculus), storage structures, access methods, query processing, query optimization, and database design. This course is usually offered in the fall semester. It consists of several large programming assignments where students build part of a small relational database system called Minibase. This deals with the architecture of large-scale information systems, with special emphasis on Internet-based systems. Topics covered include three-tier architectures, edge caches, distributed transaction management, web services, workflows, high-availability architectures, and content management. Also include a significant number of programming assignments in the context of three-tier architectures, involving web servers, application servers and database systems.

Special Track on Database Theory, Technology, and Applications (DTTA)

For many years, the Database Theory, Technology, and Applications track has been one of the important parts of the ACM SAC conference. To support ACM SAC, a special track on Database Theory, Technology, and Applications will be held again in SAC 2006.

The DTTA track will be a forum for database scholars, research scientists, engineers, and

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 8 practitioners throughout the world to share their theoretical results, technical ideas, and exploratory experiences relating to implementation and applications. You are cordially invited to submit technical papers to the DTTA track of SAC 2006, and major topics of interest for the track include, but are not limited to the following:

 Active, Deductive, and Logic Databases

 Audio/Video Database Systems

 Cache and Buffer Management

 Cooperative Database Systems and Workflow Management

 Database Indexing and Tuning

 Data Privacy and Security

 Data Warehousing, Data Cubes, and Aggregate Processing

 Digital Library

 Disk Arrays and Tertiary Storage Systems for Very Large Databases

 Distributed, Parallel and Heterogeneous Databases and Their Query Processing

 Histogram and Sampling Techniques for Database Query Processing

 Hypertext/Hypermedia/Multimaedia Database and Information Systems

 Image, Pictorial and Visual Databases

 Internet and Web-Based Database Systems

 Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining in Databases

 Mobile Data Management and Mobile Database Systems

 Multi-Database Systems/Federated Database Systems/Trusted Database Systems More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 9  Multidimensional Data Models/Indices/Database Systems

 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Systems

 Probabilistic/Fuzzy Databases and Similarity/Approximate Query Processing

 Real-Time and High Performance Database Systems

 Scientific, Biological and Bioinformatics Data Management and Data Mining

 Semantic Modeling and management of Web-Based Databases

 Semantic Web and Ontology

 Semi-Structural Data Management, Meta Data, and XML

 Spatial and Temporal Databases

 Statistical and Historical Databases

 Transaction Management and Secure Transaction Processing

Researchers and practitioners in the database, information systems and internet fields over the years have made significant progress towards the building of solutions that involve such systems for a wide range of application domains. In doing this, solutions necessarily concentrated mainly on syntax as the readily available unifying formalism for representation and structure, rather more than on the broad variety of semantics involved.

One of the recent unifying visions is that of Semantic Web, which proposed semantic annotation of data, so that programs can understand it, and help in making decisions.

Researchers have subsequently seen the value of using semantics to understand information and decision making needs of humans, so that data and human? needs can be

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 10 semantically intermediated. The scope of semantics-based solutions has also moved from data and information to services and processes.

A review of active research funding and projects shows extensive investigations based

AI and knowledge representation branches of computer science. For example, logic- based descriptions and inference techniques are being extensively investigated as part of projects under the Semantic Web umbrella. This includes many projects funded by

DARPA and EC 5th Framework Program, including the DAML and Onto Web initiatives and programs. There is a visible dearth of investigations from the database and information systems community. This workshop seeks to investigate relationships between challenges in developing semantic solutions for the Web and Enterprises, and the experience and expertise of the database and information systems community.

Research in database management and workflow management has an extensive history of achieving high impact through improving methods of other scientific endeavors as well as in developing new technologies leading to commercialization and in establishing new high-tech industry sectors. This workshop will investigate research directions that can lead to similar long-term impact in Semantic Web and Enterprise solutions by our community.

Stream-Based Data Management Systems

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 11 Continuous query processing is a relatively new field in query processing. It deals with the execution of queries over infinite streams of data, rather than over fixed collections of data. Traditional query processing systems are powerful tools for examining stores of data. Continuous query systems are similarly powerful, but focus on processing and reacting to the data as it is collected. These systems are specially designed for “stream processing” problems. Stream processing problems involve input data that is coming into existence over time. The data rate may be very high, or come in bursts. Output is calculated as soon as the required input data is available. Output is a function of all input data available up to the present time. Stream processing problems often make explicitly use of the time domain of their input data. For example, calculating the maximum value seen in the last 5 minutes. There can also be real-time requirements on processing, where results are required within a specified amount of time after data becomes available. A continuous query system will allow stream-processing problems to be specified by programmers, and executed efficiently.

Database consists of schema and test data

When we talk about a database here, we mean not just the schema of the database, but also a fair amount of data. This data consists of common standing data for the application, such as the inevitable list of all the states in the US, and also sample test data such as a few sample customers. The data is there for a number of reasons. The main reason is to enable testing. We are great believers in using a large body of automated tests

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 12 to help stabilize the development of an application. Such a body of tests is a common approach in agile methods. For these tests to work efficiently, it makes sense to work on a database that is seeded with some sample test data, which all tests can assume is in place before they run. As well as helping test the code, this sample test data also allows to test our migrations as we alter the schema of the database. By having sample data, we are forced to ensure that any schema changes also handle sample data.

In most projects we've seen this sample data be fictional. However in a few projects we've seen people use real data for the samples. In these cases this data's been extracted from prior legacy systems with automated data migration scripts. Obviously you can't migrate all the data right away, as in early iterations only a small part of the database is actually built. But the idea is to iteratively develop the migration scripts just as the application and the database are developed iteratively. Not just does this help flush out migration problems early, it makes it much easier for domain experts to work with the growing system as they are familiar with the data they are looking at and can often help to identify problem cases that may cause problems for the database and application design. As a result we are now of the view that you should try to introduce real data from the very first iteration of your project.

Automatically Update all Database Developers

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 13 It's all very well for people to make changes and update the master, but how do they find out the master has changed? In a traditional continuous integration environment with source code, developers update to the master before doing a commit. That way they can resolve any build issues on their own machine before committing their changes to the shared master. There's no reason you can't do that with the database, but we found a better way. We automatically update everyone on the project whenever a change is made to the database master. The same refractory script that updates the master automatically updates everyone's databases. When we've described this, people are usually concerned that automatically updating developer’s databases underneath them will cause a problem, but we found it worked just fine. This only worked when people were connected to the network. If they worked offline, such as on an airplane, then they had to resync with the master manually once they got back to the office.

Accessing database management systems

This section explains the concepts you need to understand to establish a connection between VA Smalltalk and a database management system. It also includes instructions for establishing a database connection.

 Database connection concepts  Connecting to databases o Working with connection specifications o Working with logon specifications o Establishing database connections o Working with active connections

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 14 o Working with database managers

Creating and deleting database tables

This section explains how to create and delete database tables using IBM Smalltalk.

Each section is illustrated with examples. You can use the examples without modifying them to create and work with a database called CORPDATA. Each example builds on the one before it. Follow the examples in the sequence given. Some of the code samples also include a block of code you can evaluate to see the effect of the task you have just performed. These code samples do such things as display all databases, display the names of table columns, and display a result table from a query. The examples also provide instructions for modifying the sample code to create a database of your own design. Each section explains the parts of the sample code you need to change to work with your own database.

If you need to query an existing database below is a list of activity:

 Adding database support

 Creating the application

 Accessing a database management system

 Loading database features

 Connecting to a database manager

 Defining a database query

 Creating a query More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 15  Using the SELECT Details window

 Creating static DB2 queries

 Setting fetch and update policies

 Using the results of a query

 Tearing off results

 Using quick forms

 Running a query

 Working with the packeting container details part

 Using a host variable

 Running a query - host variables

 Precompiling static SQL

 Extra practice

 What to watch for

 More database techniques

 Formatting query results

 Displaying a result column

 Displaying rows as strings

 Creating more complex SELECT statements

 Using high-level qualifiers

 Sorting result table rows

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 16  Restricting result rows

 Using a dynamic WHERE clause

 Nesting SELECT statements

 Using the SQL Statement part

 Defining an UPDATE statement

 Defining an INSERT statement

 Defining a DELETE statement

 Using the Single-Row Query part

 Using stored procedures

 Using the Stored Procedure part

 Running stored procedures

 Handling result sets from stored procedures

 Using static SQL

 Adding database queries to packages

 Database basics

 Base database classes

 Database definition classes

 Data manipulation classes

 Data link support classes (DB/2 only)

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 17  Accessing database management systems

 Database connection concepts

 Connecting to databases

 Working with connection specifications

 Working with logon specifications

 Establishing database connections

 Working with active connections

 Working with database managers

 Creating and deleting database tables

 Preparing to use the code samples

 Creating and accessing tables

 Adding rows and data

 Deleting tables and databases

 Querying databases

 Writing SELECT statements

 Selecting a row from a table

 Selecting a row

 Selecting rows from multiple tables (join operation)

 Using a GROUP BY clause

 Writing UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE statements

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 18  Updating rows in a table

 Inserting rows in a table

 Deleting rows from a table

 Using database classes for scripts

 Error detection and other tips

 Handling error objects

 Ensuring row schema consistency

 Intercepting SQL 000 codes

Database menus  Query

 Create

 LOB definitions

 Query

 Create

 UPDATE

 INSERT

 DELETE

 Edit

 Import

 Export

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 19  Manual create

 Manual edit

 Host variables

 Options

 High-level qualifiers

 Pop-up menu for adding and deleting data fields

 Add before

 Add after

 Edit

 Delete

 Get Schema

 Pop-up menu for adding data fields

 Get schema

 Unary operator

 Left operand

 Right operand

 Nested SELECT

 Unary operator

 Left operand

 Right operand

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 20  Move before

 Move after

 Column value

 Select all

 Deselect all

 Ascending (ASC)

 Descending (DESC)

 Move before

 Move after

 Move before

 Move after

 Select all

 Deselect all

 Select all in table

 Deselect all in table

 Select all

 Deselect all

 Create

 Edit

 Delete

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 21  System values

 Clause

 WHERE

 GROUP BY

 HAVING

 ORDER BY

 Column value

 Specify expression

 Unary operator

 Left operand

 Right operand

 Nested SELECT

 Pop-up menu for Database Query and Stored Procedure parts

 Pop-up menu for Query Result Table and Current Row parts

 Database Functions Category

 Multi-row Query

 Multi-Row Query - Settings

 Query Result Table

 Current Row

 Single-Row Query

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 22  Single-Row Query - Settings

 Result Row

 SQL Statement

 SQL Statement - Settings

 Stored Procedure

 Stored Procedure - Settings

Data Warehousing

Data warehousing takes a relatively simple idea and incorporates it into the technological underpinnings of a company. The idea is that a unified view of all data that a company collects will help improve operations. If hiring data can be combined with sales data, the idea is that it might be possible to discover and exploit patterns in the combined entity. The most basic component in a data warehouse is a relational database.

This database is the place where the data is stored. Relational databases are designed to be able to efficiently insert new data and locate existing data using a standardized query language. Given the fact that a company usually has very large amounts of data, the sizes of these databases can reach terabytes (trillions of bytes). Underneath the database is a maze of connections and transformations connecting the data warehouse with other systems. Because data in a company is often created and stored in functionally specific systems (e.g., a payroll system), the data may need to be replicated and moved between a

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 23 data warehouse and these other systems. There are a wide variety of tools that facilitate this replication and movement process.

The design of the data architecture is probably the most critical part of a data warehousing project. The key is to plan for growth and change, as opposed to trying to design the perfect system from the start. The design of the data architecture involves understanding all of the data and how different pieces are related. For example, payroll data might be related to sales data by the ID of the sales person, while the sales data might be related to customers by the customer ID. By connecting these two relationships, payroll data could be related to customers (e.g., which employees have ties to which customers).

Once the data architecture has been designed, you can then consider the kinds of reports that you are interested in. You might want to see a breakdown of employees by region, or a ranked list of customers by revenue. These kinds of reports are fairly simple.

The power of a data warehouse becomes more obvious when you want to look at links between data associated with disparate parts of a organization (e.g., HR, accounts payable, and project management).

Consider an exception report showing all projects more than 90 days in arrears that are managed by someone with less than two years of experience. This report would be nearly impossible to generate without the links between different databases that the warehouse

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 24 provides. In addition to the capability to link data together, a data warehouse can give users the ability to view data at different levels of aggregation.

The Foundations of Data Mining

Data mining techniques are the result of a long process of research and product development. This evolution began when business data was first stored on computers, continued with improvements in data access, and more recently, generated technologies that allow users to navigate through their data in real time. Data mining takes this evolutionary process beyond retrospective data access and navigation to prospective and proactive information delivery. Data mining is ready for application in the business community because it is supported by three technologies that are now sufficiently mature:

 Massive data collection

 Powerful multiprocessor computers

 Data mining algorithms

Commercial databases are growing at unprecedented rates. A recent META Group survey of data warehouse projects found that 19% of respondents are beyond the 50 gigabyte level, while 59% expect to be there by second quarter of 1996.1 In some industries, such as retail, these numbers can be much larger. The accompanying need for improved computational engines can now be met in a cost-effective manner with parallel multiprocessor computer technology. Data mining algorithms embody techniques that

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 25 have existed for at least 10 years, but have only recently been implemented as mature, reliable, understandable tools that consistently outperform older statistical methods.

The Scope of Data Mining

Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database — for example, finding linked products in gigabytes of store scanner data — and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find exactly where the value resides. Given databases of sufficient size and quality, data mining technology can generate new business opportunities by providing these capabilities:

 Automated prediction of trends and behaviors. Data mining automates the

process of finding predictive information in large databases. Questions that

traditionally required extensive hands-on analysis can now be answered directly

from the data — quickly. A typical example of a predictive problem is targeted

marketing. Data mining uses data on past promotional mailings to identify the

targets most likely to maximize return on investment in future mailings. Other

predictive problems include forecasting bankruptcy and other forms of default,

and identifying segments of a population likely to respond similarly to given

events.

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 26  Automated discovery of previously unknown patterns. Data mining tools

sweep through databases and identify previously hidden patterns in one step. An

example of pattern discovery is the analysis of retail sales data to identify

seemingly unrelated products that are often purchased together. Other pattern

discovery problems include detecting fraudulent credit card transactions and

identifying anomalous data that could represent data entry keying errors.

Data mining techniques can yield the benefits of automation on existing software and hardware platforms, and can be implemented on new systems, as existing platforms are upgraded and new products developed. When data mining tools are implemented on high performance parallel processing systems, they can analyze massive databases in minutes.

Faster processing means that users can automatically experiment with more models to understand complex data. High speed makes it practical for users to analyze huge quantities of data. Larger databases, in turn, yield improved predictions.

Databases can be larger in both depth and breadth:

Conclusions In conclusion, comprehensive data warehouses that integrate operational data with customer, supplier, and market information have resulted in an explosion of information.

Competition requires timely and sophisticated analysis on an integrated view of the data.

However, there is a growing gap between more powerful storage and retrieval systems and the users’ ability to effectively analyze and act on the information they contain. Both

More Publications | Press Room – AIU news | Testimonials | Home Page 27 relational and OLAP technologies have tremendous capabilities for navigating massive data warehouses, but brute force navigation of data is not enough. A new technological leap is needed to structure and prioritize information for specific end-user problems.

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