Prentice Hall World History Connections to Today: Volume I

World History I

Section Review Questions

Chapter 1: Toward Civilization

Section 1 p. 10

2. (a) What are the five themes of geography? (b) Give two examples of how people interact with their environment.

3. How do anthropologists and archaeologists learn about the lives of prehistoric people?

4. What kinds of evidence do historians use to study the past?

5. Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past?

6. How can bodies of water play an important role in shaping human society and economy?

Section 2 p. 14

3. How did Paleolithic people learn to adapt to their environment?

4. What do burial customs suggest about the beliefs of early peoples?

5. (a) What were the key features of the Neolithic agricultural revolution? (b) How did it change people’s lives?

6. (a) Why would economic scarcity often lead to increased warfare between farming communities? (b) How do you think economic scarcity and warfare changed the status of women in Stone Age societies?

7. Why would geography probably have played a more important role in the lives of people during the Old Stone Age than it plays in your life today?

Section 3 p. 19

2. How did conditions in some river valleys favor the rise of early civilizations?

3. How were government and religion closely linked in early civilizations?

4. What are three causes of cultural change?

5. How did job specialization lead to the emergence of social classes in early civilizations?

6. (a) Give three examples that show cultural diffusion in today’s world. (b) Why do you think that cultural changes occur more quickly today than in the past?

Chapter 2: First Civilizations: Africa and Asia

Section 1 p. 27

3. Give two examples of how the Nile shaped ancient Egypt.

4. Describe one major achievement of each of Egypt’s three ancient kingdoms.

5. Explain how Egypt was affected by its contacts with the Nubians.

6. How are colossal monuments, such as the pyramids, a source of information about ancient Egypt?

7. Why do you think Ramses ordered misleading information about his battles to be inscribed on a public monument? Section 2 p. 33

3. (a) Which gods and goddesses were especially important to the ancient Egyptians? (b) What role did they play in Egyptian life?

4. (a) What social classes existed in ancient Egypt? (b) What rights did women have?

5. Describe three achievements of ancient Egyptians in the arts or learning.

6. How were religion, government, and the arts linked in ancient Egypt?

7. Describe two ways that Egyptian inventions or scientific advances were linked to geography.

Section 3 p. 37

3. How did geography influence the city-states of Sumer?

4. How was Sumerian society organized?

5. Describe how two Sumerian accomplishments influenced later peoples.

6. Compare the duties of Sumerian rulers to those of rulers of countries today. How are they similar? How are they different?

7. (a) What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of keeping records in cuneiform on clay tablets? (b) What later inventions made it easier to preserve and pass on information?

Section 4 p. 44

3. How did Hammurabi build and strengthen an empire?

4. How did the Hittites introduce a new age of technology?

5. Describe two steps Darius took to unite the Persian empire.

6. Why were the Phoenicians called “carriers of civilization?”

7. How did the geography of the Fertile Crescent help a series of leaders both to conquer and to unify Mesopotamia?

8. Why do you think Darius supported the spread of Zoroastrianism throughout the Persian empire?

Section 5 p. 47

3. Why did Israel become divided?

4. How did the beliefs of the Israelites differ from those of other people of Mesopotamia?

5. Describe one Israelite teaching about each of the following: (a) family life, (b) ethics.

6. Review what you have read about the Babylonian and Persian empires. Why do you think Nebuchadnezzar and Cyrus the Great treated the Jews differently?

7. How are the ethical beliefs of the Israelites similar to those commonly accepted in our society?

Chapter 3: Early Civilizations in India and China

Section 1 p. 54

2. Describe two ways in which geography has influenced the people of South Asia.

3. What evidence shows that Indus Valley civilization had a well-organized government?

4. Why do we know so little about Indus Valley civilization? 5. (a) How could natural disasters have contributed to the decline of Indus Valley civilization? (b) What environmental problems does the world face today?

6. What characteristics of rivers might explain why many people in India still consider them sacred?

Section 2 p. 58

3. What do the Vedas tell us about Aryan society and religion?

4. How did Aryan life change as a result of expansion in India?

5. What kinds of lessons do Rama and Sita teach in the epics of the Ramayana?

6. Why might epic poems like the Mahabharata and Ramayana be good vehicles for teaching moral lessons?

7. Based on what you have read about the shift in power from the Aryan warriors to the Brahmins, what generalization could you make about people and their relationship with their gods in Aryan civilization and society?

Section 3 p. 65

3. How did people in China adapt to the environment?

4. What were the characteristics of Shang and Zhou government and social structure?

5. Identify major cultural achievements in early China.

6. Suppose that you had to learn a language written in unfamiliar characters, rather than a language using an alphabet you know. Give three examples of how your life and schooling might be different.

7. How did environmental catastrophes affect Chinese government?

Chapter 4: Empires of India and China

Section 1 p. 80

3. What are three basic teachings of Hinduism?

4. According to Buddha, what actions would allow people to escape worldly suffering?

5. (a) How did Buddhism spread beyond India? (b) Name three of the lands in Asia to which Buddhism spread.

6. How do you think Mahayana teachings increased the appeal of Buddhism?

7. (a) How were Hinduism and Buddhism similar? (b) How were the two religions different?

Section 2 p. 85

3. How did Asoka bring peace and prosperity to India?

4. What were some achievements of the kingdoms of the Deccan?

5. Why is the Gupta period considered a golden age of India? Give examples to support your answer.

6. “All faiths deserve to be honored for one reason or another,” proclaimed Asoka. How do you think Asoka’s policy of toleration helped him unite his empire?

7. How did the promotion of peace and prosperity contribute to cultural advancements in the age of the Guptas?

Section 3 p. 88

3. (a) Describe the development of the caste system after Aryan times. (b) How did the caste system provide a sense of order? 4. (a) Describe the structure of the traditional Indian family. (b) What were a woman’s responsibilities in the family?

5. Describe the government of an Indian village.

6. How did the traditional Hindu doctrines of karma and dharma support the caste system?

7. How did each of the three pillars of Indian life – caste, family, and village – place the needs of the community or group above the needs of the individual?

Section 4 p. 92

3. Describe the ethical code of conduct that Confucius promoted.

4. (a) What kind of government did Legalists favor? (b) Why did Daoists disagree with Legalist ideas on government?

5. Why did Buddhism appeal to many people in China?

6. “Rewards should be rich and certain so that the people will be attracted by them. Punishments should be severe and definite so that the people will fear them.” Which of the philosophers discussed in this section expressed these ideas? Explain.

7. Explain how each of these thinkers believed an orderly society could be achieved: (a) Confucius, (b) Hanfeizi, (c) Laozi.

Section 5 p. 97

3. What were three steps Shi Huangdi took to unify China?

4. How did Han emperors further economic growth in China?

5. Describe several of the achievements that helped make the Han period a golden age in Chinese civilization.

6. Based on what you know about Confuciansim, how do you think the civil service examination system affected the nature of Chinese government?

7. Describe one major difference between Qin government and Han government.

Chapter 5: Ancient Greece

Section 1 p. 104

3. How did trade contribute to the development of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations?

4. What impact did Mycenaean civilization have on later Greeks?

5. What values of the ancient Greeks are found in the poems of Homer?

6. In addition to location near water, what other geographic features or natural resources would have been important to an early people who made their living as sea traders?

7. Do you think the epics of Homer are probably a reliable source of information about the history of the ancient Greeks? Why or why not?

Section 2 p. 109

3. Identify two ways that geography influenced Greece.

4. (a) How did noble landowners gain power in Greek city-states? (b) How did the phalanx affect Greek society and government?

5. Describe the system of education in (a) Sparta and (b) Athens.

6. What cultural ties united the Greek world? 7. (a) In what ways was Athenian democracy limited? (b) Despite such limits, Athens is still admired as an early model of democracy. Why do you think this is so?

8. Like the early Chinese, the Greeks felt superior to people outside their own land. How might such an attitude be both a strength and a weakness?

Section 3 p. 114

3. Describe two effects of the Persian Wars.

4. How did Pericles contribute to Athenian greatness?

5. How did the growth of Athenian power lead to war?

6. Compare Athenian democracy during the Age of Pericles to American democracy today. (a) How are they similar? (b) How are they different?

7. (a) What were the reasons that the Athenians and the Spartans formed their rival alliances? (b) Do nations today form alliances with one another for the same reasons? Explain.

Section 4 p. 119

3. (a) Why did Plato reject democracy as a form of government? (b) Describe the ideal form of government as set forth in Plato’s Republic.

4. What standards of beauty did Greek artists follow?

5. (a) How were Greek plays performed? (b) What were the topics of Greek poetry and plays?

6. Why do you think many Greeks condemned the ideas of the Sophists?

7. Do you think it is ever possible for a historian to be completely free of bias? Why or why not?

Section 5 p. 123

3. What was the extent of Alexander’s vast empire?

4. How did Alexander’s conquests lead to a new civilization?

5. What new ideas did the Stoics introduce?

6. Would you agree that Alexander deserved to be called “the Great?” Why or why not?

7. What do you think were the three most important contributions made by Hellenistic scientists and mathematicians? Explain.

Chapter 6: Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

Section 1 p. 131

3. Describe two ways that the geography of Italy influenced the rise of Rome.

4. (a) What reforms did plebeians win during the early republic? (b) How did male and female roles differ in the Roman family?

5. What were two reasons for Rome’s success in expanding its power across Italy?

6. Roman heroes were admired for their courage, loyalty, and devotion to duty. What qualities do American heroes display?

7. Did the Roman republic have a democratic government? Why or why not?

Section 2 p. 136 3. How did Rome build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea?

4. What problems contributed to the decline of the Roman republic?

5. How did Augustus lay the foundation for stable government in the Roman empire?

6. How do you think the founders of the Roman republic would have viewed the government of the Roman empire? Explain.

7. What were some possible negative consequences of following the policy of “bread and circuses?”

Section 3 p. 140

3. How did Greek culture influence the development of Roman civilization?

4. How did Romans use technology to improve life in the empire?

5. What principles of law did Romans develop?

6. Give two examples of how the principles of law developed by Rome affect life in the United States today.

7. The Roman poet Horace said of Roman civilization: “Greece has conquered her rude conqueror.” (a) What did he mean by this? (b) Give three examples that support his statement.

Section 4 p. 146

3. What was Rome’s policy toward most of the religions in the empire?

4. (a) Describe three basic teachings of Jesus. (b) Why did many people find Jesus’ ideas attractive?

5. What beliefs and practices did early Christians have in common?

6. How do you think the geography of the Roman empire and Rome’s extensive road system helped Christianity to spread?

7. Some emperors persecuted Christians for their refusal to make sacrifices to the emperor or to honor Roman gods. Why do you think emperors considered this refusal a threat to the empire?

Section 5 p. 151

3. (a) Describe the crisis that afflicted the Roman empire after the Pax Romana ended. (b) List two ways in which Diocletian tried to ease the crisis.

4. How did the invasion of the Huns weaken the Roman empire?

5. What social problems contributed to the decline of the Roman empire?

6. Imagine that the United States government in Washington no longer existed. What would be the effects on (a) your life, (b) your state, (c) the United States?

7. What were the causes and effects of the division of the Roman empire into two parts?

Chapter 7: Civilizations of the Americas

Section 1 p. 162

3. How did early people adapt to different environment in the Americas?

4. (a) What role did religion play in Olmec and Mayan culture? (b) How did religion influence Mayan ideas and technology?

5. How did the Aztecs build and control a powerful empire in Mexico?

6. Explain why a lack of large draft animals might limit agricultural development in some regions. 7. How would archaeologists use evidence such as artwork and public buildings to trace the influence of the Olmecs or similar civilizations on later Middle American people?

Section 2 p. 167

3. Describe one achievement of each of the following early peoples of Peru: (a) Chavin, (b) Mochica.

4. Describe two ways in which the Incas united their empire.

5. What were some elements of daily life for the Incas?

6. (a) How did geography pose a challenge to the Incas as they built their empire? (b) How did they meet this challenge? (c) What does this suggest about the level of government and learning among the Incas?

7. For the average Inca, what might be the benefits of the absolute rule of the Sapa Inca? What might be the disadvantages?

Section 3 p. 171

3. How did the Hohokams farm the desert southwest?

4. How do we know about the lives of the Mound Builders and their contacts with other peoples?

5. Give examples of how the environment influenced three early cultures of North America.

6. If you were an archaeologist studying the Adena and Hopewell people, what three questions might you ask about the giant mounds they built?

7. How does environment affect your community?

Chapter 8: The Rise of Europe

Section 1 p. 185

3. What untapped resources did Western Europe possess in the early Middle Ages?

4. How did Clovis increase the power of the Frankish kingdoms?

5. (a) What steps did Charlemagne take to improve government and unify his empire? (b) What happened to his empire after he died?

6. The term Middle Ages was coined by Europeans to describe the period from 500 to 1450. Do you think that other civilizations use the same term for that period? Why or why not?

7. List the accomplishments of Charlemagne. Which do you think had the most lasting importance? Why?

Section 2 p. 190

2. Describe three features of feudal society.

3. (a) What obligations did lords and vassals have under the feudal system? (b) How did the code of chivalry affect medieval ideas about women?

4. (a) What responsibilities did the peasant have toward the lord of a manor? (b) What responsibilities did the lord of the manor have toward the peasants?

5. How did the breakdown of central authority in Europe lead to the development of feudalism?

6. Compare the code of chivalry to ideas about “good sportsmanship” today.

Section 3 p. 196 3. (a) Describe three ways in which the Church shaped medieval life. (b) How did monks and nuns help build Christian civilization in Europe?

4. How did the Church increase its secular power?

5. What reforms did Francis and Dominic promote?

6. Why were Jewish communities able to flourish in Spain?

7. (a) What views did the Church put forth about women? (b) Why do you think important leaders were willing to accept the advice of Hildegard of Bingen?

8. Choose one of the main headings from this section. Write a sentence describing the main idea of the material in that subsection.

Section 4 p. 201

3. What were two effects of the agricultural revolution that took place during the Middle Ages?

4. What new ways of doing business evolved in the Middle Ages?

5. (a) How did a merchant guild differ from a craft guild? (b) How did guilds improve life for townspeople?

6. Give three pieces of evidence to support the idea that the High Middle Ages were a time of economic growth.

7. Compare economic life in the early Middle Ages to economic life in the High Middle Ages.

Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages

Section 1 p. 211

3. (a) How were nobles and the Church obstacles for monarchs who wanted more power? (b) How did William increase royal power in England?

4. What principles were established by the Magna Carta?

5. How did the Capetians increase royal power in France?

6. (a) Based on the map in this section, identify three groups of people who stood in the way of expanding royal power in France. (b) Which of the three do you think was the most difficult challenge for French kings? Explain.

7. How is the jury system important to us today?

Section 2 p. 214

3. Why was the power of German emperors limited?

4. How did conflicts between popes and emperors effect (a) the Holy Roman Empire, and (b) Italy?

5. How did Pope Innocent III assert the power of the Church?

6. (a) How did the political development of the Holy Roman Empire differ from that of England and France? (b) What were the causes of these differences?

7. Review the words of Innocent III at the beginning of this section. (a) To what does Innocent compare a monarch? (b) What point was he trying to make?

Section 3 p. 219

3. What advanced civilizations existed around the world at the time of the First Crusade?

4. (a) Why did Europeans join the Crusades? (b) What were three results of the Crusades? 5. How did Spain achieve political and religious unity?

6. How did the Crusades reflect the growing strength of medieval Europe?

7. (a) How was the Reconquista part of the crusading spirit that appealed to many Europeans? (b) How were the goals of Ferdinand and Isabella similar to the goals of other monarchs in Europe?

Section 4 p. 224

3. What subjects were included in the course of study in medieval universities?

4. How did new knowledge pose a challenge to Christian scholars?

5. What were the characteristics of Gothic architecture?

6. Why do you think Gothic churches are sometimes referred to as “Bibles in stone?”

7. Solve this problem using Roman numerals: MCMLXXX + MMCCCLX. Then, translate and solve the problem using Arabic numerals. How do you think the introduction of Arabic numerals might have affected mathematics in Western Europe?

Section 5 p. 229

3. What were three effects of the bubonic plague on late medieval Europe?

4. (a) Why did reformers criticize the Church? (b) How did the Church respond to this criticism?

5. (a) How did new technologies affect fighting during the Hundred Years’ War? (b) What were the results of the war?

6. Make a step-by-step list showing how the bubonic plague spread from Asia to Europe and resulted in the deaths of millions of Europeans.

7. Compare the effects of the Hundred Years’ War on France and on England.

Chapter 10: The Byzantine Empire and Russia

Section 1 p. 239

3. Describe three of Justinian’s major accomplishments.

4. What were some differences between Byzantine Christianity and Roman Catholic Christianity?

5. (a) How did the Crusades affect the Byzantine empire? (b) Why did the empire finally fall?

6. Describe the legacy by Byzantine civilization.

7. The Byzantine empire preserved part of the heritage of the Roman empire. What, in your opinion, was the most important result of this legacy? Why do you think so?

8. As emperor, Justinian made many contributions to the strength and prosperity of the Byzantine empire. Which contribution do you think had the most lasting impact? Explain your answer.

Section 2 p. 243

3. Describe how Russia’s geography affected the rise of Kiev.

4. How did Mongol rule influence the economy and political structure of Russia?

5. How did Ivan III and Ivan IV establish royal power in Russia?

6. Supporters of Ivan III called Moscow “the third Rome.” (a) Why do you think they wanted to compare Moscow to Rome? (b) Do you agree that Moscow was truly the heir to Rome? Why or why not? 7. How did geography aid the princess of Moscow in gaining power?

Section 3 p. 247

3. What role did rivers play in Eastern Europe?

4. How did Eastern Europe become home to many ethnic groups?

5. What relationship did the Ottoman Turks have with the early kingdoms of Eastern Europe?

6. (a) How were the histories of Poland, Hungary, and Serbia similar? (b) How were there histories different?

7. Why is Kosovo so important to modern-day Serbs?

Chapter 11: The Muslim World

Section 1 p. 255

3. How did Muhammad become the prophet of Islam?

4. (a) What are the Five Pillars of Islam? (b) How do they help unite Muslims?

5. How do the Quran and Sharia guide the lives of Muslims?

6. In what ways are the religious teachings of Islam similar to those of Judaism and Christianity?

7. Review the three paragraphs that appear in this section under the heading “The Hijra: A Turning Point.” For each paragraph, identify the main idea and two details that support the main idea.

Section 2 p. 260

3. (a) What areas did Arab armies conquer? (b) Give three reasons for the rapid success of the Arab conquests.

4. What issues divided Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims?

5. Why did the empire of the Abbassid caliphs decline and eventually break up?

6. How did the migration of the Turks lead to conflict in the Middle East?

7. Muhammad said, “Know ye that every Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim and that ye are now one brotherhood.” How might this idea have increased the appeal of Islam to conquered peoples?

Section 3 p. 266

3. How did new business methods encourage trade and industry?

4. How did the teachings of Islam influence the arts?

5. Describe one advantage made by Muslim civilization in each of the following areas: (a) mathematics, (b) astronomy, (c) medicine.

6. Muhammad taught that “the ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr.” (a) What do you think he meant? (b) How might this attitude have contributed to the development of Muslim civilization?

7. What were the similarities and differences between Muslim society under the Abbassids and European society in the early Middle Ages?

Section 4 p. 271

3. (a) Why were the founders of the Delhi sultanate able to conquer India? (b) How did Delhi sultans affect life in northern India?

4. How did relations between Hindus and Muslims evolve over time? 5. What policies did Akbar follow to strengthen his empire?

6. How does the history of Muslims in India illustrate the process of cultural diffusion?

7. Rulers after Akbar rejected the policy of toleration of other religious beliefs. How do you think this rejection of toleration affected relations between Hindus and Muslims? Explain.

Section 5 p. 275

3. Describe the geographic extent of the Ottoman empire at its height.

4. (a) How was the Ottoman empire governed under Suleiman? (b) How did the arts flourish under Suleiman?

5. What policies did Abbas the Great use to strengthen the Safavid empire?

6. Why do you think Ottoman and Safavid rulers allowed some religious toleration in their empires?

7. (a) How did new military technology benefit the Ottoman and Safavid empires? (b) Explain how new military technology affects international relations today.

Chapter 12: Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa

Section 1 p. 283

3. (a) What geographic barriers hindered movement in Africa? (b) Describe two examples of migration in Africa.

4. How did Nubia prosper?

5. Describe one way each of the following influenced North Africa: (a) the growth of the Roman empire, (b) the spread of Islam.

6. (a) What effects did desertification have on African peoples? (b) How might life in the United States today be affected if well- watered areas began to turn into desert?

7. Explain the link between geography and the introduction of camel caravans.

Section 2 p. 289

3. How did the gold-salt trade develop between West Africa and North Africa?

4. How did Mansa Musa, Sonni Ali, and Askia Muhammad change their kingdoms?

5. What were the achievements of the (a) Hausa city-states, (b) the kingdom of Benin?

6. (a) Describe two short-term effects of Mansa Musa’s hajj. (b) What do you think was the most important long-term effect?

7. What might historians learn about the kingdom of Benin by studying its sculpture?

Section 3 p. 292

2. What religious traditions came together in Ethiopia?

3. (a) Why did Axum become a key trading center for three continents? (b) How did trade encourage a blending of cultures in East African city-states such as Kilwa, Mombasa, and Mogadishu?

4. (a) What evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe was a center of trade? (b) What do historians think were the reasons that Great Zimbabwe declined?

5. Why did Ethiopia become increasingly isolated from its neighbors over the centuries?

6. Why might the language of Swahili have emerged in the East African city-states? Section 4 p. 297

3. List three examples of how the environment influenced African societies.

4. What types of institutions and traditions held African societies together?

5. How was art connected to religion in African cultures?

6. How might a matrilineal line of descent allow women to exercise greater authority in village affairs?

7. (a) Describe the process of slash-and-burn agriculture. (b) What might be some dangers of the extensive use of slash-and-burn agriculture?

Chapter 13: Spread of Civilizations in East Asia

Section 1 p. 307

3. In what ways did the rise of the Tang and Song dynasties benefit China?

4. (a) Describe the social structure of China under the Tang and Song dynasties. (b) How did the social structure reflect Confucian traditions?

5. (a) What ideas and traditions shaped Chinese painting? (b) What themes did Chinese poets address?

6. How might a map of China before the Tang dynasty look different from a map of China afterward? Give two examples.

7. “Distant water cannot put out a nearby fire.” How does this saying reflect the nature of village government under the Tang and Song dynasties?

Section 2 p. 312

2. How did the Mongol conquests promote trade and cultural exchanges?

3. How did Kublai Khan organize Mongol rule in China?

4. How did the Ming emperors try to restore Chinese culture?

5. What was the purpose of Zheng He’s overseas expeditions?

6. What does Marco Polo’s awe at the glories of China suggest about the differences between China and Europe at that time?

7. Describe one effect of each of the following on China: (a) the rise of the Ming dynasty, (b) the Mongol invasion, (c) the expulsion of the Mongols.

Section 3 p. 315

3. How did the relative location of the Korean peninsula influence the development of Korean civilization?

4. Give two examples of how Koreans adapted or modified Chinese ideas under the Shilla or Koryo dynasty.

5. (a) How did Confucianism influence Korea during the Choson dynasty? (b) How did Korea preserve its own identity?

6. Reread the excerpt from Songs of the Flying Dragons in this section. How does this poem reflect Confucian influences?

7. Today, Hangul day is a holiday in South Korea. Why do you think Koreans celebrate the creation of their alphabet?

Section 4 p. 319

3. Describe two ways in which geography affected Japanese life and culture.

4. (a) What early Japanese traditions were influenced by China? (b) How did the Japanese preserve their own identity and culture? 5. How did women influence culture at the Heian court?

6. How was the Japanese development of kana similar to the Korean development of hangul?

7. (a) Arrange the following events in the order in which they occurred: Emperor builds a new capital at Nara; Shotoku sends nobles to China; the Japanese court turns away from its Chinese model; missionaries introduce Buddhism to Japan. (b) Explaiin why the events occurred in that order.

Section 5 p. 325

3. (a) What groups or individuals held the most power in feudal Japan? (b) What values did bushido emphasize?

4. Describe three results of the centralized feudalism imposed by the Tokugawas.

5. How did the growth of towns influence Japanese arts and literature?

6. Why do you think the Tokugawas wanted to restrict the role of women?

7. Elaborate rituals such as the tea ceremony reflected Zen values. Are there any activities in our society today that follow a clearly defined ritual? If so, what values do these rituals reflect?

Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation

Section 1 p. 341

3. What conditions in Italy contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance?

4. Identify the concerns and attitudes emphasized during the Renaissance.

5. How did Renaissance art reflect humanist concerns?

6. Why might powerful rulers and wealthy business people choose to become patrons of the arts during the Renaissance?

7. In The Prince, Machiavelli advised rulers that it “is much safer to be feared than loved.” (a) What did he mean by that? (b) Do you think a political leader today would be wise to follow that advice? Why or why not?

Section 2 p. 345

3. How did Durer help bring the Renaissance to northern Europe?

4. What themes did Erasmus and More raise in their writings?

5. What were three effects of the printing revolution?

6. Why do you think the cultural flowering of the northern Renaissance did not begin until after economic growth had taken place?

7. What are some ways in which Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets still “live” today?

Section 3 p. 350

3. Why did many Christians call for Church reform?

4. (a) How did Martin Luther’s ideas differ from those expressed by the Catholic Church? (b) Why did Luther gain wide-spread support?

5. Identify five ideas taught by John Calvin.

6. How did the Reformation reflect humanist ideas?

7. Why do you think Luther’s teachings caused a split in the Catholic Church when earlier reform movements did not? Section 4 p. 355

3. Why were the Anabaptists considered radical?

4. Describe the steps by which England became a Protestant country.

5. What were the goals of the Catholic Reformation?

6. Why did persecution increase after the Reformation?

7. If the Catholic Church had undertaken reform earlier, do you think that the Protestant Reformation would have occurred? Explain.

8. The Protestant term for the Catholic Reformation was the Counter-Reformation. (The prefix counter means “against.”) How do these two terms reflect different points of view?

Section 5 p. 359

3. Why did some people oppose the heliocentric theory of the universe?

4. How did the scientific method differ from earlier approaches?

5. How did Newtown try to explain the workings of the universe?

6. Newton wrote, “If I have seen further [than others] it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” (a) What do you think he meant? (b) Who might be some of the “giants” to whom Newton was referring?

7. Identify three ways in which your life today might have been different if the Scientific Revolution had never occurred.

Chapter 15: The First Global Age: Europe and Asia

Section 1 p. 368

3. Why did European nations seek a sea route to Asia?

4. (a) Describe the routes taken by explorers for Portugal during the 1400s and early 1500s. (b) How did this affect Portugal’s trade?

5. (a) Why did Columbus decide to sail westward? (b) What influence did his voyages have on other explorers?

6. What pros and cons would you weigh if you were a sailor trying to decide whether to sign on with da Gama, Columbus, or Magellan?

7. (a) In what way were the mistakes that Columbus and Magellan made similar? (b) How did their mistakes differ?

Section 2 p. 372

3. How did geography make Southeast Asia of strategic importance?

4. How did India influence Pagan, the Khmer empire, and Srivijaya?

5. (a) How did China influence Vietnam? (b) How did Vietnam preserve its identity?

6. Women’s social status was limited in both India and China. Why do you think Southeast Asian women were able to retain their equality despite strong Indian and Chinese cultural influence?

7. How did the spread of Indian influence through Southeast Asia differ from the spread of Chinese influence through the same region?

Section 3 p. 376

3. (a) How did the Portuguese gain control of the spice trade? (b) How were they challenged by the Dutch? 4. (a) Why was Spain easily able to conquer the Philippines? (b) Why did Spain want to control the islands?

5. (a) Why did Mughal power decline? (b) What effect did the decline have on France and Britain?

6. How did Europeans build on existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean?

7. Some people have argued “to the victors belong the spoils [riches] of the enemy.” How do events in this section support this statement?

Section 4 p. 381

2. (a) How was economic prosperity reflected in Qing China? (b) How did the Qing restrict trade with other nations?

3. Why did Korea pursue a policy of isolation?

4. Why did the Japanese policy toward trade and foreigners change over time?

5. Why do some people in the United States today support limited overseas ties?

6. (a) Based on your reading, what generalization might you make about the attitude of European traders to the countries of East Asia? (b) What generalization might you make about how East Asians felt toward Europeans? (c) What evidence might you give to support each generalization?

Chapter 16: The First Global Age: Europe, the Americas, and Africa

Section 1 p. 388

3. How were Native Americans of the Caribbean region affected by their early encounters with Europeans?

4. What methods did Pizarro use to conquer the Incan empire?

5. (a) How did divisions within the Aztec and Incan empires help the Spanish? (b) What other reasons explain the rapid success of the Spanish conquistadors over Native Americans?

6. Compare the Spanish conquest of the Americas with the Reconquista or the Crusades. (a) How were they similar? (b) How were they different?

7. Review the three paragraphs under the heading First Encounters. For each paragraph, write a single sentence identifying the main idea of the paragraph.

Section 2 p. 393

3. Describe how Spain controlled its American empire.

4. (a) How did the mix of peoples in Spanish America result in a new social structure? (b) Give three examples of cultural blending in Spain’s American empire.

5. How did other European nations challenge Spanish power in the Americas?

6. (a) In what ways were the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas similar? (b) In what ways were they different?

7. How might the Spanish have solved the problem of finding a dependable labor supply without resorting to the use of slavery?

Section 3 p. 397

3. Why did New France grow slowly?

4. What form of government did the 13 English colonies set up? 5. (a) How did Britain come to dominate North America? (b) What impact did European competition for colonies have on Native Americans?

6. Study the map in this section and the physical map of North America in the Reference Section of this book. (a) Which waterways were vitally important to French colonies in North America? (b) How might France’s rivals take advantage of this geographic dependence?

7. Compare New France and the 13 English colonies in terms of (a) population, (b) government, (c) economy.

Section 4 p. 402

3. (a) Describe attempts by Africans to stop the slave trade. (b) What was the impact of the slave trade on life in Africa?

4. What steps did the Asante ruler take to ensure his power?

5. How did southern Africa become a battleground for rival groups?

6. (a) What kinds of information would a modern historian need to determine the number of Africans involved in the slave trade? (b) Why might a historian have trouble finding this information?

7. (a) Why do you think European traders rarely took part directly in slave raids? (b) What effect did participation in the slave trade have on West African states?

Section 5 p. 407

3. How did the voyages of Columbus lead to global exchanges of goods and ideas?

4. Explain how each of the following contributed to economic changes in Europe: (a) the price revolution, (b) capitalism, (c) mercantilism.

5. How did the economic changes of the 1500s and 1600s affect the lives of ordinary people?

6. Global exchanges of goods, ideas, and even diseases continue today. How has modern technology quickened the speed with which global exchanges occur? Provide examples to support your answer.

7. Do you think the European policy of mercantilism was beneficial or harmful for the people of Africa and the Americas? Explain.

Chapter 17: The Age of Absolutism

Section 1 p. 415

3. (a) How did Philip II ensure absolute power? (b) How did he try to further Catholicism?

4. Why is the period from 1550 to 1650 considered Spain’s golden age?

5. Why did Spanish power and prosperity decline?

6. The English referred to the fierce storm that battered the Spanish Armada in 1588 as “the Protestant wind.” (a) What does this nickname mean? (b) What nickname might the Spanish have given to the storm?

7. Create a time line showing key events in Spain’s history between the rise of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella and the end of its “golden century.” Include events from this chapter and earlier chapters.

Section 2 p. 420

3. (a) What were the effects of the French wars of religion? (b) How did Henry IV rebuild French unity?

4. Describe how Louis XIV strengthened the power of the monarchy.

5. How did Louis’ persecution of the Huguenots harm France? 6. How were the ideas of Louis XIV about monarchy similar to those of Philip II of Spain?

7. On this deathbed, Louis XIV told his heir, “I have loved war too well; do not copy me in this, nor in the lavish expenditures I have made.” Why do you think Louis gave this advice?

Section 3 p. 426

3. (a) How did Tudor monarchs handle Parliament? (b) Why did the early Stuarts clash with Parliament?

4. (a) Explain two causes of the English Civil War. (b) Why did many people welcome the return of the monarchy?

5. Describe two results of the Glorious Revolution.

6. (a) How might Puritan teachings have led some women to seek greater liberties? (b) Why do you think many men were upset by the idea of women speaking in public?

7. Which aspects of Commonwealth society are part of American society are part of American society today? Which are not?

Section 4 p. 430

3. What impact did the Thirty Years’ War have on the German states?

4. (a) What two major powers emerged in Europe at the end of the Thirty Years’ War? (b) How were the goals of these two nations similar?

5. (a) Why did European nations seek a balance of power? (b) What methods did they use?

6. Westphalia was the first modern peace conference. (a) Why was such a conference needed? (b) How do nations try to settle disputes today?

7. “Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but an army which possesses a state.” What values do you think would be emphasized in such a state?

Section 5 p. 435

3. (a) List three goals of Peter the Great. (b) Explain one reform that Peter undertook to achieve each goal.

4. Why did Peter seek to expand Russian territory?

5. Describe how two policies of Catherine the Great strengthened Russia.

6. Compare the goals and policies of Peter the Great to those of one of the following monarchs: (a) Louis XIV of France, (b) Frederick II of Prussia, (c) Maria Theresa of Austria.

7. Peter the Great said of the English Parliament, “It is good to hear subjects speaking truthfully and openly to their king.” Based on what you have read, do you think Peter followed this idea in his own kingdom? Give a reason to support your answer.

Chapter 18: The Enlightenment and the American Revolution

Section 1 p. 450

3. How did the achievements of the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment?

4. Explain the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and the Baron de Montesquieu.

5. How did the philosophes influence ideas on society and the economy?

6. Rousseau put the common good over the interest of the individual. Do you agree with that position? Explain.

7. Suppose that Mary Wollstonecraft encountered another important philosophe. What course might their conversation follow? Section 2 p. 455

3. Explain how each of the following affected the spread of new ideas: (a) censorship, (b) salons.

4. What were the goals of enlightened despots?

5. How did the Enlightenment affect (a) arts and literature, (b) the lives of the majority?

6. (a) What did Frederick II mean when he said, “In my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion?” (b) How did his actions reflect that idea?

7. How did the Enlightenment bring together ideas of both the Renaissance and the Reformation?

Section 3 p. 459

3. Explain how each of the following contributed to Britain’s rise to global power: (a) geography, (b) success in war, (c) attitudes toward business and commerce.

4. How did the British cabinet and office of prime minister develop?

5. What goals did George III have when he became king?

6. How did the British political party system affect most people in Britain?

7. How might people in Ireland and the American colonies react to British attempts to increase control over those regions?

Section 4 p. 463

3. Describe colonial law, society, and politics in the mid-1700s.

4. Explain why conflict between the colonists and Britain increased after 1763.

5. Give an example of how Enlightenment ideas were reflected in each of the following: (a) the Declaration of Independence, (b) the United States Constitution.

6. Describe the idea of separation of powers. Then, give two examples of how your life would be different if the Constitution did not guarantee separation of powers.

7. What reasons might a Loyalist have for opposing the American Revolution?